Syntax
The order of elements in the noun phrase is alwaysGrammatical marking
With a few important exceptions, Hungarian does not have grammatical gender or a grammatical distinction between animate and inanimate.Plurality
Hungarian nouns are marked for number: singular or plural. However, Hungarian uses the plural form sparsely for nouns, i.e. only if quantity is not otherwise marked. Therefore, the plural is not used with numerals or quantity expressions. Examples: ''öt fiú'' ("five boy"); ''sok fiú'' ("many boy"); ''fiúk'' ("boys"). In phrases that refer to existence/availability of entities, rather than their quantity, the singular is used in Hungarian (unlike in English): ''Van szék a szobában'' "There are chairs in the room", ''Nincs szék a szobában'' "There aren't chairs in the room" or "there is no chair in the room". (The singular may be considered asPairs of body parts
Hungarian uses paired body parts in the singular, even if the pair is meant together, and even if several people's pairs of body parts are meant. One piece of a pair is described as: "egyik lába" ("one of his legs"). As can be seen, pairs of body parts are considered as one in Hungarian. Note the number of the noun in the following examples: Note: if one wants to emphasize the third case (where both legs of each person involved), the actual plural number (''Tánc közben összegabalyodtak a lábaik'', lit. "their legs") might also be used, but the above (singular) option can fully suffice in this case, as well.Apparent plural endings and homonymy
The letter ''k'' also occurs at the end of certain words, which thus may appear plural. Examples include ''emlék'' ("a iece ofmemory"), ''farok'' ("tail"), ''köldök'' ("navel"), ''könyök'' ("elbow"), ''sarok'' ("corner"/"heel"), ''pocok'' ("vole"), ''püspök'' ("bishop"), ''érsek'' ("archbishop"), ''szemöldök'' ("eyebrow"), ''zsák'' ("sack") etc. – the name of the mole used to be ''vakondok'' but this form took on a plural meaning and the word is mostly used today as ''vakond''. Homonymy may occur between a word in the singular and another in the plural. Examples:Person
Forms for "you"
Beside ''te'' (plural ''ti''), which are used informally, there are polite forms for the second person pronouns: ''ön'' (plural ) and (plural ). ''Ön'' is official and distancing, is personal and even intimate and some people think it has rude connotations. (There are some older forms for ''you'', like ''kend'', which is still used in rural areas.) ''See in more detail:'' T-V distinction for Hungarian. The polite 2nd person forms ''ön'' and ''maga'' take the grammatical forms of the 3rd person, e.g. for verbs and possessive suffixes. For example, ''te kérsz'' (second person, informal), but ''ön kér'' or (second person, formal), just like ''ő kér'' (third person).Impersonal usage
Hungarian does not have a distinct impersonal orDeterminers
Articles
Hungarian has definite and indefinite articles. The definite article, ''a'', changes to ''az'' before a vowel. The indefinite article is ''egy'' ronounced with a long final consonant an unstressed version of the word for the number "one". Articles are invariable (i.e. not marked for number, case, etc.)Differences in using the definite article
The definite article "a(z)" is applied more commonly than in English, for example in general statements, even before uncountable nouns, e.g. ''A szerelem csodálatos'' ("Love is wonderful"), and with plural nouns, e.g. ''A kiskutyák aranyosak'' ("Puppies are cute"). The latter sentence can thus have two meanings, either referring to specific dogs or puppies in general. However, in a semi-specific sense (when "some" could be inserted in English) the article is omitted in Hungarian, e.g. ''Ceruzákat tett az asztalra'' ("S/he putDifferences in using the zero article
No article is normally used (especially in literary language): * before indefinite noun phrases as predicates, e.g. ''A nővérem tanár'' ("My elder sister is teacher"), * before "theatre" and "cinema" (''színházba/moziba'' megy "go to the theatre/cinema") unless a specific, particular venue is meant, * in "have" statements before the indefinite possession, especially if the number is unimportant or unknown, e.g. ''Van gyerekük?'' ("Do you have children?", literally, "Do you have child?") or ''Van nálam toll'' ("I have a pen / pens with me") and * before the subject in "there is" constructions, especially in a sentence-initial position, e.g. ''Szellem van a konyhában'' ("There is ghost in the kitchen").Before country names
