Hino Motors, Ltd., commonly known as Hino, is a Japanese

manufacturer Manufacturing is the creation or production of goods with the help of equipment, labor, machines, tools, and chemical or biological processing or formulation. It is the essence of secondary sector of the economy. The term may refer to ...

of commercial vehicles and

diesel engine The diesel engine, named after Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to mechanical compression; thus, the diesel engine is a so-cal ...

s (including those for

truck A truck or lorry is a motor vehicle designed to transport cargo, carry specialized payloads, or perform other utilitarian work. Trucks vary greatly in size, power, and configuration, but the vast majority feature body-on-frame constructi ...

s, buses and other vehicles) headquartered in

Hino, Tokyo 250px, Takahata Fudō in Hino is a city located in the western portion of Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 187,048, and a population density of 6800 persons per km². The total area of the city was . Geogra ...

. The company was established in 1942 as a

corporate spin-off A corporate spin-off, also known as a spin-out, or starburst or hive-off, is a type of corporate action where a company "splits off" a section as a separate business or creates a second incarnation, even if the first is still active. Charact ...

from previous manufacturers. Hino Motors is a large constituent of the

Nikkei 225 The Nikkei 225, or , more commonly called the ''Nikkei'' or the ''Nikkei index'' (), is a stock market index for the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE). It has been calculated daily by the '' Nihon Keizai Shimbun'' (''The Nikkei'') newspaper since 19 ...

on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. It is a subsidiary of Toyota Motor Corporation and one of 16 major companies of the Toyota Group.

History

The company traces its roots back to the founding of Tokyo Gas Industry Company in 1910. In 1910, Chiyoda Gas Company was established and competed fiercely against incumbent Tokyo Gas Company for gas lighting users. Tokyo Gas Industry was a parts supplier for Chiyoda Gas but it was defeated and merged into Tokyo Gas in 1912. Having lost its largest client, Tokyo Gas Industry Co. broadened its product line including electronic parts, and renamed itself as Tokyo Gas and Electric Industry (東京瓦斯電気工業), TG&E, and was often abbreviated as Gasuden. It produced its first

motor vehicle A motor vehicle, also known as motorized vehicle or automotive vehicle, is a self-propelled land vehicle, commonly wheeled, that does not operate on rails (such as trains or trams) and is used for the transportation of people or cargo. The ...

in 1917, the Model TGE "A-Type" truck. In 1937, TG&E merged its

automobile A car or automobile is a motor vehicle with wheels. Most definitions of ''cars'' say that they run primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have four wheels, and mainly transport people instead of goods. The year 1886 is regarded ...

division with that of Automobile Industry Co., Ltd. and Kyodo Kokusan K.K., to form Tokyo Automobile Industry Co., Ltd., with TG&E as a shareholder. Four years later, the company changed its name to Diesel Motor Industry Co., Ltd., which would eventually become Isuzu. The following year (1942), the new entity of Hino Heavy Industry Co., Ltd. spun itself out from Diesel Motor Industry Co., Ltd., and the Hino name was born. During World War II, Hino manufactured Type 1 Ho-Ha half-track and Type 1 Ho-Ki armored personnel carrier for the

Imperial Japanese Army The was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945. It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emper ...

. Following treaties signed at the end of

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...

, the company had to stop producing large diesel engines for marine applications, so the company dropped the "Heavy" from its name and formally concentrated on the heavy-duty trailer-truck, buses and

s markets, as Hino Industry Co., Ltd. The company took its name from the location of its headquarters in within

Tokyo Tokyo (; ja, 東京, , ), officially the Tokyo Metropolis ( ja, 東京都, label=none, ), is the capital and largest city of Japan. Formerly known as Edo, its metropolitan area () is the most populous in the world, with an estimated 37.46 ...

prefecture. To sharpen its marketing focus to customers, in 1948, the company added the name "Diesel" to become Hino Diesel Industry Co., Ltd. In 1950 the heavy-duty TH10 was introduced, equipped with the all-new 7-liter DS10

. An eight-tonner, this was considerably larger than existing Japanese trucks which had rarely been built for more than payload. In 1953, Hino entered the private car market, by manufacturing

Renault Groupe Renault ( , , , also known as the Renault Group in English; legally Renault S.A.) is a French multinational automobile manufacturer established in 1899. The company produces a range of cars and vans, and in the past has manufactured ...

s under licence, and in 1961 it started building its own Contessa 900 sedan with an 893cc rear-mounted engine, and a

pickup truck A pickup truck or pickup is a light-duty truck that has an enclosed cabin, and a back end made up of a cargo bed that is enclosed by three low walls with no roof (this cargo bed back end sometimes consists of a tailgate and removable covering) ...

called the Hino Briska with the Contessa engine slightly enlarged and installed in the front with rear wheel drive. The Italian stylist Giovanni Michelotti redesigned the Contessa line in 1964 with a 1300 cc rear-mounted engine. Fed by two SU type carburettors, this developed 60 hp (44 kW) in the sedan and 70 hp (51 kW) in the

coupé A coupe or coupé (, ) is a passenger car with a sloping or truncated rear roofline and two doors. The term ''coupé'' was first applied to horse-drawn carriages for two passengers without rear-facing seats. It comes from the French past parti ...

version. However, Hino ceased private car production very quickly in 1967 following a strategic alliance with Toyota in 1965. In 1963, the

Hamura is a city located in the western portion of Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 54,622, and a population density of 5500 persons per km². The total area of the city was . Geography Hamura is approximately in the ...

