Prince Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski (20 January 1616 – 31 December 1667) was a Polish noble (
szlachcic),
magnate, politician and military commander, and Prince of the
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.
From the accession of Otto I in 962 ...
. He was the initiator of the
Lubomirski Rebellion of 1665–1666 against royal authority.
Lubomirski was the son of
voivode
Voivode (, also spelled ''voievod'', ''voevod'', ''voivoda'', ''vojvoda'' or ''wojewoda'') is a title denoting a military leader or warlord in Central, Southeastern and Eastern Europe since the Early Middle Ages. It primarily referred to the ...
and starost Stanisław Lubomirski and Princess Zofia Ostrogska. He was married to Konstancja Ligęza since 1641 and Barbara Tarło since 1654. He was
starost of
Kraków
Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 ...
since 1647,
Court Marshal of the Crown in the same year,
Grand Marshal of the Crown since 1650, Field Crown
Hetman
( uk, гетьман, translit=het'man) is a political title from Central and Eastern Europe, historically assigned to military commanders.
Used by the Czechs in Bohemia since the 15th century. It was the title of the second-highest military co ...
since 1658, starost of
Nowy Sącz and
Spisz.
He became
Sejm Marshal
The Marshal of the Sejm , also known as Sejm Marshal, Chairman of the Sejm or Speaker of the Sejm ( pl, Marszałek Sejmu, ) is the speaker (chair) of the Sejm, the lower house of the Polish Parliament. The office traces its origins to the 15th ...
of the ordinary
Sejm
The Sejm (English: , Polish: ), officially known as the Sejm of the Republic of Poland ( Polish: ''Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej''), is the lower house of the bicameral parliament of Poland.
The Sejm has been the highest governing body of ...
between 1 February and 29 March 1643 in
Warsaw
Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officia ...
.
Biography
Lubomirski became famous as a commander during wars with the
Ukrainian Cossacks
The Zaporozhian Cossacks, Zaporozhian Cossack Army, Zaporozhian Host, (, or uk, Військо Запорізьке, translit=Viisko Zaporizke, translit-std=ungegn, label=none) or simply Zaporozhians ( uk, Запорожці, translit=Zaporoz ...
,
Sweden,
Transylvania
Transylvania ( ro, Ardeal or ; hu, Erdély; german: Siebenbürgen) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains, and to the west the Ap ...
and
Muscovy in the 1648–1660 period. Inter alia he crushes the invading troops of
George II Rákóczi and marched into Transylvania. He also forced, together with
Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki, Russian troops to surrender at the
battle of Cudnów in 1660.
He was a staunch defender of the "
Golden freedoms
Golden Liberty ( la, Aurea Libertas; pl, Złota Wolność, lt, Auksinė laisvė), sometimes referred to as Golden Freedoms, Nobles' Democracy or Nobles' Commonwealth ( pl, Rzeczpospolita Szlachecka or ''Złota wolność szlachecka'') was a pol ...
" and the leader of the fierce opposition to King
John II Casimir
John II Casimir ( pl, Jan II Kazimierz Waza; lt, Jonas Kazimieras Vaza; 22 March 1609 – 16 December 1672) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1648 until his abdication in 1668 as well as titular King of Sweden from 1648 ...
, who was attempting to increase his power.
The King accused him of treason to the state and with an adjudication of guilt adopted by the
Sejm
The Sejm (English: , Polish: ), officially known as the Sejm of the Republic of Poland ( Polish: ''Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej''), is the lower house of the bicameral parliament of Poland.
The Sejm has been the highest governing body of ...
, he lost all his offices and was sent into banishment in 1664.
However, in 1665 he started the ''Lubomirski Rokosz'' (Rebellion) and countermanded system reforms of the
Commonwealth. Using his influence Lubomirski had two sessions of the Sejm dissolved, in 1665 by deputies Piotr Telefus and Władysław Łoś, and in 1666 by deputies Kasper Miaskowski and Teodor Łukomski. At the head of regular army units and some noble levy (
pospolite ruszenie) forces, he defeated the Royal army at
Częstochowa in 1665 and royal troops led by the future King
John III Sobieski at Mątwy in 1666.
The
Agreement of Łęgonice gave him back his dignity and annulled the earlier adjudication of the Sejm, the king was forced to give up his reform plans and the introduction of "
vivente rege elections
An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold Public administration, public office.
Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative ...
" and resulted in indirect abdication of the monarch in 1668. However, Lubomirski was forced into exile.
Assessment
Some historians see Lubomirski as one of the most significant magnates of the 17th century. He frequently served as a deputy to the
Sejm
The Sejm (English: , Polish: ), officially known as the Sejm of the Republic of Poland ( Polish: ''Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej''), is the lower house of the bicameral parliament of Poland.
The Sejm has been the highest governing body of ...
, was an excellent orator, military commander and politician, and had great private ambitions.
At the same time, many question his accomplishments; he was prideful and ambitious has been accused of strange and traitorous behaviour during the war against Sweden (1655–1660). While he contributed to the defeat of the Swedish-allied
Transylvania
Transylvania ( ro, Ardeal or ; hu, Erdély; german: Siebenbürgen) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains, and to the west the Ap ...
n invaders, he let their leader and top officials go in exchange for nothing (as opposed to holding them for a ransom, or as political pawns). Lubomirski's "victorious" rebellion against the Polish government prevented the realisation of key reforms, which in turn had grave consequences for the
Commonwealth in the long term. His only real big accomplishment was the victory at Cudnow, but even that he did not accomplish alone. He also abandoned his army afterwards, seeking praise from the royal court, while the army disintegrated and soldiers went unpaid and wounded were unattended.
Children and famous descendants
* Stanisław Herakliusz become Court and Grand Marshal.
* Aleksander Michał become starost.
* Hieronim Augustyn become Court Marshal, Treasurer and Hetman.
* Krystyna married
Feliks Kazimierz Potocki
Feliks Kazimierz "Szczęsny" Potocki (1630–1702) was a Polish noble, magnate and military leader.
He was the son of Hetman and magnate Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki and Zofia Kalinowska, and brother of Hetman Andrzej Potocki. He married the ...
.
* Franciszek Sebastian become starost and
Rotmistrz
__NOTOC__
(German and Scandinavian for "riding master" or "cavalry master") is or was a military rank of a commissioned cavalry officer in the armies of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Scandinavia, and some other countries. A ''Rittmeister'' is typic ...
.
* Jerzy Dominik become
Podstoli
Deputy pantler ( Polish: podstoli) was a court office in Poland and Lithuania. They were the deputy of a pantler, and was responsible for the King's pantry.
From the 14th century, this was an honorary court title and a district office in Crown o ...
,
Podkomorzy and voivode.
* Anna Krystyna married
Dominik Mikołaj Radziwiłł and
Franciszek Stefan Sapieha Franciszek () is a masculine given name of Polish origin (female form Franciszka). It is a cognate of Francis, Francisco, François, and Franz. People with the name include:
* Edward Pfeiffer (Franciszek Edward Pfeiffer) (1895–1964), Polish ge ...
.
Ancestry
References
External links
Georgius Lubomirski Portrait painter G.
Daniel Schultz
Jerzy (Georg) Daniel Schultz known also as Daniel Schultz the Younger (1615–1683) was a prominent painter of the Baroque era, born and active in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He painted many Polish and Lithuanian nobles, members of ...
. engraver
Jeremias Falck
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lubomirski, Jerzy Sebastian
Field Crown Hetmans
Diplomats of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Polish people of the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
Polish rebels
Jerzy Sebastian
People from Jędrzejów County
1616 births
1667 deaths