Hopf Invariant

In mathematics, in particular in algebraic topology, the Hopf invariant is a homotopy invariant of certain maps between n-spheres.
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Motivation

In 1931 Heinz Hopf used Clifford parallels to construct the '' Hopf map''
:$\eta\colon S^3 \to S^2$,

and proved that $\eta$ is essential, i.e., not homotopic to the constant map, by using the fact that the linking number of the circles
:$\eta^(x),\eta^(y) \subset S^3$
is equal to 1, for any $x \neq y \in S^2$.

It was later shown that the homotopy group $\pi_3(S^2)$ is the infinite cyclic group generated by $\eta$. In 1951, Jean-Pierre Serre proved that the rational homotopy groups
:$\pi_i(S^n) \otimes \mathbb$

for an odd-dimensional sphere ($n$ odd) are zero unless $i$ is equal to 0 or ''n''. However, for an even-dimensional sphere (''n'' even), there is one more bit of infinite cyclic homotopy in degree $2n-1$.

Definition

Let $\phi \colon S^ \to S^n$ be a continuous map (assume $n>1$). Then we can form the cell complex

: $C_\phi = S^n \cup_\phi D^,$

where $D^$ is a $2n$-dimensional disc attached to $S^n$ via $\phi$.
The cellular chain groups $C^*_\mathrm(C_\phi)$ are just freely generated on the $i$-cells in degree $i$, so they are $\mathbb$ in degree 0, $n$ and $2n$ and zero everywhere else. Cellular (co-)homology is the (co-)homology of this chain complex, and since all boundary homomorphisms must be zero (recall that $n>1$), the cohomology is

: $H^i_\mathrm(C_\phi) = \begin \mathbb & i=0,n,2n, \\ 0 & \mbox. \end$

Denote the generators of the cohomology groups by

: $H^n(C_\phi) = \langle\alpha\rangle$ and $H^(C_\phi) = \langle\beta\rangle.$

For dimensional reasons, all cup-products between those classes must be trivial apart from $\alpha \smile \alpha$. Thus, as a ''ring'', the cohomology is

: H^*(C_\phi) = \mathbb alpha,\beta\langle \beta\smile\beta = \alpha\smile\beta = 0, \alpha\smile\alpha=h(\phi)\beta\rangle.

The integer $h(\phi)$ is the Hopf invariant of the map $\phi$.

Properties

Theorem: The map $h\colon\pi_(S^n)\to\mathbb$ is a homomorphism.
If $n$ is odd, $h$ is trivial (since $\pi_(S^n)$ is torsion).
If $n$ is even, the image of $h$ contains $2\mathbb$. Moreover, the image of the Whitehead product of identity maps equals 2, i. e. h( _n, i_n=2, where $i_n \colon S^n \to S^n$ is the identity map and ,\cdot\,,\,\cdot\,/math> is the Whitehead product.

The Hopf invariant is $1$ for the ''Hopf maps'', where $n=1,2,4,8$, corresponding to the real division algebras $\mathbb=\mathbb,\mathbb,\mathbb,\mathbb$, respectively, and to the fibration $S(\mathbb^2)\to\mathbb^1$ sending a direction on the sphere to the subspace it spans. It is a theorem, proved first by Frank Adams, and subsequently by Adams and Michael Atiyah with methods of topological K-theory, that these are the only maps with Hopf invariant 1.

Whitehead integral formula

J. H. C. Whitehead has proposed the following integral formula for the Hopf invariant.
Given a map $\phi \colon S^ \to S^n$, one considers a volume form $\omega_n$ on $S^n$ such that $\int_\omega_n = 1$.
Since $d\omega_n = 0$, the pullback $\varphi^* \omega_n$ is a Closed differential form: $d(\varphi^* \omega_n) = \varphi^* (d\omega_n) = \varphi^* 0 = 0$.
By Poincaré's lemma it is an exact differential form: there exists an $(n - 1)$-form $\eta$ on $S^$ such that $d\eta = \varphi^* \omega_n$. The Hopf invariant is then given by
:$\int_ \eta \wedge d \eta.$

Generalisations for stable maps

A very general notion of the Hopf invariant can be defined, but it requires a certain amount of homotopy theoretic groundwork:

Let $V$ denote a vector space and $V^\infty$ its one-point compactification, i.e. $V \cong \mathbb^k$ and
:$V^\infty \cong S^k$ for some $k$.

If $(X,x_0)$ is any pointed space (as it is implicitly in the previous section), and if we take the point at infinity to be the basepoint of $V^\infty$, then we can form the wedge products
:$V^\infty \wedge X$.

Now let
:$F \colon V^\infty \wedge X \to V^\infty \wedge Y$

be a stable map, i.e. stable under the reduced suspension functor. The ''(stable) geometric Hopf invariant'' of $F$ is
:$h(F) \in \_$,

an element of the stable $\mathbb_2$-equivariant homotopy group of maps from $X$ to $Y \wedge Y$. Here "stable" means "stable under suspension", i.e. the direct limit over $V$ (or $k$, if you will) of the ordinary, equivariant homotopy groups; and the $\mathbb_2$-action is the trivial action on $X$ and the flipping of the two factors on $Y \wedge Y$. If we let
:$\Delta_X \colon X \to X \wedge X$

denote the canonical diagonal map and $I$ the identity, then the Hopf invariant is defined by the following:
:$h(F) := (F \wedge F) (I \wedge \Delta_X) - (I \wedge \Delta_Y) (I \wedge F).$

This map is initially a map from
:$V^\infty \wedge V^\infty \wedge X$ to $V^\infty \wedge V^\infty \wedge Y \wedge Y$,

but under the direct limit it becomes the advertised element of the stable homotopy $\mathbb_2$-equivariant group of maps.
There exists also an unstable version of the Hopf invariant $h_V(F)$, for which one must keep track of the vector space $V$.

References

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*{{springer, first=A.V. , last=Shokurov, title=Hopf invariant, id=h/h048000

Homotopy theory