Italian folk music has a deep and complex history.
National unification came quite late to the
Italian peninsula, so its many hundreds of separate cultures remained un-homogenized until quite recently. Moreover, Italian folk music reflects Italy's geographic position at the south of
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
and in the center of the
Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on ...
:
Celtic
Celtic, Celtics or Keltic may refer to:
Language and ethnicity
*pertaining to Celts, a collection of Indo-European peoples in Europe and Anatolia
**Celts (modern)
*Celtic languages
**Proto-Celtic language
*Celtic music
*Celtic nations
Sports Foo ...
,
Slavic,
Arabic
Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter ...
,
Greek,
Spanish and
Byzantine
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...
influences are readily apparent in the musical styles of the Italian regions. Italy's rough geography and the historic dominance of small
city states
A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory. They have existed in many parts of the world since the dawn of history, including cities such as ...
has allowed quite diverse musical styles to coexist in close proximity.
Today, Italy's folk music is often divided into several spheres of geographic influence, a classification system proposed by
Alan Lomax
Alan Lomax (; January 31, 1915 – July 19, 2002) was an American ethnomusicologist, best known for his numerous field recordings of folk music of the 20th century. He was also a musician himself, as well as a folklorist, archivist, writer, s ...
in 1956 and often repeated since. The Celtic and Slavic influences on the group and open-voice choral works of the
Northern Italy
Northern Italy ( it, Italia settentrionale, it, Nord Italia, label=none, it, Alta Italia, label=none or just it, Nord, label=none) is a geographical and cultural region in the northern part of Italy. It consists of eight administrative region ...
contrast with the Greek, Byzantine, and Arabic influenced strident
monody of the
Southern Italy
Southern Italy ( it, Sud Italia or ) also known as ''Meridione'' or ''Mezzogiorno'' (), is a macroregion of the Italian Republic consisting of its southern half.
The term ''Mezzogiorno'' today refers to regions that are associated with the pe ...
.
In the
Central Italy these influences combine, while indigenous traditions like narrative and ballad singing remain. The music of the island of
Sardinia
Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label= Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, aft ...
is distinct from that of the rest of Italy, and is best known for the polyphonic chanting of the tenores.
Italian folk revival
The modern understanding of Italian folk music has its roots in the growth of
ethnomusicology
Ethnomusicology is the study of music from the cultural and social aspects of the people who make it. It encompasses distinct theoretical and methodical approaches that emphasize cultural, social, material, cognitive, biological, and other dim ...
in the 1940s and 1950s and in the resurgence of
regionalism in Italy at the time. The
Centro Nazionale di Studi di Musica Popolare (CNSMP), now part of the
Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, was started in 1948 to study and archive the various musical styles throughout Italy. In the 1950s, a number of important field recordings were conducted by American Alan Lomax and Italians
Diego Carpitella
Diego Carpitella (Reggio di Calabria, 1924 - Rome, 1990) was an Italian professor of ethnomusicology at D'Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara and La Sapienza University in Rome. He is considered one of the greatest scholars of Italian folk mu ...
,
Franco Coggiola
Franco may refer to:
Name
* Franco (name)
* Francisco Franco (1892–1975), Spanish general and dictator of Spain from 1939 to 1975
* Franco Luambo (1938–1989), Congolese musician, the "Grand Maître"
Prefix
* Franco, a prefix used when ref ...
,
Roberto Leydi among others. Toward the end of the decade, a special effort was made to capture the folk traditions of the
Meridione (southern Italy), including an important study by Carpitella and anthropologist
Ernesto de Martino
Ernesto de Martino (1 December 1908 – 9 May 1965) was an Italian anthropologist, philosopher and historian of religions. He studied with Benedetto Croce and Adolfo Omodeo, and did field research with Diego Carpitella into the funeral rituals o ...
of the
tarantella.
The early 1960s saw the rise of social and political popular music, including a vast number of releases by the
I Dischi del Sole
I, or i, is the ninth letter and the third vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''i'' (pronounced ), plural ...
label. Several important groups had their birth around the same time, including
Cantacronache Cantacronache is a popular Italian band formed in Turin in 1958 by Fausto Amodei, Michele Straniero, Giorgio De Maria, Emilio Jona, Sergio Liberovici, and Margot.
They were important in the Italian folk
Folk or Folks may refer to:
Sociology
...
in 1958 and the
Nuovo Canzoniere Italiano
''Nuovo Canzoniere Italiano'' was an Italian language music magazine published in Milan, Italy.
