The Java Class Library (JCL) is a set of dynamically loadable libraries that Java Virtual Machine (JVM) languages can call at run time. Because the

Java Platform Java is a set of computer software and specifications that provides a software platform for developing application software and deploying it in a cross-platform computing environment. Java is used in a wide variety of computing platforms fr ...

is not dependent on a specific

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, applications cannot rely on any of the platform-native libraries. Instead, the Java Platform provides a comprehensive set of standard class libraries, containing the functions common to modern operating systems. JCL serves three purposes within the JVM: * Like other standard code libraries, they provide the programmer a well-known set of useful facilities, such as container classes and

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processing. * The library provides an abstract interface to tasks that would normally depend heavily on the hardware and operating system, such as network access and file access. * Some underlying platforms may not support all of the features a Java application expects. In these cases, the library implementation can either emulate those features or provide a consistent way to check for the presence of a specific feature.

Implementation and configuration

JCL is almost entirely written in Java, except for the parts that need direct access to the hardware and

(such as for I/O or bitmap graphics), which are instead written in C++. The classes that give access to these functions commonly use Java Native Interface wrappers to access operating system APIs. Almost all of JCL is stored in a single Java archive file called "rt.jar" which is provided with JRE and JDK distributions. The Java Class Library (rt.jar) is located in the default bootstrap classpath and does not have to appear in the classpath declared for the application. The runtime uses the bootstrap class loader to find the JCL. The Java Module System (part of the Java 9 release) broke the monolithic "rt.jar" JAR file and modularized the JCL itself in several modules with specified dependencies.

Conformance

Any Java implementation must pass the Java Technology Compatibility Kit tests for compliance, which includes JCL tests.

Main features

JCL Features are accessed through classes provided in packages. * contains fundamental classes and interfaces closely tied to the language and

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. * I/O and networking access the platform file system, and more generally networks through the , and packages. For networking,

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is available through . * Mathematics package: provides mathematical expressions and evaluation, as well as arbitrary-precision decimal and integer number datatypes. * Collections and Utilities : built-in Collection

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s, and utility classes, for

s, concurrency,

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. * GUI and 2D Graphics: the AWT package () basic GUI operations and binds to the underlying native system. It also contains the 2D Graphics API. The Swing package () is built on AWT and provides a platform-independent widget toolkit, as well as a pluggable look and feel. It also deals with editable and non-editable text components. * Sound: interfaces and classes for reading, writing, sequencing, and synthesizing of sound data. * Text: deals with text, dates, numbers and messages. * Image package: and provide APIs to write, read, and modify images. *

XML Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language and file format for storing, transmitting, and reconstructing data. It defines a set of rules for encoding electronic document, documents in a format that is both human-readable and Machine-r ...

: SAX, DOM, StAX, XSLT transforms,

XPath XPath (XML Path Language) is an expression language designed to support the query or transformation of XML documents. It was defined by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in 1999, and can be used to compute values (e.g., strings, numbers, or ...

and various APIs for

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s, as SOAP protocol and JAX-WS. * Security is provided by and encryption services are provided by . *

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s: access to SQL databases via * Access to Scripting engines: The package gives access to any conforming

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. * Applets: allows applications to be downloaded over a network and run within a guarded sandbox * Java Beans: provides ways to manipulate reusable components. * Introspection and reflection:
java.lang.Class
represents a class, but other classes such as Method and Constructor are available in .

Licensing

Prior licenses

Before the release of OpenJDK, the JDK was based on a proprietary license. Following their promise to release a fully buildable JDK based on almost completely free and open-source code in the first half of 2007, Sun released the complete

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of the Class Library under the GPL on May 8, 2007, except some limited parts that were licensed by Sun from third parties who did not want their code to be released under an open-source license. Sun's goal was to replace the parts that remain proprietary and closed source with alternative implementations and make the Class Library completely free and open source. Until December 2010, the remaining encumbered part of the JDK was made available by Sun then

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as ''Binary Plugs'' which were required to build the JDK but not necessary to run it. , the only part of the Class library that remained proprietary and closed-source (4% for OpenJDK 7, and less than 1% and OpenJDK 6) was the SNMP implementation. Since the first May 2007 release, Sun, with the help of the community, released as open-source or replaced with open-source alternatives almost all the encumbered code: * All the audio engine code, including the software synthesizer, became open source. The closed-source software synthesizer has been replaced by a new synthesizer developed specifically for OpenJDK called ''Gervill'', * All

cryptography Cryptography, or cryptology (from "hidden, secret"; and ''graphein'', "to write", or ''-logy, -logia'', "study", respectively), is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of Adversary (cryptography), ...

classes were released as open-source, * The code that scales and rasterizes fonts uses open source FreeType * The native color management uses open-source LittleCMS. There is a pluggable layer in the JDK, so that the commercial release of Java can use the original, proprietary color management system and OpenJDK can use LittleCMS. * The anti-aliasing graphics rasterizer code uses the open source Pisces renderer used in the

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project. * The

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plugin is open source (the JavaScript engine itself was open source from the beginning).

Open source release

Beginning in December 2010, all the so-called ''binary plugs'' were replaced by

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replacements, making the entire JDK open.

Alternative implementations

GNU Classpath is the other main free software class library for Java. Contrary to other implementations, it only implements the Class Library, and is used by many free Java runtimes (like Kaffe, SableVM, JamVM). Apache Harmony was another free software class library. Its aim was to implement the other parts of the Java stack (

Virtual Machine In computing, a virtual machine (VM) is the virtualization or emulator, emulation of a computer system. Virtual machines are based on computer architectures and provide the functionality of a physical computer. Their implementations may involve ...

Compiler In computing, a compiler is a computer program that Translator (computing), translates computer code written in one programming language (the ''source'' language) into another language (the ''target'' language). The name "compiler" is primaril ...

, and other tools required for any Java implementation).