The definite article is used before country names in the following cases: * when it comprises an adjective formed with ''-i'': ''a Dél-afrikai Köztársaság'' epublic of South Africa ''a Dominikai Közösség, a Dominikai Köztársaság, a Kongói Köztársaság, a Kongói Demokratikus Köztársaság, a Közép-afrikai Köztársaság'' entral Africal Republic ''a Zöld-foki Köztársaság'' ape Verde including the longer names of countries which comprise an adjective with "-i", e.g. ''a Kínai Népköztársaság'' "the People's Republic of China" * which are formally in the plural: ''az (Amerikai) Egyesült Államok'' SA ''az Egyesült Arab Emírségek'' AE and the short form ''a Bahamák'' (~ ''a Bahama-szigetek'') ** including the plural form ''szigetek'' ("islands") at the end of the name: ''a Bahama-szigetek, a Comore-szigetek, a Fidzsi-szigetek, a Fülöp-szigetek''Other proper nouns
Cities never have articles in Hungarian (not even The Hague, simply ''Hága''). In contrast with English, "the" is used before the following types: * streets, squares, and parks (''a Váci utca'' "Váci Street", ''a Central Park'') * public buildings ''(a canterburyi katedrális),'' including railway stations and airports (''a Waterloo pályaudvar'' "Waterloo Station") * bridges (''a Szabadság híd'' "Freedom Bridge") * hills and mountains (''a Gellért-hegy'' "Gellért Hill", ''a Mount Everest'') * woods, forests, gardens, and valleys (''a Szilícium-völgy'' "Silicon Valley") * lakes, bays, and gulfs (''a Balaton'' "Lake Balaton", ''az Ontario-tó'' "Lake Ontario", ''a Hudson-öböl'' "Hudson Bay") * islands and peninsulas (''a Margit-sziget'' "Margaret Island") * and planets (''a Mars, a Szaturnusz, a Jupiter''). As a result, ''a Niger'' refers to the river while ''Niger'' refers to the country. People can colloquially say ''a Móriczon találkozunk'' (literally "we'll meet on the Móricz"), where the definite article indicates the square as opposed to the person (Demonstrative determiners
The demonstrative determiners (often inaccurately called demonstrative adjectives in English) are ''ez a''/''ez az'' ("this") and ''az a''/''az az'' ("that").Numerals
Hungarian numbers follow an extremely regular, decimal format. There are distinct words for 1 to 9, 10, 20, 30, 100, 1000 and 1000000. The tens from 40 to 90 are formed by adding ''-van/-ven'' to the digit. When the numbers 10 and 20 are followed by a digit, they are suffixed with ''-on/-en/-ön/-n'' (on the oblique stem). Compound numbers are formed simply by joining the elements together. Examples: *''öt'' ("five") *''tíz'' ("ten") *''tizenöt'' ("fifteen") *''ötvenöt'' ("fifty-five") *''százötvenöt'' ("one hundred and fifty-five") As in English, a number can function as aQuantity expressions
Suffixes used specifically with numerals, ''hány'' ("how many?") and other quantity expressions: *''-szor/-szer/-ször'' for how many times, e.g. ''ötször'' ("five times"), ''sokszor'' ("many times") *''-féle'' and ''-fajta'' for "kind(s) of", e.g. ''ötfajta'' ("five kinds of") *''-an/-en/-n'' for numeric adverbs The use of the adverbs suffixed with ''-an/-en/-n'' is best illustrated by examples: ''Sokan voltunk.'' ("There were a lot of us.") ''Öten vannak.'' ("There are 5 of them.") ''Ketten mentünk.'' ("Two of us went.")Possession
Possessive suffixes
In Hungarian, pronominal possession is expressed by suffixes applied to the noun. The following suffixes are used for singular nouns: The following suffixes are used for plural nouns: The ''háza, házai'' type (i.e., like the one with a singular possessor) is used in the 3rd person plural except when no pronoun or only the ''ő'' is present before it, e.g. ''a szülők háza'' "the parents' house". In other words, the plural ''-k'' of the 3rd person suffix is left from the noun if there is a lexical possessor preceding it. The definite article is usually used. It can be omitted in a poetic or literary style. It may also be omitted at the beginning of the sentence in colloquial speech. The possessor can be emphasized by adding the subject pronoun, e.g. ''az én házam'' ("''my'' house"). In this case the definite article must be used. For the 3rd person plural, the 3rd person singular pronoun is used, e.g. ''az ő házuk'' (not ''az ők házuk'').Words with ''-j''
