The jeux de hocs are a family of French

card game A card game is any game that uses playing cards as the primary device with which the game is played, whether the cards are of a traditional design or specifically created for the game (proprietary). Countless card games exist, including famil ...

s in which the aim is to be first to shed all one's hand cards to sequences laid out in rows on the table. They all feature cards known as ' stops' or ''hocs'': cards that end a sequence and give the one who played it the advantage of being able to start a new sequence. In some games, ''hocs'' attract bonuses. The best known of the hoc games is

Nain Jaune The game of Nain Jaune or Yellow Dwarf (, ), also formerly called Lindor, is an "attractive and unique traditional French card game" using a board comprising five compartments or boxes. It is a reasoned game of chance because it combines the haza ...

("Yellow Dwarf"), which is a classic French family game still played today.''Les jeux de hocs''
on the Academy of Forgotten Games website.

History

The first game known to feature ''hocs'' was Hoc itself. This came in two variants, a multi-stake, vying game sometimes called '' Hoc Mazarin'' or ''Hoc de Mazarin'' and named after

Cardinal Mazarin Jules Mazarin (born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino or Mazarini; 14 July 1602 – 9 March 1661), from 1641 known as Cardinal Mazarin, was an Italian Catholic prelate, diplomat and politician who served as the chief minister to the Kings of France Lou ...

who was known to greatly favour it when at the court of

Versailles The Palace of Versailles ( ; ) is a former royal residence commissioned by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, Yvelines, Versailles, about west of Paris, in the Yvelines, Yvelines Department of Île-de-France, Île-de-France region in Franc ...

in the mid-1600s. Another variant was ''Hoc de Lyon'', about which little is known. The concept spread to other 17th and 18th century games including Poque, Comete, Emprunt, Manille,

and Lindor.Parlett (1991), pp. 88/89 All except Emprunt are still played in some form.

Types of hoc

Four types of 'stop' card or ''hoc'' are distinguished: * End-of-run ''hoc''. The end-of-run ''hoc'' (''hoc de fin de suite'') is the highest card in a run, typically a

King King is a royal title given to a male monarch. A king is an Absolute monarchy, absolute monarch if he holds unrestricted Government, governmental power or exercises full sovereignty over a nation. Conversely, he is a Constitutional monarchy, ...

. It completes the row of cards. The player playing it calls "hoc!" and starts a new sequence with any desired card. * Incidental ''hoc''. An incidental ''hoc'' (''hoc accidentel'') is one that occurs because the next card in the sequence is not held by any player, e.g. because it is concealed within the talon or stock of cards left face down on the table. The player of the last card of the run calls "hoc!" and starts a new sequence as before. * Permanent ''hoc''. Within a particular game, certain cards may be designated as permanent ''hocs'', for example, the Q, J and 10 in Nain Jaune. When such a card is played, the player announces "hoc!" and begins a new sequence. * Chief ''Hoc''. In some games a 'Chief ''Hoc is designated. This has special powers: it may be used as a

wild card Wild card most commonly refers to: * Wild card (cards), a playing card that substitutes for any other card in card games * Wild card (sports), a tournament or playoff place awarded to an individual or team that has not qualified through normal pla ...

in place of any other card in the pack and the holder may be allowed to withhold it even if it is the next card of a sequence. In Nain Jaune, the 7 is the Chief ''Hoc''; in Hoc Mazarin there are six chief hocs.

References

Literature

* Frisch, Johann-Leonhard (1746)
''Nouveau dictionnaire des passagers francois-allemand et allemand-francois''
Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Gleditschen. * Parlett, David (1991). ''A History of Card Games'', OUP, Oxford. * {{card-game-stub