Martin Sandberger
Martin Sandberger (17 August 1911 – 30 March 2010) was a German SS functionary during the Nazi era and a convicted Holocaust perpetrator. He commanded Sonderkommando 1a of Einsatzgruppe A, as well as the Sicherheitspolizei and SD in E ...
was appointed as the head of the Gestapo in Verona and played a vital role in the arrest and deportation of the Italian Jews.
As in other German-occupied areas, and in the
Reich Security Main Office itself, the persecution of the Nazis' undesirable minorities and political opponents fell under Section IV of the Security Police and SD. In turn, Section IV was subdivided into further departments, of which department IV–4b was responsible for Jewish affairs. Dannecker, then Boßhammer headed this department.
The Congress of Verona
The attitude of the Italian Fascists towards Italian Jews changed drastically in November 1943, after the Fascist authorities declared them to be of "enemy nationality" during the
Congress of Verona
The Congress of Verona met at Verona on 20 October 1822 as part of the series of international conferences or congresses that opened with the Congress of Vienna in 1814–15, which had instituted the Concert of Europe at the close of the Napo ...
and began to participate actively in the prosecution and arrest of Jews. Initially, after the Italian surrender, the Italian police had only assisted in the round-up of Jews when requested to do so by German authorities. With the
Manifest of Verona, in which Jews were declared foreigners, and in times of war enemies, this changed.
Police Order No. 5 on November 30, 1943, issued by
Guido Buffarini Guidi
Guido Buffarini Guidi (17 August 1895 – 10 July 1945) was an Italian army officer and politician, executed for war crimes in 1945.
Biography
Buffarini Guidi was born in Pisa in 1895. When Italy entered World War I, he volunteered in an a ...
, minister of the interior of the RSI, ordered the Italian police to arrest Jews and confiscate their property. This order, however, exempted Jews over the age of 70 or of mixed marriages, which frustrated the Germans who wanted to arrest and deport all Italian Jews.
Deportation and murder
The arrest and deportation of Jews in German-occupied Italy can be separated into two distinct phases. The first, under Dannecker, from September 1943 to January 1944, saw mobile ''s'' target Jews in major Italian cities. The second phase took place under Boßhammer, who had replaced Dannecker in early 1944. Boßhammer set up a centralised persecution system, using all available German and Fascist Italian police resources, to arrest and deport Italian Jews.
The arrest of Jewish Italians and Jewish refugees began almost immediately after the surrender, in October 1943. This took place in all major Italian cities under German control, albeit with limited success. The Italian police offered little cooperation, and ninety percent of Rome's 10,000 Jews escaped arrest. Arrested Jews were taken to the transit camps at
Borgo San Dalmazzo
Borgo San Dalmazzo ( oc, Lo Borg Sant Dalmatz) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about south of Turin and about southwest of Cuneo.
Borgo San Dalmazzo takes its name from Saint Dal ...
,
Fossoli and
Bolzano
Bolzano ( or ; german: Bozen, (formerly ); bar, Bozn; lld, Balsan or ) is the capital city of the province of South Tyrol in northern Italy. With a population of 108,245, Bolzano is also by far the largest city in South Tyrol and the third la ...
, and from there to
Auschwitz
Auschwitz concentration camp ( (); also or ) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) during World War II and the Holocaust. It co ...
. Of the 4,800 deported from the camps by the end of 1943 only 314 survived.
Approximately half of all Jews arrested during the Holocaust in Italy were arrested in 1944 by the Italian police.
Altogether, by the end of the war, almost 8,600 Jews from Italy and Italian-controlled areas in France and Greece were deported to Auschwitz; all but 1,000 were murdered. Only 506 were sent to other camps (Bergen-Belsen, Buchenwald, Ravensbrück, and Flossenbürg) as hostages or political prisoners. Among them were a few hundred Jews from Libya, an Italian colony before the war, who had been deported to mainland Italy in 1942, and were sent to
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
Bergen-Belsen , or Belsen, was a Nazi concentration camp in what is today Lower Saxony in Northern Germany, northern Germany, southwest of the town of Bergen, Lower Saxony, Bergen near Celle. Originally established as a prisoner of war camp, i ...
