Jacques Callot

Jacques Callot (; – 1635) was a baroque printmaker and draftsman from the Duchy of Lorraine. He is an important person in the development of the old master print. He made more than 1,400 etchings that chronicled the life of his period, featuring soldiers, clowns, drunkards, Romani, beggars, as well as court life. He also etched many religious and military images, and many prints featured extensive landscapes in their background.

Life and training

Callot was born and died in Nancy, the capital of Lorraine, now in France. At the time, the Duchy of Lorraine was an independent state on the north-eastern border of France, southwestern border of Germany and overlapping the southern Netherlands. He came from an important family (his father was master of ceremonies at the court of the Duke), and he often describes himself as having noble status in the inscriptions to his prints. At the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to a goldsmith, but soon afterward travelled to Rome where he learned engraving from an expatriate Frenchman, Philippe Thomassin. He probably then studied etching with Antonio Tempesta in Florence, where he lived from 1612 to 1621. More than 2,000 preparatory drawings and studies for prints survive, but no paintings by him are known, and he probably never trained as a painter.

During his period in Florence he became an independent master, and worked often for the Medici court. After the death of Cosimo II de' Medici during 1621, he returned to Nancy where he lived for the rest of his life, visiting Paris and the Netherlands later during the decade. He was commissioned by the courts of Lorraine, France and Spain, and by publishers, mostly in Paris. Although he remained in Nancy, his prints were distributed widely through Europe; Rembrandt was a keen collector of them.

Technical innovations: échoppe, new hard ground, stopping-out

His technique was exceptional, and was helped by important technical advances he made. He developed the échoppe, a type of etching-needle with a slanting oval section at the end, which enabled etchers to create a swelling line, as engravers were able to do.

He also seems to have been responsible for an improved recipe for the etching ground that coated the plate and was removed to form the image, using lute-makers varnish rather than a wax-based formula. This enabled lines to be etched more deeply, prolonging the life of the plate in printing, and also greatly reducing the risk of "foul-biting", such that acid gets through the ground to the plate where it is not intended to, producing spots or blotches on the image. Previously the risk of foul-biting had always been present, preventing an engraver from investing too much time on a single plate that risked being ruined by foul-biting. Now etchers could do the very detailed work that was previously the monopoly of engravers, and Callot made good use of the new possibilities.

He also made more extensive and sophisticated use of multiple "stoppings-out" than previous etchers had done. This is the technique of letting the acid dissolve lightly over the whole plate, then stopping-out those parts of the work which the artist wishes to keep shallow by covering them with ground before bathing the plate in acid again. He achieved unprecedented subtlety in effects of distance and light and shade by careful control of this process. Most of his prints were relatively small – as much as about six inches or 15 cm on their longest dimension.

One of his devotees, the Parisian Abraham Bosse and Callot's artwork is still noted with Francisco Goya's '' Los Desastres de la Guerra'' (''The Disasters of War''), which was influenced by Callot – (Goya owned a series of the prints), as among the most powerful artistic statements of the inhumanity of war.

Grotesque Dwarves

Callot's series of "Grotesque Dwarves" were to inspire Derby porcelain and other companies to create pottery figures known as "Mansion House Dwarves" or "Grotesque Dwarves". The former title comes from a father and son who were paid to wander around the Mansion House in London wearing oversized hats that contained advertisements.

Varie Figure Gobbi – Series of 21 etchings, 1616

1620 Callot Varie Figure Gobbi anagoria.JPG, Varie Figure Gobbi, Städelsches Kunstinstitut
1620 Callot Der Maskierte mit verdrehten Beinen anagoria.JPG, Masked Dwarf with Contorted Legs
1620 Callot Zwergkrüppel mit Kapuze anagoria.JPG, Crippled Dwarf with Hood
1620 Callot Der Zwerg mit dem dicken Bauch anagoria.JPG, The Fat Dwarf
1620 Callot Der Zwerg mit dem Buckel anagoria.JPG, The Hunchbacked Dwarf
1620 Callot Zwerg mit Hängebauch und hohem Hut anagoria.JPG, The Potbellied Dwarf with the Tall Hat
1620 Callot Zwerg mit Violine anagoria.JPG, Dwarf with Violin
Jacques Callot V.jpg, Example of Jacques Callot's work

Other notable works

* A large series depicting ''commedia dell'arte'' figures called ''Balli di Sfessania'', in a simple, caricature-like style, from his years in Florence.
* Series on the Lives of Christ and Mary.
* Series on the story of the Prodigal Son.
* ''The Giant Tifeo beneath Mount Ischia'' (1617).
* ''The Fair at Impruneta'' (1620).
* ''The Fair at Gondreville'' (1624).
* ''The Temptation of St Anthony'' (1635, MoA

Notes

References

*A Hyatt Mayor, Prints and People, Metropolitan Museum of Art/Princeton, 1971, nos 455–460..
*DP Becker in KL Spangeberg (ed), Six Centuries of Master Prints, Cincinnati Art Museum, 1993, no 74 (Large Miseries of War), .

External links

Bodkin Prints – Links to over 1,000 Callot prints (see section B)


from Artcyclopedia.

* ttp://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/94303/rec/1 Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Jacques Callot (see index)
* Jacques Callot etchings, ca. 1615–1635, Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles, Accession No. 890027.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Callot, Jacques
1590s births
1635 deaths
Baroque printmakers
Baroque draughtsmen
17th-century artists from the Holy Roman Empire
French etchers
17th-century etchers
Anti-war activists
17th-century war artists
Artists from Nancy, France
17th-century French engravers
People from the duchy of Lorraine
French war artists
French anti-war activists
Printmakers from the Holy Roman Empire