Jan Havickszoon Steen (c. 1626 – buried 3 February 1679) was a
Dutch Golden Age painter
Dutch Golden Age painting is the painting of the Dutch Golden Age, a period in Dutch history roughly spanning the 17th century, during and after the later part of the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) for Dutch independence.
The new Dutch Republi ...
, one of the leading
genre painters of the 17th century. His works are known for their psychological insight, sense of humour and abundance of colour.
Life
Steen was born in
Leiden
Leiden (; in English and archaic Dutch also Leyden) is a city and municipality in the province of South Holland, Netherlands. The municipality of Leiden has a population of 119,713, but the city forms one densely connected agglomeration wi ...
, a town in Southern Holland, where his well-to-do, Catholic family were brewers
who ran the tavern ''The Red Halbert'' for two generations. Steen's father even leased him a brewery of his own in Delft from the years 1654 until 1657. He was the eldest of eight or more children. Like his even more famous contemporary
Rembrandt van Rijn, Jan Steen attended the
Latin school
The Latin school was the grammar school of 14th- to 19th-century Europe, though the latter term was much more common in England. Emphasis was placed, as the name indicates, on learning to use Latin. The education given at Latin schools gave gre ...
and became a student in Leiden. Though no official records of Steen's artistic training are preserved, contemporary sources tell us he received his painterly education from three men,
Nicolaes Knupfer (1603–1660), a German painter of historical and figurative scenes in
Utrecht,
Adriaen van Ostade
Adriaen van Ostade (baptized as Adriaen Jansz Hendricx 10 December 1610 – buried 2 May 1685) was a Dutch Golden Age painter of genre works, showing everyday life of ordinary men and women.
Life
According to Arnold Houbraken, he and his bro ...
, and
Jan van Goyen
Jan Josephszoon van Goyen (; 13 January 1596 – 27 April 1656) was a Dutch landscape painter. The scope of his landscape subjects was very broad as he painted forest landscapesm marines, river landscapes, beach scenes, winter landscape, cityscap ...
, who would later become his father-in-law. Influences of Knupfer can be found in Steen's use of composition and colour. Another source of inspiration was
Isaac van Ostade, a painter of rural scenes, who lived in
Haarlem.
In 1648 Jan Steen and
Gabriël Metsu founded the painters'
Guild of Saint Luke at Leiden. Soon after he became an assistant to the renowned landscape painter
Jan van Goyen
Jan Josephszoon van Goyen (; 13 January 1596 – 27 April 1656) was a Dutch landscape painter. The scope of his landscape subjects was very broad as he painted forest landscapesm marines, river landscapes, beach scenes, winter landscape, cityscap ...
(1596–1656), and moved into his house on the Bierkade in
The Hague
The Hague ( ; nl, Den Haag or ) is a city and municipality of the Netherlands, situated on the west coast facing the North Sea. The Hague is the country's administrative centre and its seat of government, and while the official capital o ...
. On October 3, 1649, he married van Goyen's daughter
[ Margriet, with whom he would have eight children. Steen worked with his father-in-law until 1654, when he moved to Delft, where he ran the brewery ''De Slang'' ("The Snake") for three years without much success. After the explosion in Delft in 1654 the art market was depressed, but Steen painted ''A Burgomaster of Delft and his daughter''. It does not seem to be clear if this painting should be called a portrait or a genre work.
Steen lived in ]Warmond
Warmond () is a village and former municipality in the Western Netherlands, north of Leiden in the province of South Holland. The municipality covered an area of 14.42 km² (5.57 mile², 30.7%) of which 4.42 km² (1.71 mile²) is water; ...
, just north of Leiden, from 1656 till 1660 and in Haarlem from 1660 till 1670 and in both periods he was especially productive. In 1670, after the death of his wife in 1669 and his father in 1670, Steen moved back to Leiden, where he stayed the rest of his life. When the art market collapsed in 1672, called the Year of Disaster, Steen opened a tavern. In April 1673 he married Maria van Egmont, who gave him another child. In 1674 he became president of the Saint Luke's Guild. Frans van Mieris (1635- 1681) became one of his drinking companions. He died in Leiden in 1679 and was interred in a family grave in the Pieterskerk.
Influences
Connection with the ''Rederijkers''
In 1945, Sturla Gudlaugsson, a specialist in Dutch seventeenth-century painting and iconography and Director of the Netherlands Institute for Art History and the Mauritshuis in The Hague, wrote ''The Comedians in the work of Jan Steen and his Contemporaries'', which revealed that a major influence on Jan Steen's work was the guild of the Rhetoricians or ''Rederijkers'' and their theatrical endeavors.
It is often suggested that Jan Steen's paintings are a realistic portrayal of Dutch 17th-century life. However, not everything he did was a purely realistic representation of his day-to-day environment. Many of his scenes contain idyllic and bucolic fantasies and a declamatory emphasis redolent of theater.
Jan Steen's connection to theater is easily verifiable through his connection to the ''Rederijkers''. There are two kinds of evidence for this connection. First, Jan Steen Steen's uncle belonged to the Rhetoricians in Leiden, where Steen was born and lived a substantial part of his life. Second, Jan Steen portrayed many scenes from the lives of the ''Rederijkers'', an example being the painting ''Rhetoricians at a Window'' of 1658–65. The piece is currently held in the Philadelphia Museum of Art which was established in February 1876. The humanity, humour and optimism of the figures suggest that Jan Steen knew these men well, and wanted to portray them positively.
Theater
With his lavish and moralising style, it is logical that Steen would employ the stratagems from theater for his purposes. There is conclusive evidence that the characters in Steen's paintings are predominantly theatrical characters and not ones from reality.
