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The Irish galley was a vessel in use in the West of Ireland down to the seventeenth century, and was propelled both by oars and sail. In fundamental respects it resembled the Scottish galley or bìrlinn, their mutual ancestor being the Viking
longship Longships were a type of specialised Scandinavian warships that have a long history in Scandinavia, with their existence being archaeologically proven and documented from at least the fourth century BC. Originally invented and used by the Nor ...
. Both the Irish and Scottish versions were colloquially known as "longa fada" (longships). The Irish galley was commonly an eight or twelve-oared vessel and was used for both warfare and trade. It was notable for its speed when rowed. Conventional galleys were being built in a number of Irish ports in the fourteenth century, and were even commissioned by the
English Crown This list of kings and reigning queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, who initially ruled Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which later made up modern England. Alfred styled himself King of the Anglo-Sa ...
. The use of such oared vessels in Northern Europe, in contrast to the
Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on ...
, had greatly declined by the sixteenth century; their survival in the west of Ireland, as in the Scottish Isles, was facilitated by very local conditions, among them the ready availability of bays and islands.


Characteristics

No archeological remains have been found which would enable a detailed reconstruction of the Irish galley. There are, however, illustrations on Irish maps of the Elizabethan period and these are supplemented by written accounts. There is also a carving in the old Cistercian
monastery A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics, monks or nuns, whether living in communities or alone (hermits). A monastery generally includes a place reserved for prayer whic ...
on Clare Island (''Oileán Chliara''), home of the seafaring O'Malleys. The carving, though very simple, shows a vessel remarkably similar to images of its Scottish equivalent, being an oared, single-masted ship with a yard for a single square
sail A sail is a tensile structure—which is made from fabric or other membrane materials—that uses wind power to propel sailing craft, including sailing ships, sailboats, windsurfers, ice boats, and even sail-powered land vehicles. Sails ma ...
. Cartographic images of the later sixteenth century, however, show interesting differences from the vessel shown in the carving. This may reflect foreign influences, since Irish galleys traded to Spain and Portugal. Some of the most pleasing and detailed images of the Irish galley are to be found in a map of east Ulster made around 1602. It is a map by
Richard Bartlett Richard H. Bartlett (8 November 1922 – 11 June 1994), also known as Dick Bartlett, was an American director and producer in film and TV. He also acted and wrote. He is best known for his low budget features in the 1950s and his television w ...
or a copy thereof. The ships depicted have a long hull, a high transom and a rudder. They have a long projecting prow, with a fairly sizable cabin on the poop. Each ship has one mast, each with a crow's nest, and a triangular sail resembling a lugsail. The rigging, with its stays, shrouds, sheets and tacks, braces, lifts and blocks, is unremarkable. The oars are prominent, with roughly ten per side, and forming a single bank along a great part of the hull. The vessels resemble those described by English mariners of the time, and are crowded with men. Two maps of Ulster made by the Elizabethan cartographer Francis Jobson around 1590 show vessels similar to that described above, together with conventional English sailing ships. On one of these maps (“ploated for her Ma estyin anno 1590”) two galleys are shown, one in the northwest, the other in the northeast. Each has eight oars, and both resemble Bartlett's images (though in a somewhat simplified form) with regard to the hull and the rigging. The first galley has two masts, one a main-mast with a vertically striped square sail and crow's-nest, the other a foremast with a triangular sail. The second galley has a single mast with what appears to be a lugsail. The second map shows three more oared and sail-carrying vessels of a very similar type and appearance. A third map of Ulster by Jobson, dated 1598, shows three galleys, each with eight oars and two with a foremast carrying a sloping spar. A third carries a topsail on the main-mast. As with the vessels described above, the forestay descends to a beak, with a cabin aft. The depiction of these galleys matches in terms of detail the conventional sailing vessels that are also shown. Galleys were hardly used in the Elizabethan navy, and it is not likely, therefore, that the galleys shown are of English provenance. It has been argued that for trading voyages, including those to the Iberian peninsula, the Irish would have used sturdy vessels of the caraval type, a view which finds support in the galleys shown. There is pictorial evidence that by the end of the sixteenth century similar influences may have affected the design of the Scottish galley. A carving made at Arasaig in 1641 shows a vessel with a lowered stem and stern. Bartlett's map (referred to above) shows "fleetes of the Redshanks ighlandersof Cantyre" carrying what resembles a lugsail on a sloping yard arm, with a small cabin at the stern projecting backwards. Two Clanranald seals attached to documents dated 1572 show a birlinn with raised decks at stem and stern, a motif repeated in later heraldic devices. If such changes occurred, it is possible that they reflect (as in Ireland) influences from the south-east and ultimately from the Mediterranean.