Certain consonant-final stems always use the suffixes with ''-j'' for a singular noun with a 3rd person singular possessor, e.g. ''kalap'' ("hat"): ''kalapja'' ("his/her hat"). This group also uses the ''-j'' for a singular noun with a 3rd person plural possessor, e.g. ''kalapjuk'' ("their hat"). The ''-j'' is also inserted for a plural noun (with a possessor of whichever person and number), e.g. ''kalapjaim'' ("my hats"), ''kalapjaid'' ("your (sg. fam.) hats"), ''kalapjai'' ("his hats"), etc. The two most common types are the following: There is much variance, but in general, the ''-j'' variant is usually safer than the variant without ''-j'', except with the specific endings listed above. (Usually the variant without ''-j'' is more traditional and the one with ''-j'' is more recent.) Where a form applies the ''j'', the other forms will apply it too. An exception is the uncommon type of ''barát'' ("friend") where the ''-j'' type is incorrect with a plural noun: ''barátja'' ("his/her friend"), ''barátjuk'' ("their friend") but ''barátaik'' ("their friends"), without ''j''. The other most common examples of this type are ''előd'', 'predecessor', and ''utód'', 'successor'. However, there are areas where the ''-j'' type is correct for these words too.Word endings and suffix types
Several endings (''c, cs, dzs, sz, z, s, zs, j, ny, ty, gy, h'', i.e., affricates, spirants, palatal/ized sounds and ''h'') only allow the variant without ''-j'' in both singular and plural, as shown in the charts above. On the other hand, the words that always take the ''-j'' variant form a rather small group: only those ending in ''f'' or ''ch''. For the other endings, there are no clear-cut rules (so these forms are to be learnt one by one), but there are some regularities. Words with a long vowel or another consonant preceding the ending consonant often take the ''-j'' variant, as well as international words (e.g. ''programja, oxigénje, fesztiválja'' "his/her program, oxygen, festival"). Vowel-dropping and vowel-shortening stems always use the variant without ''-j'', just like most words using ''-a'' as linking vowel (e.g. ''házat, házak'' "house": ''háza'' "his/her house"). :*The endings ''v, l, r, m, g, k'' usually take the variant without ''-j'' (e.g. ''gyereke, asztala'' "his/her child, table"), but a minority among them take it (e.g. ''hangja, diákja'' "his/her voice, student" but again ''könyve, száma'' "his/her book, number"). :*For words ending in ''n, p, t'', the regularities are basically similar, but there is wide variance. Words ending in ''-at/-et'' (a suffix), however, usually take the variant without ''-j''. :*The majority of words ending in ''b, d'' use the ''-j'' suffix (e.g. ''darabja, családja'' "his/her/its piece, family" but ''lába, térde'' "his/her leg, knee").Apparent possessive suffixes and homonymy
Certain words (with or without suffixes) have endings which are identical with a possessive suffix. Examples: Notes: *For the → change, see Oblique noun stem. *For the ''apa'' → , → change, see Oblique noun stem. *For the plural marked with " in "your l.eye , see Pairs of body parts. *For the different link vowels after words taken as absolute or relative stems (like and here), see The accusative suffix after other suffixes. A homonymy is also possible between the same possessive ending of two unrelated words, if one ends in a consonant and the other in a vowel: may be parsed as ("our village") or ("our wall"). A similar kind of homonymy may arise with vowel-dropping words (see the type under Oblique noun stem). Examples: Note that the first person singular possessive form of ''hal'' (fish) is not the above ''halom'' but exceptionally ''halam,'' cf. ''a'' link vowel. Examples: :''A kiskutya bepiszkította az almát.'' (The puppy soiled its litter OR the apple.) :''Bedobta az érmét a folyóba.'' (He/she threw his/her medal OR the coin into the river.) :''A macskának fontos a karma.'' (Its claws OR the karma is/are important for a cat.) Finally, another kind of homonymy may arise between a noun with a possessive suffix and a verb: ''hasad'' "your stomach (belly)" or "it tears/rips", ''árad'' "your price" or "it floods", ''fogad'' "your tooth" or "he/she/it receives/accepts"/"he/she/it bets".Possessive construction with 2 nouns
