Hulunbuir or Hulun Buir ( mn,
, ''Kölün buyir'',
Mongolian Cyrillic: Хөлөнбуйр, ''Khölönbuir''; zh, s=呼伦贝尔, ''Hūlúnbèi'ěr'') is a region that is governed as a
prefecture-level city
A prefecture-level city () or prefectural city is an administrative division of the People's Republic of China (PRC), ranking below a province and above a county in China's administrative structure.
During the Republican era, many of Chi ...
in northeastern
Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Its border includes most of the length of China's border with the country of Mongolia. Inner Mongolia also accounts for a ...
, China. Its administrative center is located at
Hailar District
Hailar District, formerly a county-level city, is an urban district that serves as the seat of the prefecture-level city Hulunbuir in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. Hulunbuir, due to its massive size, is a city in administrative terms o ...
, its largest urban area. Major scenic features are the high steppes of the Hulun Buir grasslands, the
Hulun and
Buir lakes (the latter partially in
Mongolia
Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million ...
), and the
Khingan range. Hulun Buir borders
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...
to the north and west, Mongolia to the south and west,
Heilongjiang
Heilongjiang () Postal romanization, formerly romanized as Heilungkiang, is a Provinces of China, province in northeast China. The standard one-character abbreviation for the province is (). It was formerly romanized as "Heilungkiang". It is th ...
province to the east and
Hinggan League
The Hinggan League (; mn, tr. ''Hinggan Aimag'', Mongol Cyrillic: Хянган аймаг) is a prefecture-level subdivision of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. It borders Hulun Buir to the nort ...
to the direct south. Hulunbuir is a
linguistically diverse area: next to
Mandarin Chinese
Mandarin (; ) is a group of Chinese (Sinitic) dialects that are natively spoken across most of northern and southwestern China. The group includes the Beijing dialect, the basis of the phonology of Standard Chinese, the official language ...
,
Mongolian dialects such as
Khorchin
The Khorchin ( mn, Хорчин, ''Horçin''; ''Qorčin''; ) are a subgroup of the Mongols that speak the Khorchin dialect of Mongolian and predominantly live in northeastern Inner Mongolia of China.
History
The Ming dynasty gave Borjigi ...
and
Buryat, the
Mongolic language Daur, and some
Tungusic languages, including
Oroqen and
Solon
Solon ( grc-gre, Σόλων; BC) was an Athenian statesman, constitutional lawmaker and poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic and moral decline in Archaic Athens.Aristotle ''Politic ...
, are spoken there.
History
During the
Qing Dynasty
The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speak ...
(1644–1912), Hulunbuir was part of
Heilongjiang
Heilongjiang () Postal romanization, formerly romanized as Heilungkiang, is a Provinces of China, province in northeast China. The standard one-character abbreviation for the province is (). It was formerly romanized as "Heilungkiang". It is th ...
province. The 1858
Treaty of Aigun established today's approximate Sino-Russian border, at a great loss to Heilongjiang's territory. In 1901, the
Chinese Eastern Railway linked Hulunbuir to the rest of
northeast China
Northeast China or Northeastern China () is a geographical region of China, which is often referred to as "Manchuria" or "Inner Manchuria" by surrounding countries and the West. It usually corresponds specifically to the three provinces east of ...
and to
Russian Far East. From 1912 to 1949, during the
Republic of China (ROC) period, Hulunbuir was part of
Xing'an and
Heilongjiang
Heilongjiang () Postal romanization, formerly romanized as Heilungkiang, is a Provinces of China, province in northeast China. The standard one-character abbreviation for the province is (). It was formerly romanized as "Heilungkiang". It is th ...
provinces. A treaty between the
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War ...
and the ROC on November 7/October 24, 1915 designated Hulunbuir a "special" region under direct subordination to the Central Government of China, but in practice Russia had partial control over day-to-day administration. In 1929, the
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nationa ...
broke this agreement and invaded Hulunbuir. After the
Japanese invasion of China
The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) or War of Resistance (Chinese term) was a military conflict that was primarily waged between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. The war made up the Chinese theater of the wider Pacific The ...
, Hulunbuir became part of the Japanese
puppet state Manchukuo, which was not recognized by the Chinese. In the
Chinese Civil War
The Chinese Civil War was fought between the Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China and forces of the Chinese Communist Party, continuing intermittently since 1 August 1927 until 7 December 1949 with a Communist victory on main ...
, the
Communist Party of China
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), officially the Communist Party of China (CPC), is the founding and sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the CCP emerged victorious in the Chinese Ci ...
gained the support of Inner Mongol leaders like
Ulanhu
Ulanhu or Ulanfu ( 23 December 1907 – 8 December 1988), born Yun Ze (), was the founding Chairman of China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, serving from 1947 to 1966.
