idempotent (ring theory)

In ring theory, a branch of mathematics, an idempotent element or simply idempotent of a ring is an element such that . That is, the element is idempotent under the ring's multiplication. Inductively then, one can also conclude that for any positive integer . For example, an idempotent element of a matrix ring is precisely an idempotent matrix.

For general rings, elements idempotent under multiplication are involved in decompositions of modules, and connected to homological properties of the ring. In Boolean algebra, the main objects of study are rings in which all elements are idempotent under both addition and multiplication.

Examples

Quotients of Z

One may consider the ring of integers modulo , where is square-free. By the Chinese remainder theorem, this ring factors into the product of rings of integers modulo , where is prime. Now each of these factors is a field, so it is clear that the factors' only idempotents will be and . That is, each factor has two idempotents. So if there are factors, there will be idempotents.

We can check this for the integers , . Since has two prime factors ( and ) it should have idempotents.
:
:
:
:
:
:

From these computations, , , , and are idempotents of this ring, while and are not. This also demonstrates the decomposition properties described below: because , there is a ring decomposition . In the multiplicative identity is and in the multiplicative identity is .

Quotient of polynomial ring

Given a ring and an element such that , the quotient ring
:
has the idempotent . For example, this could be applied to , or any polynomial .

Idempotents in the ring of split-quaternions

There is a circle of idempotents in the ring of split-quaternions. Split quaternions have the structure of a real algebra, so elements can be written ''w'' + ''x''i + ''y''j + ''z''k over a basis , with j² = k² = +1. For any θ,
:$s = j \cos \theta + k \sin \theta$ satisfies s² = +1 since j and k satisfy the anticommutative property. Now
:$(\frac)^2 = \frac = \frac,$ the idempotent property.

The element ''s'' is called a hyperbolic unit and so far, the i-coordinate has been taken as zero. When this coordinate is non-zero, then there is a hyperboloid of one sheet of hyperbolic units in split-quaternions. The same equality shows the idempotent property of $\frac$ where ''s'' is on the hyperboloid.

Types of ring idempotents

A partial list of important types of idempotents includes:
* Two idempotents and are called orthogonal if . If is idempotent in the ring (with unity), then so is ; moreover, and are orthogonal.
* An idempotent in is called a central idempotent if for all in , that is, if is in the center of .
* A trivial idempotent refers to either of the elements and , which are always idempotent.
* A primitive idempotent of a ring is a nonzero idempotent such that is indecomposable as a right -module; that is, such that is not a direct sum of two nonzero submodules. Equivalently, is a primitive idempotent if it cannot be written as , where and are nonzero orthogonal idempotents in .
* A local idempotent is an idempotent such that is a local ring. This implies that is directly indecomposable, so local idempotents are also primitive.
* A right irreducible idempotent is an idempotent for which is a simple module. By Schur's lemma, is a division ring, and hence is a local ring, so right (and left) irreducible idempotents are local.
* A centrally primitive idempotent is a central idempotent that cannot be written as the sum of two nonzero orthogonal central idempotents.
* An idempotent in the quotient ring is said to lift modulo if there is an idempotent in such that .
* An idempotent of is called a full idempotent if .
* A separability idempotent; see '' Separable algebra''.

Any non-trivial idempotent is a zero divisor (because with neither nor being zero, where ). This shows that integral domains and division rings do not have such idempotents. Local rings also do not have such idempotents, but for a different reason. The only idempotent contained in the Jacobson radical of a ring is .

Rings characterized by idempotents

* A ring in which ''all'' elements are idempotent is called a Boolean ring. Some authors use the term "idempotent ring" for this type of ring. In such a ring, multiplication is commutative and every element is its own additive inverse.
* A ring is semisimple if and only if every right (or every left) ideal is generated by an idempotent.
* A ring is von Neumann regular if and only if every finitely generated right (or every finitely generated left) ideal is generated by an idempotent.
* A ring for which the annihilator every subset of is generated by an idempotent is called a Baer ring. If the condition only holds for all singleton subsets of , then the ring is a right Rickart ring. Both of these types of rings are interesting even when they lack a multiplicative identity.
* A ring in which all idempotents are central is called an abelian ring. Such rings need not be commutative.
* A ring is directly irreducible if and only if and are the only central idempotents.
* A ring can be written as with each a local idempotent if and only if is a semiperfect ring.
* A ring is called an SBI ring or Lift/rad ring if all idempotents of lift modulo the Jacobson radical.
* A ring satisfies the ascending chain condition on right direct summands if and only if the ring satisfies the descending chain condition on left direct summands if and only if every set of pairwise orthogonal idempotents is finite.
* If is idempotent in the ring , then is again a ring, with multiplicative identity . The ring is often referred to as a corner ring of . The corner ring arises naturally since the ring of endomorphisms .

