Hoxhaism () is a variant of

anti-revisionist Anti-revisionism is a position within Marxism–Leninism which emerged in the 1950s in opposition to the reforms of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. Where Khrushchev pursued an interpretation that differed from his predecessor Joseph Stalin, ...

Marxism–Leninism Marxism–Leninism is a communist ideology which was the main communist movement throughout the 20th century. Developed by the Bolsheviks, it was the state ideology of the Soviet Union, its satellite states in the Eastern Bloc, and vario ...

that developed in the late 1970s due to a split in the anti-revisionist movement, appearing after the ideological dispute between the

Chinese Communist Party The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), officially the Communist Party of China (CPC), is the founding and sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the CCP emerged victorious in the Chinese Ci ...

and the Party of Labour of Albania in 1978. The ideology is named after

Enver Hoxha Enver Halil Hoxha ( , ; 16 October 190811 April 1985) was an Albanians, Albanian communist politician who was the authoritarian ruler of Albania from 1944 until his death in 1985. He was Secretary (title)#First secretary, First Secretary of t ...

, a notable Albanian communist leader, who served as the First Secretary of the Party of Labour.

Overview

Hoxhaism demarcates itself by a strict defense of the legacy of

Joseph Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet Union, Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as Ge ...

, the organization of the

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nationa ...

under

Stalinism Stalinism is the means of governing and Marxist-Leninist policies implemented in the Soviet Union from 1927 to 1953 by Joseph Stalin. It included the creation of a one-party totalitarian police state, rapid industrialization, the the ...

, and fierce criticism of virtually all other

communist Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, ...

groupings as revisionist—it defines currents such as

Eurocommunism Eurocommunism, also referred to as democratic communism or neocommunism, was a trend in the 1970s and 1980s within various Western European communist parties which said they had developed a theory and practice of social transformation more rel ...

as anti-communist movements. Critical of the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country Continental United States, primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., ...

, the

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, most populous country, with a Population of China, population exceeding 1.4 billion, slig ...

, and

Yugoslavia Yugoslavia (; sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Jugoslavija, Југославија ; sl, Jugoslavija ; mk, Југославија ;; rup, Iugoslavia; hu, Jugoszlávia; rue, label= Pannonian Rusyn, Югославия, translit=Juhoslavij ...

, Enver Hoxha labeled the latter three "

social imperialist As a political term, social imperialism is the political ideology of people, parties, or nations that are, according to Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin, "socialist in words, imperialist in deeds". In academic use, it refers to governments that enga ...

" and condemned the

Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia The Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia refers to the events of 20–21 August 1968, when the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was jointly invaded by four Warsaw Pact countries: the Soviet Union, the Polish People's Republic, the People's Rep ...

in 1968, before withdrawing Albania from the

Warsaw Pact The Warsaw Pact (WP) or Treaty of Warsaw, formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland, between the Soviet Union and seven other Eastern Bloc socialist republi ...

in response. Hoxhaism asserts the right of nations to pursue

socialism Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes th ...

by different paths, dictated by the conditions in those countries, although Hoxha personally held the view that

Titoism Titoism is a political philosophy most closely associated with Josip Broz Tito during the Cold War. It is characterized by a broad Yugoslav identity, workers' self-management, a political separation from the Soviet Union, and leadership in th ...

was "anti-Marxist" in overall practice. The Albanians succeeded in ideologically winning over a large share of anti-revisionists, mainly in

Latin America Latin America or * french: Amérique Latine, link=no * ht, Amerik Latin, link=no * pt, América Latina, link=no, name=a, sometimes referred to as LatAm is a large cultural region in the Americas where Romance languages — languages derived ...