. Most of them held British and French citizenship and most survived the war.
A further 300 Jews were shot or died of other causes in transit camps in Italy.
Of those executed in Italy, almost half were murdered at the
Ardeatine massacre
The Ardeatine massacre, or Fosse Ardeatine massacre ( it, Eccidio delle Fosse Ardeatine), was a mass killing of 335 civilians and political prisoners carried out in Rome on 24 March 1944 by German occupation troops during the Second World W ...
in March 1944 alone.
The
1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler
The 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler or SS Division Leibstandarte, abbreviated as LSSAH, (german: 1. SS-Panzerdivision "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler") began as Adolf Hitler's personal bodyguard unit, responsible for guarding ...
murdered over 50 Jewish civilians, refugees and Italian nationals, at the
Lake Maggiore massacres
The Lake Maggiore massacres was a set of World War II war crimes that took place near Lake Maggiore, Italy, in September and October 1943. Despite strict orders not to commit any violence against civilians in the aftermath of the Italian surrend ...
—the first massacres of Jews by Germany in Italy during the war. These were committed immediately after the Italian surrender, and the bodies sunk in the lake. This occurred despite strict orders at the time not to commit any violence against the civilian population.
In the nineteen months of German occupation, from September 1943 to May 1945, twenty percent of Italy's pre-war Jewish population was murdered by the Nazis.
The actual Jewish population in Italy during the war was, however, higher than the initial 40,000 as the Italian government had evacuated 4,000 Jewish refugees from its occupation zones to southern Italy alone. By September 1943, 43,000 Jews were present in northern Italy and, by the end of the war, 40,000 Jews in Italy had survived the Holocaust.
Romani people
Unlike Italian Jews, the
Romani people faced discrimination by Fascist Italy almost from the start of the regime. In 1926 it ordered that all "foreign Gypsies" should be expelled from the country and, from September 1940, Romani people of Italian nationality were held in designated camps. With the start of the German occupation many of these camps came under German control. The impact the German occupation had on the Romani people in Italy has seen little research. The number of Romani who were murdered in Italian camps or were deported to concentration camps is uncertain. The number of Romani people who were killed from hunger and exposure during the Fascist Italian period is also unknown but is estimated to be in the thousands.
While Italy observes January 27 as Remembrance Day for the Holocaust and its Jewish Italian victims, efforts to extend this official recognition to the Italian Romani people murdered by the Fascist regime, or deported to extermination camps, have been rejected.
Role of the Catholic Church and the Vatican
Before the
Raid of the Ghetto of Rome
The Raid of the Ghetto of Rome took place on 16 October 1943. A total of 1,259 people, mainly members of the Jewish community—numbering 363 men, 689 women, and 207 children—were detained by the Gestapo. Of these detainees, 1,023 were identif ...
Germany had been warned that such an action could raise the displeasure of
Pope Pius XII
Pope Pius XII ( it, Pio XII), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (; 2 March 18769 October 1958), was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City, Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his death in October 1958. ...
, but the pope never spoke out against the deportation of the Jews of Rome during the war, something that has since sparked
controversy. At the same time, members of the Catholic Church provided assistance to Jews and helped them survive the Holocaust in Italy.
Camps
German and Italian run transit camps for Jews, political prisoners and forced labour existed in Italy. These included:
*
Bolzano Transit Camp
, known for =
, location = Bolzano, Operationszone Alpenvorland
, coordinates =
, built by =
, operated by = SS
, commandant = Wilhelm Harster Karl Friedrich Titho
, original use ...
, in the
Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region, then part of the
Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills
The Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills (german: Operationszone Alpenvorland (OZAV); it, Zona d'operazione delle Prealpi) was a Nazi German occupation zone in the sub-Alpine area in Italy during World War II.
Origin and geography
OZAV wa ...
, operating as a German-controlled transit camp from summer 1944 to May 1945.
*
Borgo San Dalmazzo concentration camp, in the
Piedmont region, operating as a German-controlled transit camp from September 1943 to November 1943 and, under Italian control, from December 1943 to February 1944.
