Jack of the United States

The jack of the United States, known as the Union Jack, is a maritime flag representing U.S. nationality, flown on the jackstaff in the bow of U.S. vessels that are moored or anchored. The U.S. Navy is a prime user of jacks for its warships and auxiliaries, but they are also used by non-naval vessels such as ships of the U.S. Coast Guard, the predominantly civilian-crewed replenishment and support ships of the U.S. Navy's Military Sealift Command, the ships of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and other U.S. governmental entities. The jack is flown on the bow (front) of a ship and the ensign is flown on the stern (rear) of a ship when anchored or moored. Once under way, the ensign is flown from the main mast and the jack is lowered, removed, and stowed away for future use.

The design of the Union Jack has consisted of essentially the canton of the U.S. national flag since it was first adopted on June 14, 1777, coinciding with the adoption of the national flag itself, with each modification to the national flag's canton being applied to the Union Jack as well; it is widely held that, prior to the Union Jack, the jack of the United States was the First Navy Jack, the precise historical appearance of which is disputed but is displayed by the Navy today bearing a rattlesnake and motto. Occasionally, the Union Jack has been placed on hiatus for certain occasions, such as from 1975 to 1976, when the First Navy Jack was flown for the U.S. Bicentennial, in 2000 for submarines and submarine tenders, when a special jack was flown for the 100th anniversary of the first commissioned U.S. Navy submarine, and for all warships from 2002 to 2019, when the First Navy Jack was again flown for the Global War on Terrorism.

The oldest commissioned warship in active U.S. naval status (that is, having the longest total period in active status), currently , is the only active U.S. warship flying a different jack than the standard U.S. one, by flying the First Navy Jack. All other active U.S. Navy warships display the Union Jack.

History

For most of U.S. history, the primary jack design has been the blue canton with stars (the "union") from the U.S. national ensign. The blue fielded, white-starred jack is referred to as the "Union Jack," not to be confused with the Union Jack of the United Kingdom, which has the same name but a different design. Like the U.S. ensign, the number of stars on the jack correspond with the number of constituent states the U.S. has. Rules for flying the jack are similar to the national ensign, except that the jack is only flown at the bow when the ship is anchored, made fast or alongside.

The only written description of the Navy Jack dating from the American Revolutionary war is a January 1776 document titled ''Signals for the American Fleet'' by Commodore Esek Hopkins. Hopkins discusses "the strip'd jack" and a "striped flag" as symbols of the Continental Navy. No snake nor field of stars is mentioned, though the exact appearance of these flags is not known. A print of American ships from August 1776 shows one ship flying a striped flag and another the Pine Tree Flag, both from the stern, the customary place for a national ensign.

The 48 star version of the Union Jack flag became official in 1912 after Arizona and New Mexico became states. Throughout WWI and WWII, and until 1959 the Union Jack flag consisted of 48 stars.

From September 11, 2002, the U.S. Navy made use of the so-called First Navy Jack. However, the standard U.S. jack (i.e. 50 white stars alternative in columns of four and five defacing a blue field) continued to be used as the jack by vessels of U.S. federal agencies such as the U.S. Coast Guard, the Military Sealift Command and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Corps and by U.S. civilian ships and by U.S. yachts. The majority of the U.S. Navy's warships returned to using the U.S. Union Jack on June 4, 2019.

The jack is flown from the jackstaff from 08:00 to sunset while U.S. Navy ships are moored or at anchor. It is required to be the same size as the union of the ensign being flown from the stern of the ship. It is also flown from the yardarm during a general court-martial or court of inquiry. During times when the ensign is at half mast, the jack is also at half mast. The jack is hoisted smartly and lowered ceremoniously in the same manner as the ensign, however the jack is not dipped when the ensign is dipped.

Some other exceptions to the use of the U.S. Union Jack have occurred in the case of the U.S. Navy, the most prominent being the use of the First Navy Jack by the U.S. Navy in honor of the U.S. founding's bicentennial and for other uses subsequently. For example, following the Bicentennial, in August 1980, use of the First Navy Jack was granted to the active commissioned ship having the longest total period of front-line operational service, said use to be in place of the Union Jack until that ship was decommissioned or transferred to inactive status, whereupon the next such ship in seniority inherits the honor of its use. This use is limited to the oldest "commissioned" naval vessel (i.e., an all-military United States Ship /nowiki>ship_prefix_USS.html" ;"title="ship_prefix.html" ;"title="/nowiki>ship prefix">/nowiki>ship prefix USS">ship_prefix.html" ;"title="/nowiki>ship prefix">/nowiki>ship prefix USSversus a part-military/part-civilian crewed United States Naval Ship [ship prefix USNS]) in front-line operational service.

On June 3, 1999, the Secretary of the Navy also authorized the flying of the Submarine Centennial Jack on all U.S. Navy submarines and submarine tenders during 2000.

On February 21, 2019, the Chief of Naval Operations directed that U.S. Navy warships fly the U.S. jack again beginning on June 4, 2019. The oldest active U.S. warship flies the First Navy Jack; that ship has been since 2014.

Naval jacks of the United States by date

See also

*Flag of the United States
* Flags of the United States Armed Forces

Notes

References

{{Authority control
Continental Navy
United States Navy
Military flags of the United States
United States