Irbid

Irbid ( ar, إِربِد), known in ancient times as Arabella or Arbela (Άρβηλα in Ancient Greek), is the capital and largest city of the Irbid Governorate. It also has the second largest metropolitan population in Jordan after Amman, with a population of around 2,003,800. Irbid is located about north of Amman on the northern ridge of the Gilead, equidistant from Pella, Beit Ras ( Capitolias), and Um Qais, and approximately south of the Syrian border.

Irbid was built on successive Early Bronze Age settlements and was possibly the biblical Beth Arbel and the Arbila of the Decapolis, a Hellenistic league of the 1st century BCE through the 2nd century CE. The population of Irbid swelled in the late 19th century, and prior to 1948 it served as a significant centre of transit trade.

Irbid is the second largest metropolitan in Jordan by population after Amman. But as a city Irbid is the third largest one after Amman and Zarqa.
The province of Irbid Governorate has the second largest population, and the highest population density in the kingdom.

The city is a major ground transportation hub between Amman, Syria to the north, and Mafraq to the east.

The Irbid region is also home to several colleges and universities. The two most prominent universities are Jordan University of Science and Technology and Yarmouk University.

History

Artifacts and graves in the area show that Irbid was inhabited in the Bronze Age. Pieces of pottery and wall stones found at Tell Irbid were estimated to be made in the year 3200 B.C. In the Hellenistic period, Irbid, then known as Arabella was a major trade center. Before the advent of Islam, Arabella was famous for producing some of the best wines in the ancient world. The area in the region had extremely fertile soil and moderate climate, allowing the growing of high quality grapes.

After the Muslim conquests, the city came under the rule of the Muslim Empire and became known as Irbid, at which time it shifted from wine to olive oil production. Wheat was also an important product in the area.

In 1596 it appeared in the Ottoman tax registers named as ''Irbid'', situated in the ''nahiya'' (subdistrict) of Bani Juhma, part of the Sanjak of Hawran. It had 72 households and 35 bachelors; all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on agricultural products; including wheat (22,500 akçe), barley, summer crops, fruit trees, goats and bee-hives; in addition to a market toll. The total tax was 38,116 akçe.

In 1838, Eli Smith noted Irbid (Arbela) as being a place with Sunni Muslim.

The Jordanian census of 1961 found 44,585 inhabitants in Irbid.

Present-day

Irbid today combines the bustle of a provincial Middle Eastern town and the youthful nightlife of a typical college town. The city is home to four major universities: Yarmouk University, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid National University and Jadara University. In addition, it is home for two campuses of Balqa Applied University and several private colleges. University Street, which defines the western border of the Yarmouk University campus, is popular with locals as well as with the occasional foreign visitors who stop by to relax in any of its numerous restaurants and cafés that open late into the night.

Though not usually a major tourist destination itself, Irbid is home to two notable museums: the Museum of Jordanian Heritage and the Jordan Natural History Museum, both on the campus of Yarmouk University. Furthermore, Irbid's strategic location in northern Jordan makes it a convenient starting point for tourists interested in seeing the northern Jordan Valley; visiting Umm Qais, Beit Ras ( Capitolias), Pella, Ajloun, Umm el-Jimal, La Foossi baitaras and other historical sites; or traveling on to Syria.

File:Jordan Irbid Museum Of Jordanian Heritage 0993.jpg, Irbid Museum Of Jordanian Heritage Dolmen
File:Jordan Irbid Museum Of Jordanian Heritage 0995.jpg, Irbid Museum Of Jordanian Heritage Decorated stone
File:Jordan Irbid Museum Of Jordanian Heritage 0994.jpg, Irbid Museum Of Jordanian Heritage Decorated stone
File:Jordan Irbid Museum Of Jordanian Heritage 0986.jpg, Irbid Museum Of Jordanian Heritage Mosaic
File:Jordan Irbid Museum Of Jordanian Heritage 0987.jpg, Irbid Museum Of Jordanian Heritage Mosaic
File:Jordan Irbid Museum Of Jordanian Heritage 0988.jpg, Irbid Museum Of Jordanian Heritage Mosaic
File:Jordan Irbid Museum Of Jordanian Heritage 0989.jpg, Irbid Museum Of Jordanian Heritage Mosaic
File:Jordan Irbid Museum Of Jordanian Heritage 0991.jpg, Irbid Museum Of Jordanian Heritage Mosaic
File:Jordan Irbid Museum Of Jordanian Heritage 0992.jpg, Irbid Museum Of Jordanian Heritage Mosaic
File:Irbid clock on Memorial Square 1044.jpg, Irbid Centre
File:Irbid clock on Memorial Square 1000.jpg, Irbid Clock tower

Geography

Situated in northern Jordan, in a fertile plateau. As of 2010, the city limits of Irbid had an area of 30 km² of which most of it is classified as Residential areas making up 74.3% of the total area, followed by the Services areas occupying 9.5%, then Empty or unoccupied areas of 7.7%, then 4.2% is classified as Commercial areas, and 3.3% as Industrial areas, and finally gardens occupied 1% of the total city area.

Border cities

* Um Qais
* Al Koura
* Mafraq
* Ar Ramtha

Climate

Irbid has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen: Csa), common in the Levant region. Summers are hot at days with warm nights while winters are cool and wet with two snowy days in average.