*
Fossoli di Carpi
The Fossoli camp ( it, Campo di Fossoli) was a concentration camp in Italy, established during World War II and located in the village Fossoli, Carpi, Emilia-Romagna. It began as a prisoner of war camp in 1942, later being a Jewish concentrat ...
, in the
Emilia-Romagna region, operating as a prisoner of war camp under Italian control from May 1942 to September 1943, then as a transit camp, still under Italian control until March 1944 and, from then until November 1944 under German control.
Apart from these transit camps, Germany also operated the
Risiera di San Sabba
Risiera di San Sabba ( sl, Rižarna) is a five-storey brick-built compound located in Trieste, northern Italy, that functioned during World War II as a Nazi concentration camp for the detention and killing of political prisoners, and a transit ...
camp in
Trieste, then part of the
Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral, which simultaneously functioned as an extermination and transit camp. It was the only extermination camp in Italy during World War II. It operated from October 1943 to April 1945, with up to 5,000 people murdered there,
most of those being political prisoners.
In addition to the designated camps, Jews and political prisoners were held in common prisons, like the
San Vittore Prison in
Milan, which gained notoriety during the war through the inhumane treatment of inmates by the SS guards and the torture carried out there.
From San Vittore Prison, which served as a transit station for Jews arrested in northern Italy, prisoners were taken to the
Milano Centrale railway station
Milano Centrale ( it, Stazione Milano Centrale) is the main railway station of the city of Milan, Italy, and is the largest railway station in Europe by volume. The station is a terminus and located at the northern end of central Milan. It was ...
. There they were loaded onto freight cars on a secret track underneath the station and deported.
Looting of Jewish property
Apart from the extermination of the Jews, Nazi Germany was also extremely interested in appropriating Jewish property. A 2010 estimate set the value of Jewish property looted in Italy during the Holocaust between 1943 and 1945 at US$1 billion.
Among the most priceless artifacts lost this way are the contents of the
Biblioteca della Comunità Israelitica and the , the two Jewish libraries in Rome. Of the former, all of its contents remain missing, while some of the latter's contents were returned after the war.
Weeks before the
Raid of the Ghetto of Rome
The Raid of the Ghetto of Rome took place on 16 October 1943. A total of 1,259 people, mainly members of the Jewish community—numbering 363 men, 689 women, and 207 children—were detained by the Gestapo. Of these detainees, 1,023 were identif ...
,
Herbert Kappler
Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 – 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. He served as head of German police and security services (''Sicherheitspolizei'' and SD) in Rome during the Second W ...
forced Rome's Jewish community to hand over of gold in exchange for safety. Despite doing so on September 28, 1943, over 1,000 of its members were arrested on October 16 and deported to Auschwitz where all but 16 were murdered.
Perpetrators
Very few German or Italian perpetrators of the Holocaust in Italy were tried or jailed after the war.
Post-war trials
Of
the war crimes committed by the Nazis in Italy the Ardeatine massacre saw arguably the most perpetrators convicted. High-ranking
Wehrmacht officials
Albert Kesselring
Albert Kesselring (30 November 1885 – 16 July 1960) was a German ''Generalfeldmarschall'' of the Luftwaffe during World War II who was subsequently convicted of war crimes. In a military career that spanned both world wars, Kesselring beca ...
, field marshal and commander of all Axis forces in the Mediterranean theatre,
Eberhard von Mackensen
Friedrich August Eberhard von Mackensen (24 September 1889 – 19 May 1969) was a German general and war criminal during World War II who served as commander of the 1st Panzer Army and the 14th Army. Following the war, Mackensen stood trial for ...
, commander of the 14th German Army and
Kurt Mälzer, military commander of Rome, were all sentenced to death. They were pardoned and released in 1952; Mälzer died before he could be released. Of the perpetrators from the SS, police chief of Rome
Herbert Kappler
Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 – 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. He served as head of German police and security services (''Sicherheitspolizei'' and SD) in Rome during the Second W ...
was sentenced in 1948 but latter escaped jail to Germany.
Erich Priebke and
Karl Hass were eventually tried in 1997.