History and profile
''Nuovo Canzoniere Italiano'' was created in 1964 in Milan by the historian Gianni Bosio and the ethnomusicologist Roberto Leydi. ...
(NCI) in 1962. The NCI was an assemblage of musicians and composers including
Giovanna Marini
Giovanna Marini (born Giovanna Salviucci; 19 January 1937) is an Italian singer-songwriter and researcher of ethnomusicology.
Biography
She was born in Rome in a family of musicians. In 1959 she obtained her diploma in classical guitar at the C ...
that made its first major public appearance at the 1964
Spoleto
Spoleto (, also , , ; la, Spoletum) is an ancient city in the Italian province of Perugia in east-central Umbria on a foothill of the Apennines. It is S. of Trevi, N. of Terni, SE of Perugia; SE of Florence; and N of Rome.
History
Sp ...
Festival dei Due Mondi and generated a large number of records and concerts.
The Italian
folk revival was accelerating by 1966, when the
Istituto Ernesto de Martino was founded by
Gianni Bosio in
Milan
Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city ...
to document Italian oral culture and traditional music. With the emergence of the
Nuova Compagnia di Canto Popolare in 1970, the notion of a musical group organized to promote the music of a particular region (in this case,
Campania
(man), it, Campana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 =
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographics1_title1 =
, demographics1_info1 =
, demog ...
) was clearly gaining momentum. Many of the best known Italian folk revival bands got their start in the following decade, including
La Lionetta (1977),
Tre Martelli (1977),
La Ciapa Rusa (1978),
Re Niliu (1979),
Calicanto (1981), and
Baraban (1983).
Northern & central Italy
The northern regions of Italy historically exhibited Celtic and Slavic influences in their cultures.
Roots revivalists have revived traditional songs, though, from
Piedmont
it, Piemontese
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 =
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographics1_title1 =
, demographics1_info1 =
, demographics1_title2 ...
(
La Ciapa Rusa,
Tre Martelli),
Lombardy
(man), (woman) lmo, lumbard, links=no (man), (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 =
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographics1_title1 =
, ...
(
Barabàn,
Pandemonio) and
Veneto
Veneto (, ; vec, Vèneto ) or Venetia is one of the 20 regions of Italy. Its population is about five million, ranking fourth in Italy. The region's capital is Venice while the biggest city is Verona.
Veneto was part of the Roman Empire unt ...
(
Calicanto).
The
Genoese docks are the home of
trallalero, a polyphonic vocal style with five voices, one of which imitates a guitar. It arose in the 1920s and includes modern groups like
La Squadra -- Compagnia del Trallalero and
Laura Parodi.
The highly urban provinces of northern and central Italy are also known for the medieval sung poetry
ottava rima
Ottava rima is a rhyming stanza form of Italian origin. Originally used for long poems on heroic themes, it later came to be popular in the writing of mock-heroic works. Its earliest known use is in the writings of Giovanni Boccaccio.
The o ...
, especially in
Tuscany
it, Toscano (man) it, Toscana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Citizenship
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographics1_title1 = Italian
, demogra ...
,
Lazio
it, Laziale
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 =
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographics1_title1 =
, demographics1_info1 =
, demographics1_title2 ...
and
Abruzzo
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 =
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographics1_title1 =
, demographics1 ...
. Ottava rima is performed by the ''poeti contadini'' (''peasant poets'') who use the poems of
Homer
Homer (; grc, Ὅμηρος , ''Hómēros'') (born ) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Homer is considered one of the ...
or
Dante
Dante Alighieri (; – 14 September 1321), probably baptized Durante di Alighiero degli Alighieri and often referred to as Dante (, ), was an Italian poet, writer and philosopher. His ''Divine Comedy'', originally called (modern Italian: ' ...
, as well as more modern lyrics which address political or social issues. It is often completely improvised, and sometimes competitive in nature. Tuscan folk poetry is closer in form and style to high-culture poetry than is typical elsewhere in Italy.
The
saltarello dance is also popular throughout the region.
Canzoniere del Lazio is one of the biggest names from central Italy during the 1970s
roots revival. With socially aware lyrics, this new wave of Italian roots revivalists often played entirely acoustic songs with influences from
jazz
Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues and ragtime. Since the 1920s Jazz Age, it has been recognized as a m ...
and others. More modern musicians in the same field include
Lucilla Galeazzi
Lucilla Galeazzi (born in Terni on 24 December 1950) is an Italian folk singer. She performs modern versions of traditional Italian folk music. She has also performed in operas.
