Two

nuclide Nuclides (or nucleides, from nucleus, also known as nuclear species) are a class of atoms characterized by their number of protons, ''Z'', their number of neutrons, ''N'', and their nuclear energy state. The word ''nuclide'' was coined by the A ...

s are isotones if they have the same

neutron number The neutron number (symbol ''N'') is the number of neutrons in a nuclide. Atomic number (proton number) plus neutron number equals mass number: . The difference between the neutron number and the atomic number is known as the neutron excess: . ...

''N'', but different

proton number The atomic number or nuclear charge number (symbol ''Z'') of a chemical element is the charge number of its atomic nucleus. For ordinary nuclei composed of protons and neutrons, this is equal to the proton number (''n''p) or the number of pro ...

''Z''. For example,

boron-12 Boron (5B) naturally occurs as isotopes and , the latter of which makes up about 80% of natural boron. There are 13 radioisotopes that have been discovered, with mass numbers from 7 to 21, all with short half-lives, the longest being that of , ...

and

carbon-13 Carbon-13 (13C) is a natural, stable isotope of carbon with a nucleus containing six protons and seven neutrons. As one of the environmental isotopes, it makes up about 1.1% of all natural carbon on Earth. Detection by mass spectrometry A m ...

nuclei both contain 7

neutron The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol or , that has no electric charge, and a mass slightly greater than that of a proton. The Discovery of the neutron, neutron was discovered by James Chadwick in 1932, leading to the discovery of nucle ...

s, and so are isotones. Similarly, ³⁶S, ³⁷Cl, ³⁸Ar, ³⁹K, and ⁴⁰Ca nuclei are all isotones of 20 because they all contain 20 neutrons. Despite its similarity to the

Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...

for "same stretching", the term was formed by the German physicist K. Guggenheimer by changing the "p" in "

isotope Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or ''nuclides'') of the same chemical element. They have the same atomic number (number of protons in their Atomic nucleus, nuclei) and position in the periodic table (and hence belong to the same chemica ...

" from "p" for "proton" to "n" for "neutron". The largest numbers of

observationally stable Stable nuclides are isotopes of a chemical element whose nucleons are in a configuration that does not permit them the surplus energy required to produce a radioactive emission. The nuclei of such isotopes are not radioactive and unlike radionuc ...

nuclides exist for isotones 50 (five: ⁸⁶Kr, ⁸⁸Sr, ⁸⁹Y, ⁹⁰Zr, ⁹²Mo – noting also the

primordial Primordial may refer to: * Primordial era, an era after the Big Bang. See Chronology of the universe * Primordial soup, hypothetical conditions under which life on Earth may have begun * Primordial nuclide, nuclides, a few radioactive, that form ...

radionuclide A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is a nuclide that has excess numbers of either neutrons or protons, giving it excess nuclear energy, and making it unstable. This excess energy can be used in one of three ...

⁸⁷Rb) and 82 (six: ¹³⁸Ba, ¹³⁹La, ¹⁴⁰Ce, ¹⁴¹Pr, ¹⁴²Nd, ¹⁴⁴Sm – noting also the primordial radionuclide ¹³⁶Xe).

Neutron number The neutron number (symbol ''N'') is the number of neutrons in a nuclide. Atomic number (proton number) plus neutron number equals mass number: . The difference between the neutron number and the atomic number is known as the neutron excess: . ...

s for which there are no stable isotones are 19, 21, 35, 39, 45, 61, 89, 115, 123, and 127 or more (though 21, 142, 143, 146, and perhaps 150 have primordial radionuclides). In contrast, the

s for which there are no stable isotopes are 43, 61, and 83 or more (83, 90, 92, and perhaps 94 have primordial radionuclides).via :File:NuclideMap_stitched.png; note also

Isotopes of bismuth Bismuth (83Bi) has 41 known isotopes, ranging from 184Bi to 224Bi. Bismuth has no stable isotopes, but does have one very long-lived isotope; thus, the standard atomic weight can be given as . Although bismuth-209 is now known to be radioactive, i ...

This is related to nuclear magic numbers, the number of

nucleon In physics and chemistry, a nucleon is either a proton or a neutron, considered in its role as a component of an atomic nucleus. The number of nucleons in a nucleus defines the atom's mass number. Until the 1960s, nucleons were thought to be ele ...

s forming complete shells within the nucleus, e.g. 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126. No more than one observationally stable nuclide has the same odd neutron number, except for 1 (²H and ³He), 5 (⁹Be and ¹⁰B), 7 (¹³C and ¹⁴N), 55 (⁹⁷Mo and ⁹⁹Ru), and 107 (¹⁷⁹Hf and ^180mTa). In contrast, all even neutron numbers from 6 to 124, except 84 and 86, have at least two observationally stable nuclides. Neutron numbers for which there is a stable nuclide and a primordial radionuclide are 27 (⁵⁰V), 65 (¹¹³Cd), 81 (¹³⁸La), 84 (¹⁴⁴Nd), 85 (¹⁴⁷Sm), 86 (¹⁴⁸Sm), 105 (¹⁷⁶Lu), and 126 (²⁰⁹Bi). Neutron numbers for which there are two primordial radionuclides are 88 (¹⁵¹Eu and ¹⁵²Gd) and 112 (¹⁸⁷Re and ¹⁹⁰Pt). The neutron numbers which have only one

stable nuclide Stable nuclides are isotopes of a chemical element whose nucleons are in a configuration that does not permit them the surplus energy required to produce a radioactive emission. The nuclei of such isotopes are not radioactive and unlike radionu ...

(compare:

monoisotopic element A monoisotopic element is an element which has only a single stable isotope (nuclide). There are 26 such elements, as listed. Stability is experimentally defined for chemical elements, as there are a number of stable nuclides with atomic number ...

for the

s) are: 0, 2, 3, 4, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 37, 41, 43, 47, 49, 51, 53, 57, 59, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 109, 111, 113, 117, 119, 121, 125, 126, and the neutron numbers which have only one significant naturally-abundant nuclide (compare:

mononuclidic element A mononuclidic element or monotopic element is one of the 21 chemical elements that is found naturally on Earth essentially as a single nuclide (which may, or may not, be a stable nuclide). This single nuclide will have a characteristic atomic ...

for the

s) are: 0, 2, 3, 4, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 21, 23, 25, 29, 31, 33, 37, 41, 43, 47, 49, 51, 53, 57, 59, 63, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 83, 87, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 109, 111, 113, 117, 119, 121, 125, 142, 143, 146.

Notes

{{Authority control Nuclear physics

See also

Notes