Heinrich Andergassen
Heinrich or Heinz Andergassen (30 July 1908 in Hall, Tyrol, Austro-Hungarian Empire – 26 July 1946 in Livorno, Italy) was an engineer, SS officer, and convicted war criminal who was executed for the torture and murder of seven Allied prisoners ...
, a
Gestapo officer who played a key role in the rounding up and deportations of 25 Jews from
Merano
Merano (, , ) or Meran () is a city and '' comune'' in South Tyrol, northern Italy. Generally best known for its spa resorts, it is located within a basin, surrounded by mountains standing up to above sea level, at the entrance to the Passeie ...
, 24 of whom later died, was never tried for his role in their deaths. However, he and three others were arrested by the U.S. Army for the murders of five American and two British POWs. Andergassen and two of his codefendants were executed for those murders on 26 July 1946.
Theodor Dannecker
Theodor Denecke (also spelled Dannecker) (27 March 1913 – 10 December 1945) was a German SS-captain (), a key aide to Adolf Eichmann in the deportation of Jews during World War II.
A trained lawyer Denecke first served at the Reich Security ...
, in charge of the in Italy, committed suicide after being captured in December 1945, thereby avoiding a possible trial.
His successor,
Friedrich Boßhammer
Friedrich Boßhammer (1906–1972) was a German jurist, SS-''Sturmbannführer'' and close associate of Adolf Eichmann, responsible for the deportation of the Italian Jews to extermination camps from January 1944 until the end of the war in Europ ...
, disappeared at the end of the war in 1945 and subsequently worked as a lawyer in
Wuppertal. He was arrested in West Germany in 1968 and eventually sentenced to life in prison for his involvement in the deportation of 3,300 Jews from Italy to
Auschwitz
Auschwitz concentration camp ( (); also or ) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) during World War II and the Holocaust. It co ...
. During the Holocaust almost 8,000 of the 45,000 Jews living in Italy perished. During his trial over 200 witnesses were heard before he was sentenced in April 1972. He died a few months after the verdict without having spent any time in prison.
Karl Friedrich Titho's role as camp commander at the Fossoli di Carpi Transit Camp and the Bolzano Transit Camp in the deportation of Jewish camp inmates to Auschwitz was investigated by the state prosecutor in
Dortmund, Germany, in the early 1970s. The investigation was eventually terminated because it could not be proven that Titho knew the Jews deported to Auschwitz would be murdered there and that, given the late state of the war, they were murdered at all. He was also tried for the execution of 67 prisoners as reprisal for a partisan attack. It was ruled that this did not classify as being murder but, at most, as manslaughter. As such the charge had exceeded the
statute of limitations. The two heads of the department investigating Titho had been members of the Nazi Party from an early date.
In 1964, six members of the division were charged with the
Lago Maggiore massacre, carried out near
Meina
Meina is a '' comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Novara in the Italian region of Piedmont, located about northwest of Milan, about northeast of Turin and about north of Novara, on the southern area of Lake Maggiore.
During World War II ...
, as the statute of limitation laws in Germany at the time, twenty years for murder, meant the perpetrators could soon no longer be prosecuted. All the accused were found guilty, and three received life sentences for murder. Two others received a jail sentence of three years for having been accessories to the murders, while the sixth one died during the trial. The sentences were appealed and Germany's highest court, the ''
Bundesgerichtshof
The Federal Court of Justice (german: Bundesgerichtshof, BGH) is the highest court in the system of ordinary jurisdiction (''ordentliche Gerichtsbarkeit'') in Germany, founded in 1950. It has its seat in Karlsruhe with two panels being situ ...
'', while not overturning the guilty verdict, ruled that the perpetrators had to be freed on a technicality. As the crimes had been committed in 1943 and were investigated by the division at that time without a conclusion, the usual start date for the statute of limitations for Nazi crimes, the date of the German surrender in 1945, did not apply. Since the defendants were charged more than twenty years after the 1943 massacre, the statute of limitations had expired.
This verdict caused much frustration for a younger generation of German state prosecutors who were interested in prosecuting Nazi crimes and their perpetrators. The ruling by the had further repercussions. It stated perpetrators could only be charged with murder if direct involvement in killing could be proven. In any other cases the charge could only be manslaughter. This meant that after 1960, under German law, the statute of limitations for manslaughter crimes had expired.
