Isibhasiyaim (

Sanskrit Sanskrit (; stem form ; nominal singular , ,) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in northwest South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural ...

: इसिभासियाइं or

Romanised In linguistics, romanization is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, and transcription, ...

: ''Isibhāsiyāiṃ'') is an ancient text in

Jainism Jainism ( ), also known as Jain Dharma, is an Indian religions, Indian religion whose three main pillars are nonviolence (), asceticism (), and a rejection of all simplistic and one-sided views of truth and reality (). Jainism traces its s ...

tradition. It is also known as ''Rishibhashit Sutra''. It is the collection of the stories and philosophies of the 45 sages of the ancient

Indian Subcontinent The Indian subcontinent is a physiographic region of Asia below the Himalayas which projects into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west. It is now divided between Bangladesh, India, and Pakista ...

Etymology

The literal meaning of ''Isibhasiyaim'' is translated as "''the sayings of sages''". Isibhasiyaim is a compound word having two terms ''Ishi'' and ''bhasiyaim''. In the

Pali Pāli (, IAST: pāl̤i) is a Classical languages of India, classical Middle Indo-Aryan languages, Middle Indo-Aryan language of the Indian subcontinent. It is widely studied because it is the language of the Buddhist ''Pali Canon, Pāli Can ...

literature, the term used for

Rishi In Indian religions, a ''rishi'' ( ) is an accomplished and enlightened person. They find mention in various Vedic texts. Rishis are believed to have composed hymns of the Vedas. The Post-Vedic tradition of Hinduism regards the rishis as "gre ...

is ''Ishi''. Similarly the term bhasiyaim means "speaking or saying".

Description

Isibhasiyaim is the collection of the ideas of the Indian philosophical tradition of

Vedic upright=1.2, The Vedas are ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism. Above: A page from the '' Atharvaveda''. The Vedas ( or ; ), sometimes collectively called the Veda, are a large body of religious texts originating in ancient India. Composed ...

sages,

Buddhists Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE. It is the world's fourth ...

and Jain

Tirthankars In Jainism, a ''Tirthankara'' (; ) is a saviour and supreme preacher of the ''dharma'' (righteous path). The word ''tirthankara'' signifies the founder of a '' tirtha'', a fordable passage across ''saṃsāra'', the sea of interminable birth ...

from the 10th century BCE to the 6th century BCE. Apart from the ideas of the sages and

, it provides the fundamental principles, emotional philosophical concepts and ethical sermons of them. In the text, nowhere insistence or opposition of any tradition comes into view, rather, there resonance of equanimity is reflected. The text has included the philosophies of forty-five sages. According to Jainism tradition, the twenty sages are of the period of the Tirthankar

Neminath Neminātha (Devanagari: नेमिनाथ) (Sanskrit: नेमिनाथः), also known as Nemi and Ariṣṭanemi (Devanagari: अरिष्टनेमि), is the twenty-second tirthankara of Jainism in the present age (). Nemina ...

, the fifteen sages of the period of the Tirthankar Parsvanath and the ten sages are of the period of the Tirthankar

Mahavira Mahavira (Devanagari: महावीर, ), also known as Vardhamana (Devanagari: वर्धमान, ), was the 24th ''Tirthankara'' (Supreme Preacher and Ford Maker) of Jainism. Although the dates and most historical details of his lif ...

. According to the present system of classification of ''Jain Aagams'', it is classified under '' Prakirnaka'' texts of Jainism. The language of the text Isibhasiyaim is a mixed

Prakrit Prakrit ( ) is a group of vernacular classical Middle Indo-Aryan languages that were used in the Indian subcontinent from around the 5th century BCE to the 12th century CE. The term Prakrit is usually applied to the middle period of Middle Ind ...

language. It is dominated by

Magadhi Magahi (), also known as Magadhi (), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal states of eastern India, and in the Terai region of Nepal. Magadhi Prakrit was the ancestor of Magahi, from which the latter's name der ...

and

Ardhamagadhi Ardhamagadhi Prakrit was a Middle Indo-Aryan language and a Dramatic Prakrit thought to have been spoken in modern-day Bihar and Uttar Pradesh and used in some early Buddhist and Jain dramas. It was likely a Central Indo-Aryan language, related ...

. At some parts of the text, it has the influence of Shauraseni and

Paishachi Paishachi or Paisaci () is a largely unattested literary language of the middle kingdoms of India mentioned in Prakrit and Sanskrit grammars of antiquity. It is generally grouped with the Prakrits, with which it shares some linguistic similariti ...

