Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey (24 September 189821 February 1968) was an Australian
pharmacologist and
pathologist
Pathology is the study of the causes and effects of disease or injury. The word ''pathology'' also refers to the study of disease in general, incorporating a wide range of biology research fields and medical practices. However, when used in th ...
who shared the
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, accordi ...
in 1945 with
Sir Ernst Chain and
Sir Alexander Fleming for his role in the development of
penicillin
Penicillins (P, PCN or PEN) are a group of β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from '' Penicillium'' moulds, principally '' P. chrysogenum'' and '' P. rubens''. Most penicillins in clinical use are synthesised by P. chrysogenum usin ...
.
Although Fleming received most of the credit for the discovery of penicillin, it was Florey who carried out the first clinical trials of penicillin in 1941 at the
Radcliffe Infirmary in
Oxford
Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the ...
on the first patient, a
police constable
A constable is a person holding a particular office, most commonly in criminal law enforcement. The office of constable can vary significantly in different jurisdictions. A constable is commonly the rank of an officer within the police. Other pe ...
from Oxford. The patient started to recover, but subsequently died because Florey was unable, at that time, to make enough penicillin. It was Florey and Chain who actually made a useful and effective drug out of penicillin, after the task had been abandoned as too difficult.
Florey's discoveries, along with the discoveries of Fleming and Ernst Chain, are estimated to have saved over 200 million lives, and he is consequently regarded by the Australian scientific and medical community as one of its greatest figures.
Sir Robert Menzies, Australia's longest-serving
Prime Minister
A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is ...
, said, "In terms of world well-being, Florey was the most important man ever born in Australia."
Early life and education
Howard Florey was born in
Malvern, a southern suburb of
Adelaide, Province of South Australia, the youngest of three children and the only son.
His father, Joseph Florey, was an English immigrant, and his mother Bertha Mary Wadham was a second-generation Australian.
His sister
Hilda Gardner
Hilda Josephine Gardner (; 6 September 1890 – 18 May 1953) was an Australian bacteriologist, who was a pioneer of laboratory medicine in Australia, specialising in infections and infectious diseases.
Gardner completed a Bachelor of Medicine, ...
became a bacteriologist and a pioneer of laboratory medicine.
Florey was educated at
Kyre College
Scotch College is an Independent school, independent, Uniting Church of Australia, Uniting Church, co-educational, Day school, day and boarding school, located on two adjacent campuses in Torrens Park, South Australia, Torrens Park and Mitcham, ...
Preparatory School (now
Scotch College) and then
St Peter's College, Adelaide,
where he excelled in chemistry and physics, but not mathematics.
He also played various sports for the school: cricket, football, athletics, and tennis.
He studied medicine at the
University of Adelaide from 1917 to 1921, paid entirely by a state scholarship he had achieved.
Florey continued his studies at
Magdalen College, Oxford
Magdalen College (, ) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford. It was founded in 1458 by William of Waynflete. Today, it is the fourth wealthiest college, with a financial endowment of £332.1 million as of 2019 and one of the ...
, as a
Rhodes Scholar under the tutelage of Sir
Charles Scott Sherrington
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (27 November 1857 – 4 March 1952) was an eminent English neurophysiologist. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system ...
, receiving the degrees of
BA in 1924 and
MA in 1935.
In 1925, he left Oxford to attend the
University of Cambridge
, mottoeng = Literal: From here, light and sacred draughts.
Non literal: From this place, we gain enlightenment and precious knowledge.
, established =
, other_name = The Chancellor, Masters and Schola ...
, during which time he won a fellowship from the
Rockefeller Foundation and studied in the United States for ten months. He returned to England in 1926 and was elected to a fellowship at
Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Gonville and Caius College, often referred to simply as Caius ( ), is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. Founded in 1348, it is the fourth-oldest of the University of Cambridge's 31 colleges and one of t ...
, and a year later he received the degree of PhD.
Career
After Cambridge, Florey was appointed to the Joseph Hunter Chair of
Pathology
Pathology is the study of the causes and effects of disease or injury. The word ''pathology'' also refers to the study of disease in general, incorporating a wide range of biology research fields and medical practices. However, when used in ...
at the
University of Sheffield
, mottoeng = To discover the causes of things
, established = – University of SheffieldPredecessor institutions:
– Sheffield Medical School – Firth College – Sheffield Technical School – University College of Sheffield
, type = Pu ...
in 1932. In 1935, he returned to Oxford, as Professor of Pathology and Fellow of
Lincoln College, Oxford, leading a team of researchers. Working with
Ernst Boris Chain,
Norman Heatley and
Edward Abraham
Sir Edward Penley Abraham, (10 June 1913 – 8 May 1999) was an English biochemist instrumental in the development of the first antibiotics penicillin and cephalosporin.
Early life and education
Abraham was born on 10 June 1913 at 47 South ...
, he read
Alexander Fleming's paper discussing the antibacterial effects of ''
Penicillium notatum'' mould.