Steen's numerous paintings of a theme most commonly entitled ''The Doctor's Visit'', such as the composition of 1665–70 in the Rijksmuseum, illustrate his theatrical approach. The story is simple: a doctor attending a young maiden discovers that she is not ill but is in fact pregnant with child. The doctor is a comical character who wears a biretta, a doublet and a small pleated ruff. In fact, he is dressed in the fashion of 1570, not 1670. In contrast, the girl wears what would be the height of fashion at the time of the painting, a Japanese-styled loose kimono robe.
This anachronism can be explained only one way: this is not a real doctor but an actor wearing a traditional theater costume. According to Gudlaugsson, “never would so unusual and so completely uncontemporary a costume occur as that of the doctors in teen'swork".
Works
Daily life was Jan Steen's main pictorial theme. Many of the genre
Genre () is any form or type of communication in any mode (written, spoken, digital, artistic, etc.) with socially-agreed-upon conventions developed over time. In popular usage, it normally describes a category of literature, music, or other for ...
scenes he portrayed, as in '' The Feast of Saint Nicholas'', are lively to the point of chaos and lustfulness, even so much that "a Jan Steen household", meaning a messy scene, became a Dutch proverb (''een huishouden van Jan Steen''). Subtle hints in his paintings seem to suggest that Steen meant to warn the viewer rather than invite him to copy this behaviour. Many of Steen's paintings bear references to old Dutch proverbs or literature. He often used members of his family as models, and painted quite a few self-portraits in which he showed no tendency to vanity.
Steen did not shy from other themes: he painted historical, mythological and religious scenes, portraits, still lifes and natural scenes. His portraits of children are famous. He is also well known for his mastery of light and attention to detail, most notably in Persian rugs and other textiles.
Steen was prolific, producing about 800 paintings, of which roughly 350 survive. His work was valued much by contemporaries and as a result he was reasonably well paid for his work. He did not have many students—only Richard Brakenburgh is recorded[Liedtke, W. (2007). ''Dutch Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art'', p. 836.]—but his work proved a source of inspiration for many painters.
In the two paintings, ''The way you hear it'' and ''As old men sing, so children squeal,'' six of the people are identical in person and pose, and their spatial relationship is similar.
File:Jan Steen - Adolf en Catharina Croeser aan de Oude Delft 1655.jpg, ''A Burgomaster of Delft and his daughter'', 1654, Rijksmuseum
File:Jan Steen - Skittles Players Outside an Inn.jpg, ''Skittles Players Outside an Inn'', 1660, National Gallery
The National Gallery is an art museum in Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, in Central London, England. Founded in 1824, it houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900. The current Director ...
File:Jan Steen, The Card Players in an Interior.jpg, ''The Card Players in an Interior'', c. 1660, Rose-Marie and Eijk van Otterloo Collection
File:Jan Steen - Tobias en Sarah bidden terwijl Rafael bindt de demon.jpg, '' Marriage of Tobias and Sarah'', circa 1660, Museum Bredius
Museum Bredius is a museum named after Abraham Bredius on the Lange Vijverberg in The Hague. It is remarkable for its collection of etchings and paintings, but is most attractive to visitors for its accurate restoration of the 18th-century ''Heren ...
File:WLANL - karinvogt - Jan Steen, de Luitspeelster.jpg, ''The lute player'', 1660, Rijksmuseum Twenthe
File:Jan Havicksz. Steen00.jpg, ''La Toilette'', 1659–1660, Rijksmuseum
File:Twelfth-Night Feast - Jan Steen - MFA.jpg, ''Twelfth-Night Feast'', 1662, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
54.102
File:Jan Steen - Fantasy Interior with Jan Steen and the Family of Gerrit Schouten - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg, ''Fantasy Interior with Jan Steen and the Family of Gerrit Schouten'', 1663, Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art
The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art is an art museum in Kansas City, Missouri, known for its encyclopedic collection of art from nearly every continent and culture, and especially for its extensive collection of Asian art.
In 2007, ''Time'' magaz ...
File:Jan Steen - The Dancing Couple - Google Art Project.jpg, '' The Dancing Couple'', 1663, National Gallery of Art
File:Jan Steen - Beware of Luxury (“In Weelde Siet Toe”) - Google Art Project.jpg, '' Beware of Luxury'', 1663, Kunsthistorisches Museum
File:Jan Havicksz. Steen - The Doctor's Visit - Google Art Project.jpg, ''The Doctor's Visit'' c. 1665, Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen
File:Jan Havicksz. Steen – Het Sint-Nicolaasfeest – Google Art Project.jpg, '' The Feast of Saint Nicholas'', 1665–1668, Rijksmuseum
File:The way you hear it.jpg, ''The way you hear it'', circa 1665, Mauritshuis
File:Comme les vieux chantent, les enfants piaillent.jpg, ''As old men sing, so children squeal'', 1662, Musée Fabre
File:Jan Havicksz. Steen - Het vrolijke huisgezin - Google Art Project.jpg, ''The Merry Family'', 1668, Rijksmuseum
Sources
External links
*
Jan Steen at the National Gallery of Art
Jan Steen's Cat Paintings
Web Gallery of art
Works and literature on Jan Steen
''Vermeer and The Delft School''
a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Jan Steen
{{DEFAULTSORT:Steen, Jan
1626 births
1679 deaths
Dutch genre painters
Dutch Golden Age painters
Dutch male painters
Artists from Leiden
Burials at Pieterskerk, Leiden
Painters from Leiden
Painters from Haarlem