In 1969 Germany revoked the statute of limitations for murder altogether, allowing direct murder charges to be prosecuted indefinitely. This was not always applied to Nazi war crimes which were judged by pre-1969 laws. Some like
Wolfgang Lehnigk-Emden escaped a jail sentence despite having been found guilty in the case of the
Caiazzo massacre
The Caiazzo massacre ( it, Eccidio di Caiazzo, german: Massaker von Caiazzo) was the massacre of 22 Italian civilians at Caiazzo, Campania, Southern Italy, on 13 October 1943, during World War II by members of the German 3rd Panzergrenadier Div ...
.
Italian role in the Holocaust
The role of Italians as collaborators of the Germans in the Holocaust in Italy has rarely been reflected upon in the country after World War II. A 2015 book by Simon Levis Sullam, a professor of modern history at the
Ca' Foscari University of Venice
Ca' Foscari University of Venice ( it, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, simply Università Ca' Foscari) is a public university in Venice, Italy. Since its foundation in 1868, it has been housed in the Venetian Gothic palace of Ca' Foscari, from ...
, titled ''The Italian Executioners: The Genocide of the Jews of Italy'' examined the role of Italians in the genocide and found half of the Italian Jews murdered in the Holocaust were arrested by Italians and not Germans. Many of these arrests could only be carried out because of tip-offs by civilians. Sullam argued that Italy ignored what he called its "era of the executioner", rehabilitated Italian participants in the Holocaust through a 1946 amnesty, and continued to focus on its role as saviours of the Jews rather than to reflect on the persecution Jews suffered in Fascist Italy.
Michele Sarfatti, one of most important historians of Italian Jewry in the country, stated that, in his view, up until the 1970s Italians generally believed their country was not involved in the Holocaust, and that it was exclusively the work of the German occupiers instead. This only began to change in the 1990s after the publication of by Jewish-Italian historian , and the Italian Racial Laws in book form in the early 2000s. These laws highlighted the fact that Italy's anti-Semitic laws were distinctly independent from those in Nazi Germany and, in some instances, more severe than the early anti-Semitic laws Germany had enacted.
Commemoration
Memoriale della Shoah
The is a
Holocaust memorial
A number of organizations, museums and monuments are intended to serve as memorials to the Holocaust, the Nazi Final Solution, and its millions of victims.
Memorials and museums listed by country:
__NOTOC__
A - D: AlbaniaArgentina AustraliaAust ...
in
Milano Centrale railway station
Milano Centrale ( it, Stazione Milano Centrale) is the main railway station of the city of Milan, Italy, and is the largest railway station in Europe by volume. The station is a terminus and located at the northern end of central Milan. It was ...
, dedicated to the Jewish people deported from a secret platform underneath the station to the extermination camps. It was opened in January 2013.
Borgo San Dalmazzo camp
No trace remains of the former Borgo San Dalmazzo concentration camp, but two monuments were erected to mark the events that took place there. In 2006 a memorial was erected at the Borgo San Dalmazzo railway station to commemorate the deportations. The memorial contains the names, ages and countries of origin of the victims as well as those of the few survivors. It also has some freight cars of the type used in the deportations.
Fossoli Camp
In 1996 a foundation was formed to preserve the former camp. From 1998 to 2003 volunteers rebuilt the fencing around the ''Campo Nuovo'' and, in 2004, one of the barracks that was used to house Jewish inmates was reconstructed.
Italian Righteous Among the Nations
As of 2018, 694 Italians have been recognised as
Righteous Among the Nations, an honorific used by the State of Israel to describe non-Jews who risked their lives during the Holocaust to save Jews from extermination by the Nazis.
The first Italians to be honoured in this fashion were Don Arrigo Beccari, Doctor Giuseppe Moreali and Ezio Giorgetti in 1964.
Arguably the most famous of these is cyclist
Gino Bartali
Gino Bartali (; 18 July 1914 – 5 May 2000), nicknamed Gino the Pious and (in Italy) Ginettaccio, was a champion road cyclist. He was the most renowned Italian cyclist before the Second World War, having won the Giro d'Italia twice, in 19 ...