In 1941, he and Chain treated their first patient,
Albert Alexander, who had had a small sore at the corner of his mouth, which then spread, leading to a severe facial infection involving
streptococci
''Streptococcus'' is a genus of gram-positive ' (plural ) or spherical bacteria that belongs to the family Streptococcaceae, within the order Lactobacillales (lactic acid bacteria), in the phylum Bacillota. Cell division in streptococci occu ...
and
staphylococci. His whole face, eyes and scalp were swollen to the extent that he had had an eye removed to relieve the pain. Within a day of being given penicillin, he started to recover. However, the researchers did not have enough penicillin to help him to a full recovery, and he relapsed and died. Because of this experience and the difficulty in producing penicillin, the researchers changed their focus to children, who could be treated with smaller quantities of penicillin.
Florey's research team investigated the large-scale production of the mould and efficient extraction of the active ingredient, succeeding to the point where, by 1945, penicillin production was an industrial process for the Allies in World War II. However, Florey said that the project was originally driven by scientific interests, and that the medicinal discovery was a bonus:
Florey shared the
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, accordi ...
in 1945 with Ernst Boris Chain and Alexander Fleming. Fleming first observed the antibiotic properties of the mould that makes penicillin, but it was Chain and Florey who developed it into a useful treatment.
In 1958, Florey opened the
John Curtin School of Medical Research at ANU in Canberra. In 1965, the Queen made him Lord Florey and he was offered, and accepted, the role of Chancellor of the
Australian National University
The Australian National University (ANU) is a public research university located in Canberra, the capital of Australia. Its main campus in Acton encompasses seven teaching and research colleges, in addition to several national academies an ...
.
Honours and awards
On 18 July 1944 Florey was appointed a
Knight Bachelor
The title of Knight Bachelor is the basic rank granted to a man who has been knighted by the monarch but not inducted as a member of one of the organised orders of chivalry; it is a part of the British honours system. Knights Bachelor are ...
.
[ including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1945 ''Penicillin''] In 1947, he won the Gold Medal of the
Royal Society of Medicine
The Royal Society of Medicine (RSM) is a medical society in the United Kingdom, headquartered in London.
History
The Society was established in 1805 as Medical and Chirurgical Society of London, meeting in two rooms in barristers’ chambers ...
.
He was awarded the
Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh
The Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh is awarded by the College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine to a person who has made any highly important and valuable addition to Practical Therapeutics in the previous five ye ...
and the
Lister Medal in 1945, for his contributions to surgical science.
The corresponding Lister Oration, given at the
Royal College of Surgeons of England
The Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCS England) is an independent professional body and registered charity that promotes and advances standards of surgical care for patients, and regulates surgery and dentistry in England and Wales. T ...
later that year, was titled "Use of Micro-organisms for Therapeutic Purposes". In 1946, the
University of Sao Paulo awarded him an honorary doctorate.
Florey was elected a member of the
Royal Society
The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences. The society fulfils a number of roles: promoting science and its benefits, re ...
in 1941 and became president in 1958.
In 1962, Florey became Provost of
The Queen's College, Oxford
The Queen's College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford, England. The college was founded in 1341 by Robert de Eglesfield in honour of Philippa of Hainault. It is distinguished by its predominantly neoclassical architecture, ...
. During his term as Provost, the college built a new residential block, named the Florey Building in his honour. The building was designed by the British architect Sir
James Stirling.
Florey was elected to both the United States
National Academy of Sciences and the
American Philosophical Society
The American Philosophical Society (APS), founded in 1743 in Philadelphia, is a scholarly organization that promotes knowledge in the sciences and humanities through research, professional meetings, publications, library resources, and communit ...
in 1963. He was elected to the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (abbreviation: AAA&S) is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States. It was founded in 1780 during the American Revolution by John Adams, John Hancock, James Bowdoin, Andrew Oliver, a ...
the following year.
On 4 February 1965, Sir Howard was created a
life peer
In the United Kingdom, life peers are appointed members of the peerage whose titles cannot be inherited, in contrast to hereditary peers. In modern times, life peerages, always created at the rank of baron, are created under the Life Peerages ...
and became Baron Florey, of Adelaide in the State of South Australia and Commonwealth of Australia and of Marston in the City of Oxford. This was a higher honour than the knighthood awarded to penicillin's discoverer, Sir Alexander Fleming, and it recognised the monumental work Florey had done in making penicillin available in sufficient quantities to save millions of lives in the war, despite Fleming's doubts that this was feasible. On 15 July 1965 Florey was appointed a
Member of The Order of Merit
The Order of Merit (french: link=no, Ordre du Mérite) is an order of merit for the Commonwealth realms, recognising distinguished service in the armed forces, science, art, literature, or for the promotion of culture. Established in 1902 by K ...
.
Florey was Chancellor of the
Australian National University
The Australian National University (ANU) is a public research university located in Canberra, the capital of Australia. Its main campus in Acton encompasses seven teaching and research colleges, in addition to several national academies an ...
from 1965 until his death in 1968. The lecture theatre at the John Curtin School of Medical Research was named for him during his tenure at the ANU.