Discography
*1977 ''Correvano coi carri'' (with Giovanna Marini ...
,
La Piazza and
La Macina.
Southern Italy
A folk dance called the
tarantella is still sometimes performed. It was performed to cure the bite of ''
Lycosa tarantula'', usually with female victims dancing until exhaustion. Performers used varying rhythms according to the exact kind of spider.
Antonio Infantino has explored the percussion-based tarantolati healing rituals since 1975, when he formed the group
Tarantolati di Tricarico.
Puglia is also home to brass bands like
Banda Cittá Ruvo Di Puglia; this tradition has led to collaborations with jazz musicians like
Matteo Salvatore,
Battista Lena,
Eugenio Colombo
Eugenio Colombo (born 10 December 1953 in Rome, Italy) is an Italian saxophonist and flautist most associated with avant-garde jazz. A founding member of the Italian Instabile Orchestra, Colombo has worked with such musicians as Mario Schiano, Gior ...
,
Natale Galletta and
Enrico Rava.
Another culturally unique musical tradition in Southern Italy is the
zampogna, a form of bagpipe originally played by the shepherd class and is still prevalent in the mountainous regions of Southern Italy and Sicily. The Zampogna, in addition to secular use is associated with the annunciation of Christ and it is still not uncommon to see a zampogna player at a nativity scene during the Christmas season. The zampogna is most likely a direct descendant of the
Greek aulos and more similar Roman tibia utricularis.
Ethnic Greeks
The ethnic Greeks living in
Salento (Puglia) and Calabria have their own distinct dialects (Griko and Grecanico, respectively). They have lived in the area for an undetermined amount of time, possibly as early as
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece ( el, Ἑλλάς, Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity ( AD 600), that comprised a loose collection of cu ...
or as late as the
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire ...
. The community has been largely assimilated by the Italian nation, but there remain speakers of the dialects and other aspects of the culture. There was a
roots revival in the 1970s in this area, paralleling similar developments across continental Europe, including Brittany and Catalonia.
Folk musical traditions in the area include a religious piece, ''Passiuna tu Christù'', which recounts the
Passion of Christ. The Passion is performed by street accordionists with two singers. An example of a
pizzica song from
Salento region is
Kali Nifta (Good night). The lyrics were written in Griko by
Vito Domenico Palumbo (1856–1918).
Sicily
Sicily is home to a great variety of
religious music
Religious music (also sacred music) is a type of music that is performed or composed for religious use or through religious influence. It may overlap with ritual music, which is music, sacred or not, performed or composed for or as ritual. Relig ...
, including
a cappella
''A cappella'' (, also , ; ) music is a performance by a singer or a singing group without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. The term ''a cappella'' was originally intended to differentiate between Ren ...
devotional songs from
Montedoro
Montedoro ( Sicilian: ''Muntidoru'') is a '' comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Caltanissetta in the Italian region Sicily, located about southeast of Palermo and about west of Caltanissetta. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of ...
and many
brass bands like
Banda Ionica
Banda Ionica is an Italian folk group focused on the brass band traditions of Sicily. The roots of the music played by the band can be traced to Holy Week and funeral marches. The banda tradition, updated by Banda Ionica and others, helped t ...
, who play songs from a diverse repertoire.
Harvest
Harvesting is the process of gathering a ripe crop from the fields. Reaping is the cutting of grain or pulse for harvest, typically using a scythe, sickle, or reaper. On smaller farms with minimal mechanization, harvesting is the most l ...
songs and
work songs are also indigenous to the
agricultural
Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled peopl ...
island, known as "Italy's granary".
Franco Battiato,
Fratelli Mancuso The Fratelli Mancuso, the brothers Enzo and Lorenzo Mancuso, are musicians who were born in Sutera in the province of Caltanissetta, Sicily. They moved to London in the 1970s and have been based in Città della Pieve, Umbria
it, Umbro (man) i ...
,
Luciano Maio,
Taberna Mylaensis and
Ciccio Busacca
Francesco Busacca better known as Cicciu or Ciccio Busacca (1925–1989) was born in Paternò, Province of Catania. He was one of the best known Sicilian ballad singers. Dario Fo, playwright and composer, wrote "Ci ragiono e canto N.3" for hi ...
are among the most popular musicians from Sicily. Busacca has worked with Dario Fo, like many Italian musicians, but is perhaps best known for his setting the poems of
Ignazio Buttitta
Ignazio Buttitta (19 September 1899 – 5 April 1997) was an Italian poet who wrote predominantly in Sicilian.