There are 2 possible forms for a possessive construction with 2 nouns. In both of them the noun which is possessed takes the 3rd person possessive suffix. #The possessor is an unsuffixed noun, e.g. ''István lakása'' ("István's flat/apartment") #The possessor is a noun suffixed with -nak/-nek and the possessed noun is preceded by ''a''/''az'', e.g. ''Istvánnak a lakása'' ("István's flat/apartment") The first form is used as default and the second is used to emphasize the possessor or for clarity. It also enables the possessor to be moved within the sentence, e.g. ''Ennek a lakásnak sehogy se találom a kulcsát'' ("I can't possibly find the key of this flat/apartment"). Note the ''sehogy se találom'' ("I can't possibly find") wedged in between the parts of the possessive structure. If the 3rd person plural possessor is a lexical word, not a pronoun (thus the plurality is marked on it), the possession will be marked like the 3rd person singular: ''a szülők lakása'' (not ''a szülők lakásuk'') ("the parents' flat/apartment"). In other words, the plurality of the 3rd person plural possession is only marked once: either on the possessor (in the case of lexical words) or on the possession (in the case of pronouns), cf. ''az ő lakásuk'' (above).Possessive pronouns
The following pronouns are used to replace singular nouns: :''Note: Where two variants are given, the one with a long vowel is more literary.'' The following pronouns are used to replace plural nouns:-é/-éi to replace possessed noun
The suffixes -é/-éi are used to express possession when the noun is not stated: *''Istváné'': "Istvan's", for singular noun: "the thing belonging to Istvan", *''Istvánéi'': "Istvan's", for plural noun: "the things belonging to Istvan". Hence comes the unusual vowel sequence: ''fiaiéi'', which means "those belonging to his/her sons". ''Fia-'' (his/her son) ''-i-'' (several sons) ''-é-'' (belonging to) ''-i'' (several possessions). The suffixes are also used to form the question word ''kié'' ("whose?").Positional suffixes
Hungarian follows a strict logic for suffixes relating to position. The position can be "in", "on" or "by". The direction can be static (no movement), movement towards or movement away. Combining these gives 9 different options. Note 1: ''-nál/-nél'' is also used with the meaning "at the home of" (cf. French ''chez'', German ''bei''). Note 2: ''-ban/-ben'' is sometimes pronounced without the final ''n'', this however, carries a connotation of rural or unsophisticated speech.Town/city names
For town/city names, the rules for selecting the right group are as follows: #Towns outside the historicalDifferentiating place names with suffix groups
The difference of the two suffix group may carry a difference in meaning: The below cases may exemplify the above tendencies but in actual usage they are not always followed as strictly as described: *''Tajvanon'' means "on (the island of)Insider and outsider usage
There may also be difference between "insider" and "outsider" usage: one may prefer the suffixes expressing the "interior" relation and the others those expressing the "surface" relation (the difference extends to the suffixes of static position and those of the two kinds of movement). In some cases, the local usage is encouraged based on traditional usage in literature and linguistic history, e.g. '' CsíkszeredábanCases and other noun suffixes
A note on terminology
The concept ofCase endings
Assimilation works with ''-val/-vel'' and ''-vá/-vé'': the initial sound of these suffixes will change to the preceding sound, if it is a consonant other than ''v'', e.g. ''lakás'' + ''-val'' appears as ''lakással''. (In words ending in a vowel or ''v'', there is no change, e.g. ''sáv·val'' "with the lane", ''hajó·val'' "with the ship".)Accusative suffix
After ''-l'', ''-r'', ''-j'', ''-ly'', ''-n'', ''-ny'', ''-s'', ''-sz'', ''-z'' and ''-zs'', the accusative suffix is usually added directly to the noun rather than using a link vowel, e.g. ''lakást''. For the other consonants, a link vowel is used.The accusative suffix after other suffixes
As shown in the above chart, ''-ot/(-at)/-et/-öt/-t'' is the accusative suffix for nouns with no other suffix. However, if the accusative suffix is added to a relative stem, that is, to a noun which already has another suffix (i.e. a plural or possessive suffix), ''-at/-et'' is used. Examples: Sometimes the quality of the link vowel of the accusative can differentiate between otherwiseAccusative without marking
