Biography
McCosh was born into aPhilosophical work
McCosh's position was mainly in the tradition of Thomas Reid and other Scottish common-sense philosophers. He denied that our beliefs about the nature of the external world rest on causal or other inferences from perceptual ideas, but held that they are the direct accompaniments of sensation, and thus not open to question. He also argued for the ''a priori'' nature of fundamental principles such as those of causality and morality. Our judgements and other cognitions are regulated by such principles, though that is not to say that everyone is aware of them; they can be reached through reflection on our experience, when they are recognised as self-evidently necessary. In his moral theory, especially, McCosh differed from many of his contemporaries in being relatively uninfluenced by Kant.Evolution
McCosh's most original work concerned the attempt to reconcile evolution and Christianity. In 1874, Charles Hodge, the theologian and intellectual leader at the Presbyterian Seminary in Princeton, published ''What is Darwinism?'', claiming that Darwinism, was, in essence, atheism. To Hodge, Darwinism was contrary to the notion of design and was therefore clearly atheistic. Hodge's views determined the position of the Seminary until his death in 1878. Hodge simply refused to accept that natural laws alone could create complex organisms that fit into their niches so perfectly and that evolution could explain origins. While he didn't consider all evolutionary ideas to be in conflict with his religion, he was concerned with its teaching in colleges. Meanwhile at the college across town (a totally separate institution) President John Maclean also rejected Darwin's theory of evolution. However in 1868, McCosh became president at the college. McCosh realized that much of Darwinism could and would be proved sound, and so he strove to prepare Christians for this event. Instead of conflict between science and religion, McCosh sought reconciliation. Insisting on the principle of design in nature, McCosh interpreted the Darwinian discoveries as more evidence of the prearrangement, skill, and purpose in the universe. He thus demonstrated that Darwinism was not atheistic nor in irreconcilable hostility to the Bible. McCosh thus argued that evolution, far from being inconsistent with belief in divine design, glorifies the divine designer (see for example his ''Christianity and Positivism''), believing nature was entirely interconnected by natural laws God was immanent with. This aspect of his work found popularity among most Presbyterian clergy, who found his arguments useful in their attempts to cope with scientific philosophy. The Presbyterians in America thus could choose between two schools of thought on evolution, both based in Princeton. The Seminary held to Hodge's position until his supporters were ousted in 1929, and the college (Works
*The Wheat and the Chaff gathered into Bundles: a Statistical Contribution towards the History of the Recent Disruption of the Scottish Ecclesiastical Establishment (Perth, 1843) *Does the Established Church acknowledge Christ as its Head ? (Brechin, 1846) *A Tribute to the Memory of Dr Chalmers, by a Former Pupil (Brechin, 1847) *The Method of the Divine Government, Physical and Moral (Edinburgh, 1850, last ed., New York, 1874) *The Ulster Revival and its Physiological Accidents (Belfast) 859*The Intuitions of the Mind Inductively Investigated (London, 1860, 1865 ; New York, 1872) *The Supernatural in relation to the Natural (Cambridge, Belfast, and New York, 1862) *Supplement to Dugald Stewart's "Outlines of Moral Philosophy" (1865) *An Examination of Mr J. S. Mill's Philosophy, being a Defence of Fundamental Truth (London, 1866 and 1886; New York, 1875 and 1880) *Philosophical Papers — I., Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Logic ; II., Reply to Mr Mill's Third Edition ; III., Present State of Moral Philosophy in Britain (London, 1868; New York, 1869) *The Laws of Discursive Thought (London and New York, 1870-90) *Christianity and Positivism : a Series of Lectures on Natural Theology and Apologetics (London and New York, 1871-5) *The Scottish Philosophy: Biographical, Expository, Critical, from Hutcheson to Hamilton (London, 1874 ; New York, 1880) *Ideas in Nature overlooked by Dr Tyndall (New York, 1875) *The Development Hypothesis : is it sufficient? (New York, 1876) *The Emotions (London and New York, 1880) *The Conflicts of the Age (New York, 1881) *Psychology: the Motive Powers — Emotions, Conscience, Will (London and New York, 1887) *Realistic Philosophy Defended in a Philosophic Series (London and New York, 1887) *The Religious Aspect of Evolution, the Bedell Lectures for 1887 (New York, 1888-90) *First and Fundamental Truths (London and New York, 1889) *Psychology : the Cognitive Powers (London and New York, 1889-91) *The Tests of Various Kinds of Truths (Merrick Lectures) (New York and Cincinnati, 1889-91) *The Prevailing Types of Philosophy : can they reach Reality logically? (New York, 1890) *Our Moral Nature (New York, 1892) * ointly with Dr George Dickie Typical Forms and Special Ends in Creation (Edinburgh, 1855 ; London, 1862 ; New York, 1880)] *and a very large number of contributions to periodical literature. *For a complete list of his writings see Joseph Heatly DullesMain works
Family
He married 29 September 1845, Isabella (died 12 November 1909), daughter of Alexander Guthrie, surgeon, Brechin, and had issue — *Mary Jane, born 5 July 1846 *Andrew, born 15 April 1848, died 15 October 1849 *Alexander Guthrie, born 16 January 1850 *Margaret Sarah, born 21 June 1852 *Andrew James, born 15 March 1858.References
Citations
Sources
* * * Douglas Arner, "James McCosh", in ''The Encyclopedia of Philosophy", ed. Paul Edwards (Collier Macmillan, 1967) * * * Paul Helm, "M'Cosh, James", in ''Dictionary of Scottish Church History and Theology'', ed. Nigel M de S Cameron (Edinburgh, T & T Clark, 1993) * Hoeveler, J. David, Jr. ''James McCosh and the Scottish Intellectual Tradition: From Glasgow to Princeton.'' (1981). 374 pp. * * * * * * * *Further reading
* Hoeveler, J. David (1981), ''James McCosh and the Scottish Intellectual Tradition'', Princeton University Press, {{DEFAULTSORT:McCosh, James 1811 births 1894 deaths Scottish philosophers Presidents of Princeton University Academics of Queen's University Belfast 19th-century British philosophers People from Ayrshire Alumni of the University of Glasgow Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Theistic evolutionists Scottish emigrants to the United States 19th-century Ministers of the Free Church of Scotland