(such as the Popular Liberation Army and the

Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador The Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador ( es, Partido Comunista Marxista-Leninista del Ecuador) is an anti-revisionist Marxist–Leninist communist party in Ecuador, founded August 1, 1964, following a split from the Communist Par ...

as well as the Revolutionary Communist Party of Brazil), but they also had a significant international following in general. Following the fall of the

People's Socialist Republic of Albania The People's Socialist Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqipërisë, links=no) was the Marxist–Leninist one party state that existed in Albania from 1946 to 1992 (the official name of the country was the People's R ...

in 1991, the Hoxhaist parties grouped themselves around an international conference founded in 1994 and the publication ''Unity and Struggle''.

List of Hoxhaist parties

Active

* Albania: Communist Party of Albania, Reorganised Party of Labour of Albania * Bangladesh: Communist Party of Bangladesh (Marxist–Leninist) * Benin: Communist Party of Benin, Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Benin * Bolivia: Revolutionary Communist Party * Brazil: Revolutionary Communist Party * Burkina Faso:

Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party (french: Parti communiste révolutionnaire voltaïque, PCRV) is a communist party in Burkina Faso. It was founded on 1 October 1978, following a split in the Voltaic Communist Organization (OCV). The PCRV ...

* Chile: Chilean Revolutionary Communist Party * Colombia: Communist Party of Colombia (Marxist–Leninist) ( Popular Liberation Army) * Côte d'Ivoire:

Revolutionary Communist Party of Côte d'Ivoire The Revolutionary Communist Party of Ivory Coast (french: Parti Communiste Révolutionnaire de Côte d'Ivoire, PCRCI) is a communist party in Ivory Coast. It has been led by Achy Ekissi since 1990. Its youth wing is the Communist Youth of Ivory ...

* Denmark: Workers' Communist Party * Dominican Republic:

Communist Party of Labour The Communist Party of Labour ( es, Partido Comunista del Trabajo) is a communist party in the Dominican Republic. The party was founded in 1980, after the split from the Maoist Dominican Popular Movement. PCT upheld the political line of the Pa ...

* Ecuador:

(

Group of Popular Combatants The Group of Popular Combatants ( es, Grupos de Combatientes Populares, GCP) is a far-left Marxist–Leninist insurgent movement active in the Republic of Ecuador. It is the armed wing of the Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador ( es, Pa ...

) * France:

Workers' Communist Party of France The Workers' Communist Party of France (french: Parti communiste des ouvriers de France, PCOF) is a political party of France. The party publishes the monthly newspaper ''La Forge'' and is an active participant in the International Conference o ...

* Greece:

Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918–1955 The Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918–1955 ( el, Κίνηση για την Ανασύνταξη του ΚΚΕ 1918–1955), is an Anti-revisionism, anti-revisionist Marxism-Leninism, Marxist–Leninist com ...

* India: Revolutionary Democracy Organization * Iran:

Labour Party of Iran The Labour Party of Iran (Toufan) ( fa, حزب کار ایران (توفان); translit.: ) is a Hoxhaist Communist party whose leadership is exiled in Germany. It is against the Iranian government and is a member of the International Confere ...

* Italy: Communist Platform * Mali:

Malian Party of Labour The Malian Party of Labour ( French: ''Parti malien du travail'', PMT) is a Marxist-Leninist party in Mali and a member of the coalition supporting the Alliance for Democracy in Mali of president Amadou Toumani Touré. Founded in 1965, it was pro ...

* Mexico: Communist Party of Mexico (Marxist–Leninist) * Nicaragua:

Marxist–Leninist Popular Action Movement Popular Action Movement - Marxist–Leninist () is a Hoxhaist communist party in Nicaragua that surged out of a split from the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) in the early 1970s. Since 1985 it is officially named the Marxist–Lenini ...

* Peru: Communist Party of Peru (Marxist-Leninist) * Serbia: Revolutionary Alliance of Labour of Serbia * Spain: Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist), Marxist–Leninist Party (Communist Reconstruction) * Togo:

Communist Party of Togo The Communist Party of Togo (french: Parti communiste du Togo, abbreviated PCT) is a communist party A communist party is a political party that seeks to realize the socio-economic goals of communism. The term ''communist party'' was popula ...