Construction

It is reasonable to assume that galleys in both Western Scotland and the West of Ireland were built in accordance with well-established shipwrights' techniques of north-west Europe, of which the Norse were major exponents. There was extensive Norse settlement both on the west coast of Scotland and around the coasts of Ireland. Norse shipwrights attached both the stem and stern to the keel with scarfed joints, the hull itself being clinker-built with iron nails. Ribs were attached to the strakes with cords or trenails, and thwarts installed. The mast was then inserted in the mast step. The stem and stern posts would have notches to receive the ends of planks, and knees secured the thwarts. Certain images of Scottish ships appear to show vessels built in accordance with these techniques. They were clinker-built, open-decked amidships, single-masted and oared, the major difference being that, unlike Norse ships of the classical period, they had a rudder attached to a steep transom. From the evidence available, it is likely that Irish galleys resembled their Scottish equivalents in their basic construction, rigging, steering and means of propulsion, though in both cases allowance must be made for advances in design (see previous section).


Use

References are found in the
Annals of the Four Masters The ''Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland'' ( ga, Annála Ríoghachta Éireann) or the ''Annals of the Four Masters'' (''Annála na gCeithre Máistrí'') are chronicles of medieval Irish history. The entries span from the Deluge, dated as 2,24 ...
to Irish fleets of the period in which the galley was dominant. In 1413, for example, Tuathal Ó Máille, a member of the O'Malley family, was returning to Mayo from Ulster when his fleet of seven ships was overtaken by "anfadh na mara" (a sea tempest) and driven northwards to Scotland. Only Tuathal survived. The O'Malleys and the O'Flahertys, lords of west Connacht, were the main users of galleys, which they used for plundering or for transporting the troops of other chieftains. In the sixteenth century the Crown made a determined attempt to suppress the Irish fleets with its own ships. In December 1559 the following was recorded in the English
State Papers The term State papers is used in Britain and Ireland to refer to government archives and records. Such papers used to be kept separate from non-governmental papers, with state papers kept in the State Paper Office and general public records ke ...
: :"There are three very good galleys with Tibbot ne Longe Irish:_Tiobóid_na_Long_–_"Theobald_of_the_Ships".html" ;"title="Irish_language.html" ;"title="Irish language">Irish: Tiobóid na Long – "Theobald of the Ships"">Irish_language.html" ;"title="Irish language">Irish: Tiobóid na Long – "Theobald of the Ships" sone to Grany O’Malley, his brother and O’Malley that will carry 300 men apiece. These, if employed by Her Majesty, would do much good in the north, and the O’Malleys are much feared everywhere by sea. There are no galleys in Ireland but these (i.e. ''there are no galleys to compare with these'')." Grany O’Malley or Grace O'Malley (Irish language, Irish: Gráinne Ní Mháille) was the most famous of the seafaring chieftains. The Governor of Connacht, Sir Richard Bingham, wrote of her in 1591 that she had twenty ships, though it is uncertain whether this was her usual complement. She, like her father before her, was a notable merchant by sea. These ships were used for the export of salted and pickled fish, linen, wool, hides and tallow. From Spain and Portugal they would import copper, silk, wine, figs, pomegranates, cumin, cinnamon and saffron. It is likely, however, that such ships were not as large as the English
galleon Galleons were large, multi-decked sailing ships first used as armed cargo carriers by European states from the 16th to 18th centuries during the age of sail and were the principal vessels drafted for use as warships until the Anglo-Dutch ...
. They were certainly vulnerable to cannon fire (their light construction meant they could carry no great guns themselves), though they could easily hold their own with English craft of a similar size.Rixson (1998), p 50, quoting from an account by Captain Plessington of the warship ''Tramontana'', which captured an Irish galley between Teelin and Killbegs in Donegal in July 1601: ''Not withstanding she rowed with thirty oars and had on board ready to defend her a hundred good shots which entertained a skirmish with my boat for most of an hour and had put her to the worst. Coming up with my ship to the rescue, I quickly, with my great shot made an end to the fray. This galley comes out of Connaught and belongs to Grany O’Malley whereof a base son of hers is captain''.


See also

Birlinn The birlinn ( gd, bìrlinn) or West Highland galley was a wooden vessel propelled by sail and oar, used extensively in the Hebrides and West Highlands of Scotland from the Middle Ages on. Variants of the name in English and Lowland Scots in ...


Notes


References

* Chambers, Anne (1998). ''Granuaile: The Life and Times of Grace O'Malley c. 1550 – 1603''. Wolfhound Press. * Greenhill, Basil (eag.) (1976). ''Archaeology of the Boat: A new introductory study ''. London: Adam and Charles Black. * Rixson, Denis (1998). ''The West Highland Galley''. Edinburgh: Birling. {{DEFAULTSORT:Irish galley Ships of Ireland Tall ships Maritime history of Ireland Medieval ships Boat types