Posthumous honours and legacy
Florey's portrait appeared on the
Australian $50 note for 22 years (1973–95), and the suburb of
Florey in the
Australian Capital Territory
The Australian Capital Territory (commonly abbreviated as ACT), known as the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) until 1938, is a landlocked federal territory of Australia containing the national capital Canberra and some surrounding township#Aust ...
is named after him. The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, located at the
University of Melbourne
The University of Melbourne is a public research university located in Melbourne, Australia. Founded in 1853, it is Australia's second oldest university and the oldest in Victoria. Its main campus is located in Parkville, an inner suburb ...
,
Victoria, and a lecture theatre in the
University of Adelaide's medical school are also named after him. The defunct
Australian Student Prize
The Australian Student Prize (formerly the '' Lord Florey Student Prize'') was an Australian Government prize that was awarded annually from 1991 to 2014, to give "national recognition to academic excellence and achievement in secondary education". ...
, given to outstanding high-school leavers, was previously called the "Lord Florey Student Prize" in recognition of Florey.
The Florey Unit of the
Royal Berkshire Hospital in
Reading, Berkshire
Reading ( ) is a town and borough in Berkshire, southeast England. Located in the Thames Valley at the confluence of the rivers Thames and Kennet, the Great Western Main Line railway and the M4 motorway serve the town. Reading is east ...
, is named after him.
The Florey Institute for Host–Pathogen Interactions at the
University of Sheffield
, mottoeng = To discover the causes of things
, established = – University of SheffieldPredecessor institutions:
– Sheffield Medical School – Firth College – Sheffield Technical School – University College of Sheffield
, type = Pu ...
is named in his honour.
The Florey Science Centre at
St Peter's College, Adelaide, is named after him, as he attended the college. It was opened post 1950. The building facilitates science classes for students from Year 7 to Year 12. On the lowest floor's concourse there is a commemorative statue and plaque.
Personal life
At the University of Adelaide, he met Ethel Reed (
Mary Ethel Hayter Reed) (1900-1966), another medical student, who became both his wife (in 1926) and his research colleague. They had two children: Paquita Mary Joanna and
Charles du Vé.
After the death of his wife Ethel, he married in 1967 his long-time colleague and research assistant
Margaret Jennings (1904–1994). He died of a
congestive heart failure
Heart failure (HF), also known as congestive heart failure (CHF), is a syndrome, a group of signs and symptoms caused by an impairment of the heart's blood pumping function. Symptoms typically include shortness of breath, excessive fatigue, ...
in 1968 and was honoured with a memorial service at
Westminster Abbey
Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at Westminster, is an historic, mainly Gothic church in the City of Westminster, London, England, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. It is one of the United ...
, London.
His sister
Hilda Gardner
Hilda Josephine Gardner (; 6 September 1890 – 18 May 1953) was an Australian bacteriologist, who was a pioneer of laboratory medicine in Australia, specialising in infections and infectious diseases.
Gardner completed a Bachelor of Medicine, ...
(1890 – 1953) was an Australian bacteriologist, who was a pioneer of laboratory medicine in Australia, specialising in infections and infectious diseases.
Joan Gardner, his niece through Hilda,was also a renowned microbiologist and infection control expert.
Florey was an agnostic.
In film
''Penicillin: The Magic Bullet'' is a 2006 Australian film production written by Gordon Glenn and financed by the Film Finance Corporation and Arcimedia Productions in association with Film Victoria.
''Breaking The Mould'' is a 2009 historical drama that tells the story of the development of penicillin in the 1930s and '40s, by the group of scientists at Oxford headed by Florey at the Dunn School of Pathology. The film stars
Dominic West as Florey,
Denis Lawson, and
Oliver Dimsdale; and was written by
Kate Brooke
Kate Brooke, Lady Lovegrove is a British screenwriter.
Origins, education and early career
Brooke is the daughter of the late Timothy Sergison-Brooke and the Hon. Mary Anne Hare (b. 9 April 1936), eldest daughter of John Hare, 1st Viscount Blake ...
and directed by
Peter Hoar.
References
Further reading
*
*
External links
* including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1945 ''Penicillin''
{{DEFAULTSORT:Florey, Howard Walter
1898 births
1968 deaths
Academics of the University of Sheffield
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Australian Nobel laureates
Australian agnostics
Australian Knights Bachelor
Australian life peers
Australian pharmacologists
Australian Rhodes Scholars
Australian scientists
Australian pathologists
Australian people of English descent
Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Fellows of Lincoln College, Oxford
Fellows of The Queen's College, Oxford
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Provosts of The Queen's College, Oxford
People educated at St Peter's College, Adelaide
Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
Presidents of the Royal Society
Royal Medal winners
Recipients of the Copley Medal
University of Adelaide Medical School alumni
Chancellors of the Australian National University
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Medal for Merit recipients
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
Members of the American Philosophical Society