''idem'' is a
Latin
Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...
term meaning "the same". It is commonly
abbreviated
An abbreviation () is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method including shortening, contraction, initialism (which includes acronym), or crasis. An abbreviation may be a shortened form of a word, usually ended with a trailing per ...
as ''id.'',
which is particularly used in legal citations to denote the previously cited source (compare ''
ibid.''). It is also used in academic citations to replace the name of a repeated author.
''Id.'' is employed extensively in
Canadian
Canadians () are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Canadians, many (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being ''C ...
legislation
Legislation is the process or result of enrolling, enacting, or promulgating laws by a legislature, parliament, or analogous governing body. Before an item of legislation becomes law it may be known as a bill, and may be broadly referred ...
and in
legal documents of the United States to apply a short description to a section with the same focus as the previous.
''Id''. is masculine and neuter; ''ead.'' (feminine) is the abbreviation for ''eadem'', which also translates to "the same".
As an abbreviation, ''Id.'' always takes a period (or full stop) in both British and American usage (see
usage of the full stop in abbreviations). Its first known use dates back to the 14th century.
Use
Legal
*''United States v. Martinez-Fuerte'', 428 U.S. 543, 545 (1976).
*''Id.'' at 547.
Here, the first citation refers to the case of ''United States v. Martinez-Fuerte.'' The volume number cited is 428 and the page on which the case begins is 543, and the page number cited to is 545. The "U.S." between the numerical portions of the citation refers to the ''
United States Reports
The ''United States Reports'' () are the official record (law reports) of the Supreme Court of the United States. They include rulings, orders, case tables (list of every case decided), in alphabetical order both by the name of the petitioner ( ...
''. 1976 refers to the year that the case was published. The second citation references the first citation and automatically incorporates the same reporter and volume number; however, the page number cited is now 547. ''Id.'' refers to the immediately preceding citation, so if the previous citation includes more than one reference, or it is unclear which reference ''Id.'' refers to, its usage is inappropriate.
* ''"...the Executive Order declares that “the United States must ensure that those admitted to this country do not bear hostile attitudes toward it and its founding principles.” Id. It asserts, “Deteriorating..."'' (from page 3 o
State of Washington v. Donald J. Trump
Here, Id. refers to the Executive Order that was mentioned in the previous sentence.
Academic
*Macgillivray, J. A. ''Minotaur: Sir Arthur Evans and the Archaeology of the Minoan Myth''. New York:
Hill & Wang, 2000.
*''Id.'' ''Astral Labyrinth: Archaeology of the Greek Sky''. Sutton Pub, 2003.
In this example, ''Id'' in the second citation indicates that the author is identical to that of the previous citation. That is, the author of the second citation is also Macgillivray, J. A.
Nautical
''Idem'' is the name of a class of sailboats designed in 1897 by naval architect Clinton Crane. They are gaff-head sloops 32' long (19' at the waterline) and 8' wide. Eleven of the twelve original boats are still sailed on Upper Saint Regis Lake, NY.
A new Idem was built on Upper Saint Regis Lake in 1999 by Nelson Crawford, adhering scrupulously to the original Crane design, including commissioning a run of Egyptian cotton sailcloth so that the sails would meet the original specifications.
See also
*
Bibliography
Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes ''bibliograph ...
*
Ditto mark
The ditto mark is a shorthand sign, used mostly in hand-written text, indicating that the words or figures above it are to be repeated.
The mark is made using "a pair of apostrophes"; "a pair of marks used underneath a word"; the symbol (quot ...
* ''
Ibid.'' (''ibidem'')
*
List of Latin abbreviations
This is a list of common Latin abbreviations. Nearly all the abbreviations below have been adopted by Modern English. However, with some exceptions (for example, ''versus'' or '' modus operandi''), most of the Latin referent words and phrases a ...
*
List of Latin phrases
This is a list of Wikipedia articles of Latin phrases and their translation into English.
To view all phrases on a single, lengthy document, see: List of Latin phrases (full).
Lists of pages
* List of Latin phrases (A)
* List of Latin phrases ( ...
*
List of legal Latin terms
A number of Latin terms are used in legal terminology and legal maxims. This is a partial list of these terms, which are wholly or substantially drawn from Latin, or anglicized Law Latin.
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Common law
Civil law
Ecclesiasti ...
* ''
Supra''
References
{{reflist
Latin legal terminology
Latin words and phrases
Bibliography
Abbreviations