Biography
Born at Bagheria, Italy into a merchant's family, after having taken part in World War I Buttitta joined the Italian Soci ...
, a Sicilian
language poet.
Fratelli Mancuso The Fratelli Mancuso, the brothers Enzo and Lorenzo Mancuso, are musicians who were born in Sutera in the province of Caltanissetta, Sicily. They moved to London in the 1970s and have been based in Città della Pieve, Umbria
it, Umbro (man) i ...
(brothers Enzo and Lorenzo Mancuso) have fused traditional Sicilian peasant songs (), monodic chants () and other indigenous forms to create a uniquely Sicilian modern song style.
Sardinia
Probably the most culturally distinct of all the regions in Italy, Sardinia is a
Mediterranean
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on ...
island known for the
cantu a tenore
The ( sc, su tenòre, su cuncòrdu, su cuntràttu, su cussèrtu, s'agorropamèntu, su cantu a pròa; it, canto a tenore) is a style of polyphonic folk singing characteristic of the island of Sardinia ( Italy's second largest island), particularl ...
polyphonic chant, sacred songs called
gozo
Gozo (, ), Maltese: ''Għawdex'' () and in antiquity known as Gaulos ( xpu, 𐤂𐤅𐤋, ; grc, Γαῦλος, Gaúlos), is an island in the Maltese archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. The island is part of the Republic of Malta. After ...
s, and
launeddas, a
woodwind instrument similar to the Greek
aulos. Launeddas are used to play a complex style of music that has achieved some international attention, especially
Dionigi Burranca,
Antonio Lara,
Luigi Lai and
Efisio Melis; Burranca, like many of the most famous launedda musicians, is from
Samatzai
Samatzai is a town in the province of South Sardinia, located on the fringe of the Campidano in Sardinia ( Italy). It is 33 km away from Cagliari. The name derives from Ancient Greek 'samax', which means "rush mat", or from the Mesopotamian ...
in
Cagliari
Cagliari (, also , , ; sc, Casteddu ; lat, Caralis) is an Italian municipality and the capital of the island of Sardinia, an autonomous region of Italy. Cagliari's Sardinian name ''Casteddu'' means ''castle''. It has about 155,000 inhabitant ...
. An ancient instrument, dating back to at least the 8th century BC, launeddas are still played during religious ceremonies and dances (''su ballu''). Distinctively, they are played using extensive variations on a few melodic phrases, and a single song can last over an hour.
The ottava, or eight-line stanza, is a common lyrical form in Sardinia, one which allows the performer a certain amount of improvisation and is not unlike the
stornello of south-central mainland Italy.
Rural polyphonic chanting of the tenores is sung with four vocal parts. They are ''bassu'', ''mesa boghe'', ''contra'' and ''boghe'' (respectively to be properly translated to
English
English usually refers to:
* English language
* English people
English may also refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England
** English national ...
from
Sardinian as "bass", "middle", "counter" and "soloist"). The most popular group is
Tenores di Bitti.
In November 2005, the ''Cantu a Tenore'' vocal style of the Sardinian pastoral culture was proclaimed a
Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
The Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity was made by the Director-General of UNESCO starting in 2001 to raise awareness of intangible cultural heritage and encourage local communities to protect them and th ...
by
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a List of specialized agencies of the United Nations, specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international coope ...
.
Sacred
gozo
Gozo (, ), Maltese: ''Għawdex'' () and in antiquity known as Gaulos ( xpu, 𐤂𐤅𐤋, ; grc, Γαῦλος, Gaúlos), is an island in the Maltese archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. The island is part of the Republic of Malta. After ...
s, or sacred songs, can be heard during religious celebrations, sung by choruses like
Su Cuncordu 'e su Rosariu.
Other influential Sardinian musicians include
Totore Chessa (
organetto
The modern organetto is a small diatonic button accordion used in Italian folk music. It is often used to play the saltarello
The ''saltarello'' is a musical dance originally from Italy. The first mention of it is in Add MS 29987, a late- ...