, winner of the 1938 and 1948
Tour de France, who was honoured posthumously in 2014 for his role in saving Italian Jews during the Holocaust, never having spoken about it during his lifetime.
The Italian Holocaust in literature and the media
Literature
Primo Levi, an Italian Jewish Auschwitz survivor, published his experience of the Holocaust in Italy in his books ''
If This Is a Man'' and ''
The Periodic Table''. The novel ''
The Garden of the Finzi-Continis
''The Garden of the Finzi-Continis'' ( it, Il giardino dei Finzi-Contini) is an Italian historical novel by Giorgio Bassani, published in 1962. It chronicles the relationships between the narrator and the children of the Finzi-Contini family fro ...
'' by
Giorgio Bassani
Giorgio Bassani (4 March 1916 – 13 April 2000) was an Italian novelist, poet, essayist, editor, and international intellectual.
Biography
Bassani was born in Bologna into a prosperous Jewish family of Ferrara, where he spent his childhood wi ...
deals with the fate of the Jews of
Ferrara during the Holocaust and was made into a movie of the
same name.
While Levi published his first works on the ''Shoah'' in the 1970s ( and ), the first implicit account of the Italian Holocaust can be found in the allusions made by
Eugenio Montale
Eugenio Montale (; 12 October 1896 – 12 September 1981) was an Italian poet, prose writer, editor and translator, and recipient of the 1975 Nobel Prize in Literature.
Life and works
Early years
Montale was born in Genoa. His family were che ...
in his and later in and , published in the section of . The subject matter was more explicitly developed by
Salvatore Quasimodo
Salvatore Quasimodo (; August 20, 1901 – June 14, 1968) was an Italian poet and translator. In 1959, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own time ...
and "in the
prose poems collected by
Umberto Saba in " (1946).
* Appelbaum, Eva. ''Flight from WWII Yugoslavia and Coming of Age in Italy'' (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2018)
* Bassani, Giorgio. ''The Garden of the Finzi-Continis'' (Everyman's Library, 2005)
* Bassani, Giorgio. ''The Novel of Ferrara'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 2018)
* Debenedetti, Giacomo. ''October 16, 1943 - Eight Jews'' (University of Notre Dame Press, 2001).
* Goldman, Louis. ''Friends for Life: The Story of a Holocaust Survivor and His Rescuers'' (Paulist Press, 2008)
* Harmon, Amy. ''From Sand and Ash'' (Lake Union Publishing, 2016)
* Levi, Primo. ''Survival in Auschwitz'' (Simon & Schuster, 1996)
* Levi, Primo. ''The Drowned and the Saved'' (Simon & Schuster, 2017)
* Levi, Primo. ''The Reawakening'' (Touchstone, 1995)
* Loy, Rosetta. ''First Words: A Childhood in Fascist Italy'' (Metropolitan Books, 2014)
* Marchione, Margherita. ''Yours Is a Precious Witness: Memoirs of Jews and Catholics in Wartime Italy'' (Paulist Press, 1997)
* Millu, Liana. ''Smoke over Birkenau'' (Northwestern University Press, 1998)
* Russo, Marisabina. ''I Will Come Back for You: A Family in Hiding in World War II'' (Dragonfly Books, 2014)
* Segre, Dan Vittorio. ''Memoirs of a Fortunate Jew: An Italian Story'' (University of Chicago Press, 2008).
* Stille, Alexander. ''Benevolence and Betrayal: Five Italian Jewish Families Under Fascism'' (Summit Books, 1991).
* Vitale Ben Bassat, Dafna. ''Vittoria: A Historical Drama Based on A True Story'' (2016).
* Wolff, Walter. ''Bad Times, Good People: A Holocaust Survivor Recounts His Life in Italy During World War II'' (Whittier Pubn, 1999)
Films
The Oscar-winners ''
The Garden of the Finzi-Continis
''The Garden of the Finzi-Continis'' ( it, Il giardino dei Finzi-Contini) is an Italian historical novel by Giorgio Bassani, published in 1962. It chronicles the relationships between the narrator and the children of the Finzi-Contini family fro ...