Districts of Greater Irbid Municipality

Irbid is divided into 23 city districts forming smaller cities within the metropolitan sphere of influence of Irbid:

Cities, Towns, and Villages

Many villages surround the city of Irbid including:

* Birqish-Kufr Rakeb (برقش - كفر راكب)
* Irbid (اربد)
* Aṭ-Ṭaībah (الطيبة)
* Natfeh (ناطفه)
* Habaka (حبكا)
* Kufr-Rahta (كفررحتا)
* Al-Mazar Al-Shamali (المزار الشمالي)
* Hareema (حريما)
* Al'aal (علعال)
* Kufr Asad (كفرأسد)
* Kufr Aan (كفرعان)
* Jumha (جمحة)
* Kufryuba (كفر يوبا)
* Zahar (زحر)
* Qum (قمّ)
* Sammou' (سمّوع)
* Izmal (زمال)
* Kufrelma (كفر الماء)
* Sawm (سوم)
* Saydoor (صيدور)
* Kufr Soom (كفر سوم)
* Sama al-Rousan (سما الروسان)
* Ibser Abu Ali
* Assarieh (الصريح)
* Aidoon (ايدون)
* Al Husn (الحصن)
* Baleela (بليلة)
* Beit Ras (بيت راس)
* Dowgarah (دوقرة)
* En-Nu`aymeh (النعيمة)
* Habaka (حبكا)
* Houfa Al-Westiyyah
* Qumaim (قميم)
* Bushra (Jordan) (بشرى)
* Huwwarah (حوارة)
* Imrawah
* Al Ramtha (الرمثا)
* Sal (سال)
* Samad (صمد)
* Al Shajara (الشجرة)
* Al Turrah (الطرة)
* Fou'ara (فوعرة)
* Zoubia ( زوبيا)
* Jdaita (جديتا)
* Rehaba (رحابا)
* Kufor Alma (كفرالماء )
* Kharja (خرجا)
* Dair Yousef (دير يوسف)
* Dair Abos'eed (دير أبو سعيد)
* Kufor Kefia (كفر كفية)
* Summer (سمر)
* E'nbeh (عنبة)
* Bayt Yafa (بيت يافا)
* Dair Esse'neh (دير السعنة)
* Mandah (منده)
* Maru (Irbid) (مرو)
* Zabda (زبدة)
* Bait Idis (بيت ايدس)
* Makhraba (مخربا)
* Al-Murajjam
* Al Mughayer (المغير)

Hospitals

* Abu Obaida Hospital
* Al-Najah Hospital
* Al-Qawasmi Hospital
* Al-Ramtha Hospital
* Al-Yarmouk Hospital
* Ibn-Alnafees Hospital
* Irbid Islamic Hospital
* Irbid Speciality Hospital
* King Abdullah University Hospital
* Muaath Bin Jabal Hospital
* Princess Badeea Hospital
* Princess Basma Hospital
* Princess Rahma Hospital
* Princess Raya Hospital
* Rahbat Al-Wardieh Hospital
* Roman Catholic Hospital

Education

As of 2007, there were 70,000 registered students in Irbid's 10 universities, community colleges and institutes, of whom 8,000 were international students from 47 countries. This high concentration of institutions of higher education has played a key role in carving a unique identity of the city. The largest universities in Irbid are:

* Yarmouk University
* Jordan University of Science and Technology
* Irbid National University
* Al-Balqa` Applied University (Irbid campus)
* Jadara University

Private Schools in Irbid (sorted by alphabetical order):
* Adventist School
* Al-Arabiya Model School
* Al-Manara Schools <sup>/sup>
* Al-Nahda Private School /sup>
* Alwatany center
* American University School of the Middle East
* Dar Al Uloum Schools /sup>
* Greek Catholic School
* Irbid International Schools
* Irbid Model School /sup>
* Islamic School /sup> (Al-Madares Al-Islamiya)
* Jeel Al Jadeed School
* Jordan National Schools /sup>
* Khawla Bint Alazwar /sup>
* Rosary Sisters School
* Shoa'a Alammel School /sup>
* Yarmouk University Model School /sup></sup>

Economy

Most of the city's economy is based on the services sector, that is directly or indirectly related to the higher education institutions in the city, as an example there are 26 book publishing companies in the city. The number of internet cafes per capita is the highest in the world that took Irbid to the Guinness Book of World Records. Irbid is considered the cultural capital of Jordan. There is one Qualifying Industrial Zone in Irbid.

Sports

The Irbid-based club Al-Hussein (Irbid) was ranked fourth in the Jordanian football premier league in the year 2008. Its home matches are held in Prince Hasan Youth City's Stadium. The other major football club in Irbid is Al-Arabi. Established in 1945, it is one of the oldest athletic clubs in the country. As of 2008, there are 22 cultural and sport clubs registered in Irbid. Irbid hosted the 1999 Pan Arab Games.

Twin towns – sister cities

Irbid is twinned with:

* Gaziantep, Turkey
* Zhengzhou, China

Notable people

See also

*

Citations

General bibliography

*
*
* El-Khouri, Lamia, "Roman and Byzantine Settlements in the Region of West Irbid," ''Palestine Exploration Quarterly'', 139,3 (2007), 166–185.
*

External links

Irbid - Jordan Tourism Board


Beautiful Natural Scenes From Al-Koura Department - Irbid

Irbid News

Greater Irbid Municipality

Irbid Guide

Irbid Discussion Forum


Al Husun FM Radio Station

Photos of Irbid
at the American Center of Research

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Gilead
Populated places in Irbid Governorate