An ethnic Tumed Mongol, he took the nom de guerre Ulanhu () and had n ...
by promising the
irredentist expansion of Inner Mongolia into areas that had majorities of
Han and
Manchu peoples.
After the
1949 Communist revolution, Hulunbuir was annexed into
Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Its border includes most of the length of China's border with the country of Mongolia. Inner Mongolia also accounts for a ...
, but the region kept economic ties to the rest of
the northeast via the
Chinese Eastern Railway.
During the
Cultural Revolution
The Cultural Revolution, formally known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in the People's Republic of China (PRC) launched by Mao Zedong in 1966, and lasting until his death in 1976. Its stated goa ...
, the parts of historical Manchuria inside Inner Mongolia were briefly restored to their original provinces; Hulunbuir was given back to Heilongjiang from 1969 to 1979.
Until October 10, 2001, Hulunbuir was administered as a
League
League or The League may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* ''Leagues'' (band), an American rock band
* ''The League'', an American sitcom broadcast on FX and FXX about fantasy football
Sports
* Sports league
* Rugby league, full contact footba ...
. The area is and had a population of 2.710 million in 2004, while the
gross domestic product
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and sold (not resold) in a specific time period by countries. Due to its complex and subjective nature this measure is of ...
was
RMB 21.326 billion. The jurisdiction area of the city is larger than all but 8 Chinese
province-level divisions (and 42
U.S. states), although the actual
urban agglomeration is just a very small part of the region, and the average population density of the area is very low.
Names
The city was once a
league
League or The League may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* ''Leagues'' (band), an American rock band
* ''The League'', an American sitcom broadcast on FX and FXX about fantasy football
Sports
* Sports league
* Rugby league, full contact footba ...
() of Inner Mongolia, until 10 October 2001. During the
Qing Dynasty
The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speak ...
, it was known in Mandarin as ''Hūlúnbùyǔ'ěr'' ().
Administrative subdivisions
Hulunbuir is divided into 13 different county-level jurisdictions: one district, five
county-level cities
A county-level municipality (), county-level city or county city, formerly known as prefecture-controlled city (1949–1970: ; 1970–1983: ), is a county-level administrative division of the People's Republic of China. County-level ...
, four
banner
A banner can be a flag or another piece of cloth bearing a symbol, logo, slogan or another message. A flag whose design is the same as the shield in a coat of arms (but usually in a square or rectangular shape) is called a banner of arms. Als ...
s and three autonomous
banner
A banner can be a flag or another piece of cloth bearing a symbol, logo, slogan or another message. A flag whose design is the same as the shield in a coat of arms (but usually in a square or rectangular shape) is called a banner of arms. Als ...
s.
Geography and climate
Hulunbuir itself (Hailar) has a
humid continental climate
A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and freez ...
(Köppen ''Dwb''). Winters are long, very dry and severe, due to the semi−permanent
Siberian High, while summers are short, though very warm, and rather wet, due to the
East Asian monsoon. At Hailar, the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from in January to in July, while the annual mean is . With at least 55% of possible sunshine in all months and an annual total greater than 2,700 hours, sunny weather dominates year-round. Approximately 70% of the annual rainfall occurs during the three summer months.
Demographics
Transport
Airports include:
*
Hulunbuir Hailar Airport
Hulunbuir Hailar Airport is an international airport serving Hailar District of Hulunbuir, a prefecture-level city of Inner Mongolia, China. The airport was formerly called Hailar Dongshan Airport () until it was renamed on 1 January 2011.
...
- Hailar
*
Zhalantun Chengjisihan Airport
Zhalantun Chengjisihan Airport (Zhalantun Genghis Khan Airport) is an airport that serves the city of Zhalantun in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China. It is located near Chengjisihan (Genghis Khan) Town, from the city center. The airport opened ...
-
Zhalantun
*
Xinbarag Youqi Baogede Airport -
New Barag Right Banner
References
Further reading
*
*
*, -4033.
*Bökecilagu. ''Kölün Boyir-un sonirqal-ud''. Qayilar : Ȯbȯr Mongġol-un Soyol-un Keblel-u̇n Qoriy-a, 1988. 2, 8, 217 p. .
*Möngkedalai. ''Hulunbeier samanjiao yu lamajiao shilüe = Kölün Boyir-un böge-yin śasin kiged lama-yin śasin-u tobci teüke''. Beijing : Minzu chubanshe, 2014. 5, 4, 545 p., ill., biblio., index. .
External links
Hulunbuir government website(in Chinese)
Inner Mongolian postcodes(in English)
{{Authority control
Cities in Inner Mongolia
Prefecture-level divisions of Inner Mongolia
National Forest Cities in China