),
Maria Carta (singer),
Mauro Palmas,
Elena Ledda and
Suonofficina,
Cordas et Cannas,
Paolo Fresu
Paolo Fresu ( sc, Pàulu; born 10 February 1961) is an Italian jazz trumpet and flugelhorn player, as well as a composer and arranger of music.
Career
Born in Berchidda, Sardinia, he picked up the trumpet at the age of 11, and played in the ...
(
trumpet
The trumpet is a brass instrument commonly used in classical and jazz ensembles. The trumpet group ranges from the piccolo trumpet—with the highest register in the brass family—to the bass trumpet, pitched one octave below the standard ...
),
Gesuino Deiana (
guitar
The guitar is a fretted musical instrument that typically has six strings. It is usually held flat against the player's body and played by strumming or plucking the strings with the dominant hand, while simultaneously pressing selected string ...
),
Tazenda
Tazenda is a Sardinian ethnic pop-rock band. The group was formed in Sardinia in 1988 by Andrea Parodi, Gigi Camedda and Gino Marielli. The group's music is characterized by the influence from traditional Sardinian music; the lyrics of most ...
,
Marisa Sannia.
List of Italian folk songs by region
*
Friuli:
Quel mazzolin di fiori
*
Lombardy
(man), (woman) lmo, lumbard, links=no (man), (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
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, ...
:
La Madunnina,
Dormi, dormi, bel Bambin
*
Piedmont
it, Piemontese
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 =
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographics1_title1 =
, demographics1_info1 =
, demographics1_title2 ...
:
*
Veneto
Veneto (, ; vec, Vèneto ) or Venetia is one of the 20 regions of Italy. Its population is about five million, ranking fourth in Italy. The region's capital is Venice while the biggest city is Verona.
Veneto was part of the Roman Empire unt ...
:
The Carnival of Venice
The "Carnival of Venice" is based on a Neapolitan folk tune called "O Mamma, Mamma Cara" and popularized by violinist and composer Niccolo Paganini, who wrote twenty variations on the original tune. He titled it "Il Carnevale Di Venezia," Op. 1 ...
*
Emilia-Romagna
egl, Emigliàn (man) egl, Emiglièna (woman) rgn, Rumagnòl (man) rgn, Rumagnòla (woman) it, Emiliano (man) it, Emiliana (woman) or it, Romagnolo (man) it, Romagnola (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title ...
:
Romagna mia
*
Tuscany
it, Toscano (man) it, Toscana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Citizenship
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographics1_title1 = Italian
, demogra ...
:
Firenze sogna
*
Latium
Latium ( , ; ) is the region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire.
Definition
Latium was originally a small triangle of fertile, volcanic soil ( Old Latium) on w ...
:
Arrivederci Roma,
Chitarra romana,
La Romanina
*
Abruzzo
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 =
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographics1_title1 =
, demographics1 ...
:
Reginella campagnola
*
Campania
(man), it, Campana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 =
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographics1_title1 =
, demographics1_info1 =
, demog ...
: , , ,
O Marenariello
"Marenariello" is a Neapolitan song written in 1893 by Gennaro Ottaviano (words) and Salvatore Gambardella (music). American singer Perry Como included this song in his album '' Perry Como in Italy'' in 1966.
The song was adapted into the Engl ...
,
O Mari,
’O sole mio, ,
Torna a Surriento
*
Calabria
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 =
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographics1_title1 =
, demographics1_info1 =
, demographics1_title2 ...
:
Calabrisella mia,
Riturnella,
Vigna
*
Sicily
(man) it, Siciliana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographi ...
: , ,
Notes
#
Lomax, Alan (1956). "Folk Song Style: Notes on a Systematic Approach to the Study of Folk Song." ''Journal of the International Folk Music Council'', VIII, 48–50.
References
Bibliography
*
Magrini, Tullia (2001): 'Italy: Traditional Music',
"Grove Music Online" ed. L. Macy. Retrieved 1 February 2006.
*Surian, Alessio. "Tenores and Tarantellas." ''World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East''. Ed. Simon Broughton, Mark Ellignham, and Richard Trillo. London: The Rough Guides., 1999, 189-201.
*Sorce Keller, Marcello. "Italy" in James Porter, Timothy Rice and Chris Goertzen (eds.), ''Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: Europe'', New York, 2000, pp. 604– 625.
*Marcello Sorce Keller, “La musique de l’émigration suisse et italienne aux États-Unis”, in L. Aubert (ed.), ''Musiques migrantes'', In Folio, Genève, 2005, pp. 197–210.
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