* Tunisia: Workers' Party * Turkey:

Revolutionary Communist Party of Turkey The Revolutionary Communist Party of Turkey ( tr, Türkiye Devrimci Komünist Partisi, TDKP) is a clandestine communist party in Turkey. TDKP considers itself to be the continuation of the People's Liberation Army of Turkey ( tr, Türkiye Halk K ...

, Marxist–Leninist Communist Party * United Kingdom: Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist) * United States: American Party of Labor * Uruguay: Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Uruguay * Venezuela: Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Venezuela

Historical

* Albania: Party of Labour of Albania * Bolivia: Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) of Bolivia * Canada:

Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist) The Communist Party of Canada (french: Parti communiste du Canada) is a federal political party in Canada, founded in 1921 under conditions of illegality. Although it does not currently have any parliamentary representation, the party's ca ...

* Denmark:

Communist Party of Denmark/Marxist–Leninists The Communist Party of Denmark/Marxist–Leninists ( da, Danmarks Kommunistiske Parti/Marxister-Leninister, ''DKP/ML'') was a political party in Denmark, that advocated revolutionary communism. The party was established in 1978 from the merger of ...

* Ethiopia:

Marxist–Leninist League of Tigray The Marxist–Leninist League of Tigray (MLLT) was a semi-clandestine Hoxhaist Communist Party that held a leading role in the Tigrayan Peoples' Liberation Front (TPLF) in the 1980s. The majority of the TPLF leadership held dual membership in ...

Tigray People's Liberation Front The Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF; ti, ህዝባዊ ወያነ ሓርነት ትግራይ, lit=Popular Struggle for the Freedom of Tigray), also called the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front, is a left-wing ethnic nationalist paramilitar ...

, Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front * Faroe Islands: Advancement for the Islands (Marxist–Leninist) * Germany:

Communist Party of Germany/Marxists–Leninists The Communist Party of Germany/Marxists–Leninists (german: Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands/Marxisten-Leninisten, KPD/ML) was a clandestine communist party active in West Germany and East Germany during the Cold War. It was founded in 1968 ...

Communist Party of Germany (Roter Morgen) The Communist Party of Germany (Red Dawn) (german: Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands - Roter Morgen) was a minor Communism, communist List of political parties in Germany, political party in Germany. It was founded in December 1985 in Hamburg by ...

* Greece: Organisation of Communists Marxists–Leninists of Greece * Iceland:

Communist Unity (Marxist–Leninist) Communist Unity (Marxist–Leninist) (Icelandic language, Icelandic: ''Einingarsamtök kommúnista (marx-lenínistar)'') was an Icelandic Communist Party, Maoist Party formed in the late 1973, mainly by Icelandic students who had studied in Norway ...

* Ireland: Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist) * Japan:

Japanese Communist Party (Left Faction) The is a Marxist–Leninist–Maoist communist party in Japan. It was founded in 1969 centered on the Yamaguchi Prefecture Committee of the Japanese Communist Party, under the leadership of those who supported . Currently Maoist, it suffered ...

* Netherlands: Workers Party of the Netherlands (build-up organisation) * New Zealand: Communist Party of New Zealand * Norway: Communist Workers League, Marxist–Leninist League, Marxist–Leninist Group Revolution * Portugal: Communist Party (Reconstructed) * Spain: Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) * Suriname: Communist Party of Suriname * Sweden: Communist Party in Sweden * Trinidad and Tobago: Communist Party of Trinidad and Tobago * Turkey: Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist – Movement * United Kingdom: Communist League of Great Britain * United States: Revolutionary Organization of Labor, Marxist–Leninist Party, USA * Venezuela:

Red Flag Party The Red Flag Party ( es, Partido Bandera Roja) is a communist party in Venezuela. Formed in 1970 by anti-revisionist members of the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR), the party initially supported the ideology of Enver Hoxha and the Party of ...

References

External links