Two

nuclide A nuclide (or nucleide, from nucleus, also known as nuclear species) is a class of atoms characterized by their number of protons, ''Z'', their number of neutrons, ''N'', and their nuclear energy state. The word ''nuclide'' was coined by Truma ...

s are isotones if they have the same

neutron number The neutron number, symbol ''N'', is the number of neutrons in a nuclide. Atomic number (proton number) plus neutron number equals mass number: . The difference between the neutron number and the atomic number is known as the neutron excess: . ...

''N'', but different

proton number The atomic number or nuclear charge number (symbol ''Z'') of a chemical element is the charge number of an atomic nucleus. For ordinary nuclei, this is equal to the proton number (''n''p) or the number of protons found in the nucleus of ever ...

''Z''. For example,

boron-12 Boron (5B) naturally occurs as isotopes and , the latter of which makes up about 80% of natural boron. There are 13 radioisotopes that have been discovered, with mass numbers from 7 to 21, all with short half-lives, the longest being that of , ...

and

carbon-13 Carbon-13 (13C) is a natural, stable isotope of carbon with a nucleus containing six protons and seven neutrons. As one of the environmental isotopes, it makes up about 1.1% of all natural carbon on Earth. Detection by mass spectrometry A mass ...

nuclei both contain 7

neutron The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol or , which has a neutral (not positive or negative) charge, and a mass slightly greater than that of a proton. Protons and neutrons constitute the nuclei of atoms. Since protons and neutrons behav ...

s, and so are isotones. Similarly, ³⁶S, ³⁷Cl, ³⁸Ar, ³⁹K, and ⁴⁰Ca nuclei are all isotones of 20 because they all contain 20 neutrons. Despite its similarity to the

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

for "same stretching", the term was formed by the German physicist

K. Guggenheimer K is the eleventh letter of the Latin alphabet. K may also refer to: General uses * K (programming language), an array processing language developed by Arthur Whitney and commercialized by Kx Systems * K (cider), a British draft cider manufact ...

by changing the "p" in "

isotope Isotopes are two or more types of atoms that have the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei) and position in the periodic table (and hence belong to the same chemical element), and that differ in nucleon numbers ( mass number ...

" from "p" for "proton" to "n" for "neutron". The largest numbers of

observationally stable Stable nuclides are nuclides that are not radioactive and so (unlike radionuclides) do not spontaneously undergo radioactive decay. When such nuclides are referred to in relation to specific elements, they are usually termed stable isotopes. T ...

nuclides exist for isotones 50 (five: ⁸⁶Kr, ⁸⁸Sr, ⁸⁹Y, ⁹⁰Zr, ⁹²Mo) and 82 (six: ¹³⁸Ba, ¹³⁹La, ¹⁴⁰Ce, ¹⁴¹Pr, ¹⁴²Nd, ¹⁴⁴Sm).

Neutron number The neutron number, symbol ''N'', is the number of neutrons in a nuclide. Atomic number (proton number) plus neutron number equals mass number: . The difference between the neutron number and the atomic number is known as the neutron excess: . ...

s for which there are no stable isotones are 19, 21, 35, 39, 45, 61, 89, 115, 123, and 127 or more. In contrast, the

s for which there are no stable isotopes are 43, 61, and 83 or more.via :File:NuclideMap_stitched.png; note also

Isotopes of bismuth Bismuth (83Bi) has 41 known isotopes, ranging from 184Bi to 224Bi. Bismuth has no stable isotopes, but does have one very long-lived isotope; thus, the standard atomic weight can be given as . Although bismuth-209 is now known to be unstable, it ...

This is related to nuclear magic numbers, the number of

nucleon In physics and chemistry, a nucleon is either a proton or a neutron, considered in its role as a component of an atomic nucleus. The number of nucleons in a nucleus defines the atom's mass number (nucleon number). Until the 1960s, nucleons w ...

s forming complete shells within the nucleus, e.g. 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126. No more than one stable nuclide has the same odd neutron number, except for 1 (²H and ³He), 5 (⁹Be and ¹⁰B), 7 (¹³C and ¹⁴N), 55 (⁹⁷Mo and ⁹⁹Ru), and 107 (¹⁷⁹Hf and ^180mTa). Odd neutron numbers for which there is a stable nuclide and a

primordial Primordial may refer to: * Primordial era, an era after the Big Bang. See Chronology of the universe * Primordial sea (a.k.a. primordial ocean, ooze or soup). See Abiogenesis * Primordial nuclide, nuclides, a few radioactive, that formed before ...

radionuclide A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is a nuclide that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable. This excess energy can be used in one of three ways: emitted from the nucleus as gamma radiation; transfer ...

are 27 (⁵⁰V), 65 (¹¹³Cd), 81 (¹³⁸La), 85 (¹⁴⁷Sm), and 105 (¹⁷⁶Lu). Neutron numbers for which there are two primordial radionuclides are 88 (¹⁵¹Eu and ¹⁵²Gd) and 112 (¹⁸⁷Re and ¹⁹⁰Pt).

Notes

{{Authority control Nuclear physics

See also

Notes