The Italian People's Party ( it, Partito Popolare Italiano, PPI), also translated as Italian Popular Party, was a
Christian-democratic
Christian democracy (sometimes named Centrist democracy) is a political ideology that emerged in 19th-century Europe under the influence of Catholic social teaching and neo-Calvinism.
It was conceived as a combination of modern democratic ...
political party in Italy inspired by
Catholic social teaching.
It was active in the 1920s, but fell apart because it was deeply split between the pro- and anti-fascist elements. Its platform called for an elective Senate, proportional representation, corporatism, agrarian reform, women's suffrage, political decentralization, independence of the Catholic Church, and social legislation.
History
The Italian People's Party was cofounded in 1919 by
Luigi Sturzo
Luigi Sturzo (; 26 November 1871 – 8 August 1959) was an Italian Catholic priest and prominent politician. He was known in his lifetime as a "clerical socialist" and is considered one of the fathers of the Christian democratic platform. He w ...
, a
Sicilian Catholic priest. The PPI was backed by
Pope Benedict XV to oppose the
Italian Socialist Party (PSI).
The party supported various social reforms, including the foundations of a
welfare state
A welfare state is a form of government in which the state (or a well-established network of social institutions) protects and promotes the economic and social well-being of its citizens, based upon the principles of equal opportunity, equita ...
,
women's suffrage
Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the start of the 18th century, some people sought to change voting laws to allow women to vote. Liberal political parties would go on to grant women the right to vot ...
and
Proportional representation
Proportional representation (PR) refers to a type of electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. The concept applies mainly to geographical (e.g. states, regions) and political divis ...
voting.
In the
1919 general election, the first in which the PPI took part, the party won 20.5% of the vote and 100 seats in the
Chamber of Deputies, a result virtually confirmed in
1921. The PPI was the second largest Italian political party after the PSI at the time. Its heartlands were interior
Veneto
it, Veneto (man) it, Veneta (woman)
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and north-western
Lombardy. In 1919 the party won 42.6% in Veneto (49.4% in
Vicenza
Vicenza ( , ; ) is a city in northeastern Italy. It is in the Veneto region at the northern base of the ''Monte Berico'', where it straddles the Bacchiglione River. Vicenza is approximately west of Venice and east of Milan.
Vicenza is a thr ...
), 30.1% in Lombardy (64.3% in
Bergamo), 24.4% in
Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 27.3% in the Marche and 26.2% in
Lazio
it, Laziale
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, while it was much weaker in
Piedmont
it, Piemontese
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and in
Southern Italy.
The PPI was divided mainly into two factions: the "Christian Democrats" were favourable to an accord with the Socialists, while the "Moderate Clericalists" supported an alliance with the
liberal parties, which eventually happened. The latter included
Alcide De Gasperi
Alcide Amedeo Francesco De Gasperi (; 3 April 1881 – 19 August 1954) was an Italian politician who founded the Christian Democracy party and served as prime minister of Italy in eight successive coalition governments from 1945 to 1953.
De Gas ...
. Some Populars took part in
Benito Mussolini's first government in 1922, leading the party to a division between opponents of Mussolini and those who supported him. The latter eventually joined the
National Fascist Party
The National Fascist Party ( it, Partito Nazionale Fascista, PNF) was a political party in Italy, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of Italian Fascism and as a reorganization of the previous Italian Fasces of Combat. Th ...
. Most of the PPI members later took part in
Christian Democracy.
John Molony argues that, "In the end, "the Italian fascist state and the Vatican worked hand in hand to help destroy the People's Party." He adds that Liberals and the Socialists hated the PPI almost as much as the Fascists did and saw too late how necessary it was in the fight for democracy in Italy.
[John Molony, ''The emergence of political catholicism in Italy: Partito popolare 1919–1926'' (1977) p. 12]
Ideology
The party's ideological sources were principally to be found in
Catholic social teaching, the
Christian democratic doctrines developed from the 19th century and on (see
Christian democracy), the political thought of
Romolo Murri
Romolo Murri ( Monte San Pietrangeli, 27 August 1870 – Roma, 12 March 1944) was an Italian politician and ecclesiastic. This Catholic priest was suspended for having joined the party Lega Democratica Nazionale and is widely considered in Italy ...
and
Luigi Sturzo
Luigi Sturzo (; 26 November 1871 – 8 August 1959) was an Italian Catholic priest and prominent politician. He was known in his lifetime as a "clerical socialist" and is considered one of the fathers of the Christian democratic platform. He w ...
. The Papal
encyclical, ''
Rerum novarum'' (1891) of
Pope Leo XIII
Pope Leo XIII ( it, Leone XIII; born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci; 2 March 1810 – 20 July 1903) was the head of the Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 to his death in July 1903. Living until the age of 93, he was the second-old ...
, offered a basis for social and political doctrine.
Electoral results
References
Further reading
* Delzell, Charles F. "The Emergence of Political Catholicism in Italy: Partio Popolare, 1919–1926." (1980): 543–546
online*
* Molony, John N. ''The emergence of political catholicism in Italy: Partito popolare 1919-1926'' (1977)
* Murphy, Francis J. "Don Sturzo and the Triumph of Christian Democracy." ''Italian Americana'' 7.1 (1981): 89-9
online
{{Authority control
1919 establishments in Italy
1926 disestablishments in Italy
Christian democratic parties in Italy
Catholic political parties
Defunct Christian political parties
Defunct political parties in Italy
Political parties disestablished in 1926
Political parties established in 1919
Formerly banned political parties