'' by
Vittorio De Sica (1970) and ''
Life Is Beautiful'' by
Roberto Benigni (1997) are the two most famous movies on the Holocaust in Italy. Many more have been produced on the subject.
[Perra, Emiliano. ''Conflicts of Memory: The Reception of Holocaust Films and TV Programmes in Italy, 1945 to the Present'' (Peter Lang AG, 2010) ]
* 1949 - ''
Monastero di Santa Chiara'', directed by
Mario Sequi
Mario Sequi (1913-1992) was an Italian film director and screenwriter.Bayman p.59 A Sardinian by birth, he was married to the actress Lia Franca. He began his career in the 1930s as a Unit production manager, production manager in the 1930s before ...
* 1960 - ''
Everybody Go Home
''Everybody Go Home'' ( it, Tutti a casa) is a 1960 Italian comedy-drama film directed by Luigi Comencini. It features an international cast including the U.S. actors Martin Balsam, Alex Nicol and the Franco-Italian Serge Reggiani. Nino Manfred ...
'' (''Tutti a casa''), directed by
Luigi Comencini
* 1961 - ''
Gold of Rome
''L'oro di Roma'' (internationally released as ''Gold of Rome'') is a 1961 Italian war - drama film directed by Carlo Lizzani. The film is based on actual events surrounding the Nazi's raid of Rome's Jewish ghetto in October 1943.
Cast
*Gérar ...
'' (''L'oro di Roma''), directed by
Carlo Lizzani
Carlo Lizzani (3 April 1922 – 5 October 2013) was an Italian film director, screenwriter and critic.
Biography
Born in Rome, before World War II Lizzani worked as a scenarist on such films as Roberto Rossellini's '' Germany Year Zero'', ...
* 1970 - ''
The Garden of the Finzi-Continis
''The Garden of the Finzi-Continis'' ( it, Il giardino dei Finzi-Contini) is an Italian historical novel by Giorgio Bassani, published in 1962. It chronicles the relationships between the narrator and the children of the Finzi-Contini family fro ...
'' (''Il giardino dei Finzi-Contini''), directed by
Vittorio De Sica
* 1973 - ''
Diario di un italiano'', directed by
Sergio Capogna
* 1976 - ''
La linea del fiume'', directed by
Aldo Scavarda
* 1976 - ''
Seven Beauties
''Seven Beauties'' ( it, Pasqualino Settebellezze, "Pasqualino Sevenbeauties") is a 1975 Italian language film written and directed by Lina Wertmüller and starring Giancarlo Giannini, Fernando Rey, and Shirley Stoler.
Written by Wertmüller, the ...
'' (''Pasqualino Settebellezze''), directed by
Lina Wertmüller
Arcangela Felice Assunta Wertmüller von Elgg Spanol von Braueich (14 August 1928 – 9 December 2021), known as Lina Wertmüller (), was an Italian film director and screenwriter. She is best known for her 1970s art film, art house films ''Sev ...
* 1985 - ''
The Assisi Underground'', directed by
Alexander Ramati
* 1997 - ''
Memoria'', directed by
Ruggero Gabbai
* 1997 - ''
The Truce
''The Truce'' ( it, La tregua), titled ''The Reawakening'' in the US, is a book by the Italian author Primo Levi. It is the sequel to ''If This Is a Man'' and describes the author's experiences from the liberation of Auschwitz ( Monowitz), which ...
'' (''La tregua''), directed by
Francesco Rosi
Francesco Rosi (; 15 November 1922 – 10 January 2015) was an Italian film director. His film ''The Mattei Affair'' won the Palme d'Or at the 1972 Cannes Film Festival. Rosi's films, especially those of the 1960s and 1970s, often appeared to hav ...
* 1997 - ''
Life Is Beautiful'' (''La vita è bella''), directed by
Roberto Benigni
* 2000 - ''
Il cielo cade'', directed by
Andrea Frazzi
* 2001 - ''
Unfair Competition
Unfair may refer to:
* Double Taz and Double LeBron James in multiverses '' fair''; unfairness or injustice
* ''Unfair'' (drama), Japanese television series
* '' Unfair: The Movie''
* Unfair (song), a song by South Korean boy group EXO