The accusative can be expressed without the ''-t'' morpheme after the first and second person singular possessive suffixes. For example: *''Látom a kalapod.'' or ''Látom a kalapodat.'' "I ansee your hat." *''Látod a kalapom.'' or ''Látod a kalapomat.'' "You ansee my hat." The accusative personal pronouns ''engem'' ("me") and ''téged'' ("you") are also used without the ''-t'' suffix (''engemet'' and ''tégedet'' are rather infrequent). The third case where the accusative remains unmarked is theApparent accusative endings and homonymy
The letter ''t'' also occurs at the end of certain words which thus may appear accusative. Examples include ''eset'' ("Other noun endings
Notes: *For more examples of the endings, refer to the article List of grammatical cases. *The special status of the genitive case can be illustrated with the following example: "the key of the flat/apartment" is ''a lakás kulcsa'' or ''a lakásnak a kulcsa'' (nominative or dative case). The case marking is on the possessed object rather than the possessor.Incorrect classifications
The following endings are sometimes counted as cases, but are in fact derivational suffixes, see Adjectives and adverbsSlight noun irregularities
''a/e/o/ö'' lengthening before suffixes
Words ending in ''a, e, o'' or ''ö'' become lengthened before most suffixes: The asterisk means that ''almák/körték'' (the plural) and ''almám/körtém'' (the possessive forms) can be suffixed further, e.g. ''almákat, almáknak'' etc., ''almámat, almádat, almáját'' etc., ''almáimat, almáidat, almáit'' etc., ''almámnak, almádnak, almájának'' etc. Those cases with small letters can be formed, but they are not meaningful, unless figuratively (e. g. ''Oslók'' lit. means "Oslos", but naturally Oslo doesn't have plural, although the case technically can be formed; ''Oslóul'' means "as an Oslo", which is also dubious). The suffix ''-ként'' is an exception as it doesn't lengthen the ''a/e'', e.g. ''almaként, körteként''. Compounds don't lengthen the vowel, either, e.g. ''almalé, körtelé'' ("apple/pear juice"). Otherwise, this rule extends to all nouns and adjectives, e.g. ''Coca-Cola'' → ''Coca-Colát, Coca-Colának'' etc. Short ''o'' and ''ö'' endings only occur with foreign words (like ''Oslo'' and ''Malmö'' above) since Hungarian or Hungarianized words lengthen these vowels at the end of the word, e.g. ''euró, metró, videó, sztereó, fotó, diszkó'' etc.''a'' link vowel
Certain back-vowel nouns, e.g. ''ház'' ("house"), always use the vowel ''a'' as a link vowel where the link vowel is usually ''-o/-e/-ö'', except with the superessive case ''-on/-en/-ön/-n''. The link vowel ''-o/(-a)/-e/-ö'' occurs with the following suffixes: *''-ok/(-ak)/-ek/-ök/-k'' for noun plurals, e.g. ''házak'' ("houses") *''-om/(-am)/-em/-öm/-m'' for 1st singular possessive, e.g. ''házam'' ("my house") *''-od/(-ad)/-ed/-öd/-d'' for 2nd singular possessive, e.g. ''házad'' ("your (singular) house") *''-otok/(-atok)/-etek/-ötök/-tok/-tek/-tök'' for 2nd plural possessive, e.g. ''házatok'' ("your (plural) house") *''-ot/(-at)/-et/-öt/-t'' for accusative case, e.g. ''házat'' ("house") *''-onként/(-anként)/-enként/-önként/-nként'', e.g. ''házanként'' ("per house") *''-ostul/(-astul)/-estül/-östül/-stul/-stül'', e.g. ''házastul'' ("together with the house") *''-odik/(-adik)/-edik/-ödik'' for ordinal numbers, e.g. ''nyolcadik'' ("the eighth") *''-od/(-ad)/-ed/-öd'' for fractional numbers, e.g. ''nyolcad'' ("an eighth") *''-os/(-as)/-es/-ös'' for adjectival numbers, e.g. ''nyolcas'' ("number eight") *''-onta/(-ante)/-ente/-önte'' for distributive occasions, e.g. ''nyaranta'' ("every summer", from ''nyár'' "summer") Theoretical: *''-ott/(-att)/-ett/-ött/-t'' for position This irregularity sometimes help differentiate between otherwise homonymous verbs and nouns: The case of ''nyúl'' is similar ("rabbit" or "he reaches out") except that it becomes short in the plural as a noun (''nyulak'', cf. the ''hét'' type) and remains long as a verb (''nyúlok''). Beside ''árak'' (the plural of the ''a'' stem word ''ár'', "price") ''árok'' also exists ("ditch"). Finally, beside ''vágyak'' ("desires"), ''vágyok'' may also occur as a verb ("I desire") although it is expressed as ''vágyom'' in standard Hungarian (cf. -ik verbs).Oblique noun stem
Some nouns have an alternative stem which is used with certain suffixes. This is most commonly derived from the main stem by shortening or elision of the final vowel. A few nouns insert the letter "v" to derive the oblique stem. It is used with the following suffixes: Note: as with other nouns, the plural and the possessive forms (the first seven rows) are independent of cases so they can take the suffixes of other cases than the nominative: ''hetek, ből, dolgom, hoz, dolgaimhoz'' etc. The forms in the latter five rows (which have suffixes of certain cases) cannot have more suffixes attached.Stem with -on/-en/-ön/-n