. Similarly at some parts it has the influence of Maharashtrian dialects.

Mentions

The mention of ''Rishibhashit'' is found in the ''Kalik Sutras'' enumerated in the ''Nandi Sutras'' and ''Pakkhi Sutras'' of

. Similarly it is mentioned in the list of the twelve texts of the ''Anga-Baahya'' in ''Tattvarthabhashya'' by Acharya Umaswati.

Concepts

The text Isibhasiyaim included the theme that a life of renunciation is inadequate unless it is accompanied by the specific ethical conduct of Jainism. The text quotes as

List of the 45 sages

The list of the forty five sages mentioned in the text Isibhasiyaim are #

Narada Narada (, ), or Narada Muni, is a sage-divinity, famous in Hinduism, Hindu traditions as a travelling musician and storyteller, who carries news and enlightening wisdom. He is one of the Manasputra, mind-created children of Brahma, the creator ...

- In Jainism tradition, Narada is presented as the author of the title "Truth is Purgation" which is the first chapter of the Jain text ''Rishimandal''. In the text Rishibhashit, he called as ''Arhat Rishi'' and the future 21st Tirthankar ''Vimal'' in the coming next time cycle of

. # Vajjiyaputta - Vajjiputta was the preacher of the principles of Karma from Lichchhavi clan. He is considered as the contemporary of

and

Buddha Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha (),* * * was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist legends, he was ...

. Some scholars also identified him identical to the

sage ''Vastiputra'' mentioned in

Brihadaranyaka Upanishad The ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' (, ) is one of the Mukhya Upanishads, Principal Upanishads and one of the first Upanishadic scriptures of Hinduism. A key scripture to various schools of Hinduism, the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanisad'' is tenth in the ...

. # Deval - Asita Devala is addressed as Arhat Rishi in the text ''Rishibhashit''. He was the preacher of concepts of

Moksha ''Moksha'' (; , '), also called ''vimoksha'', ''vimukti'', and ''mukti'', is a term in Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sikhism for various forms of emancipation, liberation, '' nirvana'', or release. In its soteriological and eschatologic ...

. He taught the path of detachment. In the Vedic tradition Asita and Devala are two the sages connected to the Shandilya Gotra, but in the Jainism text Isibhasiyaim ''Asita Devala'' is a single sage not two. #

Angiras Angiras ( (stem), , , nominative singular , , , rendered Angirā in Hindi) was a Vedic rishi (sage) of Hinduism. He is described in the ''Rigveda'' as a teacher of divine knowledge, a mediator between men and gods, as well as stated in othe ...

# Pushpashalputra # Valkalchiri # Kurmaputra # Kaitaliputra # Mahakashyap # Taitaliputra # Mankhaliputra #

Yajnavalkya Yajnavalkya or Yagyavalkya (, International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration, IAST:) is a Hindu Vedic sage prominently mentioned in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (c. 700 BCE) and Taittiriya Upanishad, ''Tattiriya Upanishad''., Quote: "Yajnav ...

# Bhayali # Bahuk # Madhurayan # Shauryayan # Vidu # Varshap # Aryayan # Utkal # Gathapatiputra Tarun # Dagbhal # Ramputra # Harigiri # Ambad # Matanga # Varratak # Ardrak # Vardhman #

Vayu Vayu (; ), also known as Vata () and Pavana (), is the Hindu deities, Hindu god of the winds as well as the divine messenger of the gods. In the ''Vedic scriptures'', Vayu is an important deity and is closely associated with Indra, the king o ...

# Parshwa # Ping # Arun # Rishigiri # Uddlaka # Tarayan # Shrigiri # Satiputra Buddha #

Sanjaya Sanjaya (Sanskrit: सञ्जय, meaning "victory") or Sanjaya Gavalgana is a figure from the ancient Indian Hindu epic ''Mahābhārata''. Sanjaya is the advisor of the blind king Dhritarashtra, the ruler of the Kuru kingdom and the fathe ...

# Dwaipayan # Indranag # Soma #

Yama Yama (), also known as Kāla and Dharmarāja, is the Hindu god of death and justice, responsible for the dispensation of law and punishment of sinners in his abode, Naraka. He is often identified with Dharmadeva, the personification of ''Dharm ...

Varuna Varuna (; , ) is a Hindu god. He is one of the earliest deities in pantheon, whose role underwent a significant transformation from the Vedic to the Puranic periods. In the early Vedic era, Varuna is seen as the god-sovereign, ruling the sky ...

# Vaishraman

References

Jain sects Jain philosophical concepts Jain literature Jain texts {{Jainism-book-stub