Jacques Charles François Sturm (29 September 1803 – 15 December 1855) was a French
mathematician
A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems.
Mathematicians are concerned with numbers, data, quantity, structure, space, models, and change.
History
On ...
.
Life and work
Sturm was born in
Geneva
Geneva ( ; french: Genève ) frp, Genèva ; german: link=no, Genf ; it, Ginevra ; rm, Genevra is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and the most populous city of Romandy, the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Situa ...
(then part of
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
) in 1803. The family of his father, Jean-Henri Sturm, had emigrated from
Strasbourg
Strasbourg (, , ; german: Straßburg ; gsw, label= Bas Rhin Alsatian, Strossburi , gsw, label= Haut Rhin Alsatian, Strossburig ) is the prefecture and largest city of the Grand Est region of eastern France and the official seat of the ...
around 1760—about 50 years before Charles-François's birth. His mother's name was Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Gremay.
In 1818, he started to follow the lectures of the
academy of Geneva. In 1819, the death of his father forced Sturm to give lessons to children of the rich in order to support his own family. In 1823, he became tutor to the son of
Madame de Staël.
At the end of 1823, Sturm stayed in
Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. Si ...
for a short time following the family of his student. He resolved, with his school-fellow
Jean-Daniel Colladon, to try his fortune in Paris, and obtained employment on the ''Bulletin universel''. In 1829, he discovered the
theorem
In mathematics, a theorem is a statement that has been proved, or can be proved. The ''proof'' of a theorem is a logical argument that uses the inference rules of a deductive system to establish that the theorem is a logical consequence of t ...
that bears his name, and concerns
real-root isolation, that is the determination of the number and the localization of the real
roots
A root is the part of a plant, generally underground, that anchors the plant body, and absorbs and stores water and nutrients.
Root or roots may also refer to:
Art, entertainment, and media
* ''The Root'' (magazine), an online magazine focusing ...
of a
polynomial
In mathematics, a polynomial is an expression consisting of indeterminates (also called variables) and coefficients, that involves only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and positive-integer powers of variables. An exampl ...
.
Sturm benefited from the 1830 revolution, as his Protestant faith ceased to be an obstacle to employment in public high schools. At the end of 1830, he was thus appointed as a professor of Mathématiques Spéciales at the
collège Rollin
In France, secondary education is in two stages:
* ''Collèges'' () cater for the first four years of secondary education from the ages of 11 to 15.
* ''Lycées'' () provide a three-year course of further secondary education for children between ...
.
He was chosen a member of the
Académie des Sciences
The French Academy of Sciences (French: ''Académie des sciences'') is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research. It was at ...
in 1836, filling the seat of
André-Marie Ampère
André-Marie Ampère (, ; ; 20 January 177510 June 1836) was a French physicist and mathematician who was one of the founders of the science of classical electromagnetism, which he referred to as "electrodynamics". He is also the inventor of nu ...
. Sturm became ''répétiteur'' in 1838, and in 1840 professor in the
École Polytechnique
École may refer to:
* an elementary school in the French educational stages normally followed by secondary education establishments (collège and lycée)
* École (river), a tributary of the Seine flowing in région Île-de-France
* École, Savoi ...
. The same year, after the death of
Poisson, Sturm was appointed as
mechanics
Mechanics (from Ancient Greek: μηχανική, ''mēkhanikḗ'', "of machines") is the area of mathematics and physics concerned with the relationships between force, matter, and motion among physical objects. Forces applied to objec ...
professor of the . His works, ''Cours d'analyse de l'école polytechnique'' (1857–1863) and ''Cours de mécanique de l'école polytechnique'' (1861), were published after his death in Paris, and were regularly republished.
He was the co-
eponym
An eponym is a person, a place, or a thing after whom or which someone or something is, or is believed to be, named. The adjectives which are derived from the word eponym include ''eponymous'' and ''eponymic''.
Usage of the word
The term ''epon ...
of the
Sturm–Liouville theory In mathematics and its applications, classical Sturm–Liouville theory is the theory of ''real'' second-order ''linear'' ordinary differential equations of the form:
for given coefficient functions , , and , an unknown function ''y = y''(''x'') ...
with
Joseph Liouville
Joseph Liouville (; ; 24 March 1809 – 8 September 1882) was a French mathematician and engineer.
Life and work
He was born in Saint-Omer in France on 24 March 1809. His parents were Claude-Joseph Liouville (an army officer) and Thérèse ...
.
In 1826, with his colleague
Jean-Daniel Colladon, Sturm helped make the first experimental determination of the
speed of sound
The speed of sound is the distance travelled per unit of time by a sound wave as it propagates through an elastic medium. At , the speed of sound in air is about , or one kilometre in or one mile in . It depends strongly on temperature as we ...
in water.
In 1851 his health began to fail. He was able to return to teaching for a while during his long illness, but in 1855 he died.
[
The asteroid 31043 Sturm is named for him.] Sturm's name is one of the 72 names engraved at the Eiffel Tower
The Eiffel Tower ( ; french: links=yes, tour Eiffel ) is a wrought-iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower.
Locally nicknamed ...
.
Distinctions
* Grand prix de Mathématiques (4 December 1834)
* Member of the academy of Berlin (1835)
* Member of the academy of Saint-Petersburg (1836)
* Officier de la Légion d'Honneur
The National Order of the Legion of Honour (french: Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour ('), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil. Established in 1802 by Napoleon ...
(1837)
* Copley Medal
The Copley Medal is an award given by the Royal Society, for "outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science". It alternates between the physical sciences or mathematics and the biological sciences. Given every year, the medal is t ...
of the Royal Society of London
The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences. The society fulfils a number of roles: promoting science and its benefits, r ...
(1840)
* Member of the Royal Society of London (1840)
Selected writing
*
*
Cours d'analyse de l'Ecole polytechnique. Tome premier
(Gauthier-Villars, 1877)
Cours d'analyse de l'Ecole polytechnique. Tome second
(Gauthier-Villars, 1877)
Cours de mécanique de l'Ecole polytechnique
(Gauthier-Villars, 1883)
See also
*Control theory
Control theory is a field of mathematics that deals with the control system, control of dynamical systems in engineered processes and machines. The objective is to develop a model or algorithm governing the application of system inputs to drive ...
*Oscillation theory
In mathematics, in the field of ordinary differential equations, a nontrivial solution to an ordinary differential equation
:F(x,y,y',\ \dots,\ y^)=y^ \quad x \in roots; otherwise it is called non-oscillating. The differential equation is called o ...
*Spectral theory of ordinary differential equations
In mathematics, the spectral theory of ordinary differential equations is the part of spectral theory concerned with the determination of the spectrum and eigenfunction expansion associated with a linear ordinary differential equation. In his diss ...
*Submarine signals
Submarine signals had a specific, even proprietary, meaning in the early 20th century. It applied to a navigation aid system developed, patented and produced by the Submarine Signal Company of Boston. The company produced submarine acoustic signal ...
References
*
External links
*
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sturm, Jacques Charles Francois
1803 births
1855 deaths
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Recipients of the Copley Medal
19th-century French mathematicians
Scientists from Geneva