For ''-on/-en/-ön/-n'', the vowel-shortening base uses the nominative stem, e.g. ''héten'', but the other types (vowel-dropping and ''-v-'' bases) use the oblique stem, e.g. ''dolgon'', ''tavon'', as it is shown in the examples above. Also, the back-vowel nouns which use an ''a'' link vowel have ''o'' as the link vowel instead, e.g. ''házon'' ("on the house"). As noted above, when it is added to ''tíz'' ("ten") and to ''húsz'' ("twenty") to form compound numbers, e.g. ''tizenegy'' ("eleven"), ''huszonegy'' ("twenty-one"), these vowel-shortening bases use the oblique stem.Differentiating ''-an/-en'' from ''-on/-en/-ön/-n''
The suffix -''an/-en'', used with numbers and adjectives, is not to be confused with the above suffix ''-on/-en/-ön/-n''. Their vowel can only be ''a'' or ''e'', even on words which would normally use ''o'' or ''ö'': cf. ''ötön'' (on the number five) and ''öten'' (numbering five), ''haton'' and ''hatan'' (for the latter form, see Quantity expressions).Order of noun suffixes
Where more than one type of noun suffix occurs, the plural suffix is first (normally ''-k'' but ''-i'' with possessives). The possessive suffix follows this and the case suffix is last.Pronominal forms
Demonstrative pronouns
The demonstrative pronouns are ''ez'' ("this") and ''az'' ("that"). They can take the full range of case endings. For most suffixes, preservative consonantSubject and object pronouns
Pronouns exist in subject (nominative) and object (accusative) forms. Because the verb suffix is marked for both subject and object, the pronouns are not usually used, i.e. it is aCases with personal suffixes
For the other forms which are listed above as cases, the equivalent of a pronoun is formed using a stem derived from the suffix, followed by the personal suffix. For example, ''benned'' ("in you") or for emphasis ''tebenned'' ("in you") has the stem ''benn-'' which is derived from the front variant of the position suffix ''-ban/-ben'' ("in"). Note: When the stem ends in a long vowel, the 3rd person singular has a ∅ suffix. ''maga'' and ''ön'' do not use these forms. They are conjugated like nouns with the case suffixes, e.g. ''magában'', ''önben''. Suffixes that use a back vowel stem: Suffixes that use a front vowel stem: No personal forms exist for the other suffixes: ''-vá/-vé, -ig, -ként, -ul/-ül, , -stul/-stül, -onként/(-anként)/-enként/-önként/-nként, -ott/(-att)/-ett/-ött/-t, -onta/(-anta)/-ente/-önte, -kor''. Their personal variants can be only paraphrases (e.g. ''addig ment, ahol ő állt'' "he went as far as him" > "… as far as where he stood").Postpositions with personal suffixes
Most postpositions ( see there) are combined with personal suffixes in a similar way, e.g. ''alattad'' ("under you"). Note: The personal forms of stand-alone postpositions are paraphrases, e.g. ''rajtam túl'' "beyond me", ''hozzám képest'' "as compared to me". Personal suffixes at the end of postpositions: See also the section Overview of personal endings: typical sound elements. Note: *In the same way as for the cases with personal suffixes, when the postposition (stem) ends in a long vowel, the 3rd person singular has a ∅ suffix (see the bolded forms in the last row). *Postpositions in bare (unsuffixed) forms are capitalized.Postpositions with three-way distinction
Postpositions without three-way distinction
Derived postpositions with possessive suffixes
These below are declined like words with possessive suffixes plus cases: ''Részére'' and ''számára'' are often interchangeable. To express sending or giving something (''to'' someone), usually ''részére'' is preferred. On the other hand, to express the affected party of some perception or judgement (good, bad, new, shocking, unacceptable etc. ''for'' someone), only ''számára'' can be used, as well as when expressing goal, objective, intention, or other figurative purposes.Placeholders in Hungarian
:''See Placeholder names in Hungarian''Duplication with demonstrative determiners
When the noun has a plural suffix, a "case" suffix or a postposition, this is duplicated on the demonstrative. As with the demonstrative pronouns, for most suffixes, preservative consonantExternal links