Role in decompositions

The idempotents of have an important connection to decomposition of - modules. If is an -module and is its ring of endomorphisms, then if and only if there is a unique idempotent in such that and . Clearly then, is directly indecomposable if and only if and are the only idempotents in .

In the case when (assumed unital), the endomorphism ring , where each endomorphism arises as left multiplication by a fixed ring element. With this modification of notation, as right modules if and only if there exists a unique idempotent such that and . Thus every direct summand of is generated by an idempotent.

If is a central idempotent, then the corner ring is a ring with multiplicative identity . Just as idempotents determine the direct decompositions of as a module, the central idempotents of determine the decompositions of as a direct sum of rings. If is the direct sum of the rings , ..., , then the identity elements of the rings are central idempotents in , pairwise orthogonal, and their sum is . Conversely, given central idempotents , ..., in that are pairwise orthogonal and have sum , then is the direct sum of the rings , ..., . So in particular, every central idempotent in gives rise to a decomposition of as a direct sum of the corner rings and . As a result, a ring is directly indecomposable as a ring if and only if the identity is centrally primitive.

Working inductively, one can attempt to decompose into a sum of centrally primitive elements. If is centrally primitive, we are done. If not, it is a sum of central orthogonal idempotents, which in turn are primitive or sums of more central idempotents, and so on. The problem that may occur is that this may continue without end, producing an infinite family of central orthogonal idempotents. The condition "'' does not contain infinite sets of central orthogonal idempotents''" is a type of finiteness condition on the ring. It can be achieved in many ways, such as requiring the ring to be right Noetherian. If a decomposition exists with each a centrally primitive idempotent, then is a direct sum of the corner rings , each of which is ring irreducible.

For associative algebras or Jordan algebras over a field, the Peirce decomposition is a decomposition of an algebra as a sum of eigenspaces of commuting idempotent elements.

Relation with involutions

If is an idempotent of the endomorphism ring , then the endomorphism is an -module involution of . That is, is an - module homomorphism such that is the identity endomorphism of .

An idempotent element of and its associated involution gives rise to two involutions of the module , depending on viewing as a left or right module. If represents an arbitrary element of , can be viewed as a right -module homomorphism so that , or can also be viewed as a left -module homomorphism , where .

This process can be reversed if is an invertible element of : if is an involution, then and are orthogonal idempotents, corresponding to and . Thus for a ring in which is invertible, the idempotent elements correspond to involutions in a one-to-one manner.

Category of ''R''-modules

Lifting idempotents also has major consequences for the category of -modules. All idempotents lift modulo if and only if every direct summand of has a projective cover as an -module. Idempotents always lift modulo nil ideals and rings for which is -adically complete.

Lifting is most important when , the Jacobson radical of . Yet another characterization of semiperfect rings is that they are semilocal rings whose idempotents lift modulo .

Lattice of idempotents

One may define a partial order on the idempotents of a ring as follows: if and are idempotents, we write if and only if . With respect to this order, is the smallest and the largest idempotent. For orthogonal idempotents and , is also idempotent, and we have and . The atoms of this partial order are precisely the primitive idempotents.

When the above partial order is restricted to the central idempotents of , a lattice structure, or even a Boolean algebra structure, can be given. For two central idempotents and , the complement is given by
: ,
the meet is given by
: .
and the join is given by
:
The ordering now becomes simply if and only if , and the join and meet satisfy and . It is shown in that if is von Neumann regular and right self-injective, then the lattice is a complete lattice.

Notes

Citations

References

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Ring theory