factory began operations, and focused entirely on commercial truck and bus manufacture. Hino Trucks have also been assembled in Norway (1977–85), Portugal and Canada. Hino became a wholly owned subsidiary of Toyota Motor Corporation in 2001. In 2018, Hino and Volkswagen Truck and Bus (later renamed Traton) announced a wide-ranging

strategic partnership A strategic partnership (also see strategic alliance) is a relationship between two commercial enterprises, usually formalized by one or more business contracts. A strategic partnership will usually fall short of a legal partnership entity, agency, ...

for activities including procurement, technologies and logistics. In November 2019, they established a procurement

joint venture A joint venture (JV) is a business entity created by two or more parties, generally characterized by shared ownership, shared returns and risks, and shared governance. Companies typically pursue joint ventures for one of four reasons: to acces ...

called Hino and Traton Global Procurement, with 51% of it owned by Traton and 49% by Hino. In March 2021, Hino, its parent Toyota, and Isuzu announced the creation of a strategic partnership between the three companies. Toyota acquired a 4.6% stake in Isuzu while the latter plans to acquire Toyota shares for an equivalent value. The three companies said they would form a new joint venture by April called Commercial Japan Partnership Technologies Corporation with the aim of developing fuel cell and electric light trucks. Toyota would own an 80% stake in the venture while Hino and Isuzu would own 10% each. In August 2022, after Toyota published the findings of a self-commissioned investigation highlighting that Hino Motors falsified emissions data on some engines going back to at least October 2003, Toyota and Isuzu "expelled" Hino from their partnership. The Hino stake would be given to Toyota.

Canada

Hino has been marketing trucks in Canada since the 1970s. Hino Motors Canada Ltd., is the exclusive distributor of Hino products in Canada, and is part of the Toyota Group of Companies, with head office and Parts Distribution Centre in Mississauga, Ontario. In May 2006, Hino opened a new assembly plant in Woodstock, Ontario, employing at first 45 (grown since to more than 70) and with an annual capacity of 2,400 trucks.Hino Motors Canada, Ltd. - Company Profile
Hinocanada.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-16. It began assembly of Class 4 and 5 trucks in 2006 and continued to do so until 2010. Since then, it has been building only Class 6 and 7 trucks.

Colombia

Hino Motors Manufacturing Colombia (HMMC) is a partnership between the Mitsui group and the Colombia manager for the Hino brand, PRACO-Didacol S.A. The partnership assembles medium and heavy trucks, destined mainly to the export market for the Andinean and Central American countries. The factory was opened on 9 October 2007 in Cota, a municipality near the capital city of Bogotá. From this facility, the FCJ and Hino Dutro (300, 500 and 900 series) trucks are assembled. The Mitsui- Keiretsu is the principal shareholder and owner of this factory. The plant produced the 1000th unit in July 2009. The 20,000th truck was finished on 14 May 2014.

Indonesia

PT. Hino Motors Manufacturing Indonesia (HMMI) is strategic production base for ASEAN region. HMMI is in partnership between the Hino Motors, Ltd and PT. Indomobil Sukses Internasional, Tbk. The partnership assembles medium, heavy duty trucks, mainly for ASEAN market. The factory was opened in April 2003, evolving from PT. Hino Indonesia Manufacturing which was opened in October 1982. The factory is located on Purwakarta, West Java. Its sister company PT. Hino Motors Sales Indonesia (HMSI) is formed April 2003. Currently there are 41 dealerships and more than 100 branches, around the

archipelago An archipelago ( ), sometimes called an island group or island chain, is a chain, cluster, or collection of islands, or sometimes a sea containing a small number of scattered islands. Examples of archipelagos include: the Indonesian Arch ...

Ireland

Hino Trucks have been assembled in The

Republic of Ireland Ireland ( ga, Éire ), also known as the Republic of Ireland (), is a country in north-western Europe consisting of 26 of the 32 counties of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, on the eastern side of the island. ...

since 1968 by J Harris on the Naas/Nangor Roads,

Dublin Dublin (; , or ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland. On a bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the province of Leinster, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of the Wicklow Mountains range. At the 2016 ...

Israel

Hino Motors signed a 10-year assembly agreement with Kaiser-Illin Industries of Haifa, Israel, in 1963. Assembly of the Contessa 900 started in 1964. Later, Briska 900 and 1300 and the Contessa 1300 sedan were assembled in Haifa as well. During the years 1964–1965, Israel was Hino's second most important market for its Contessas. Israel exports amounted to ~10% of total Contessa production. After it was purchased by Toyota, the contract was terminated and the last Israeli Contessas rolled off the assembly line in March 1968. In total, over 8,000 Hino Contessa and Briska were assembled in Israel.

Mexico

In mid 2008, Hino Motors was said to be building a new truck assembly facility in Guanajuato, Mexico, serving international deliveries. The facility was reportedly built in an 80:20 partnership with Japanese trading firm Mitsui, opening in 2009 and with a production capacity for 1,200 of the Hino 500 series trucks per year.

Pakistan

Hinopak Motors was formed in 1985 by a diverse group of sponsors. These included Hino Motors Limited,

Toyota Tsusho Corporation is a sōgō shōsha (trading company), a member of the Toyota Group. Toyota Tsusho has a worldwide presence through its many subsidiaries and operating divisions, including over 150 offices, and 900 subsidiaries and affiliates around the world. ...

, Al-Futtaim Group and PACO. In 1998, Hino Motors, and Toyota Tsusho Corporation obtained majority shareholding in the company after

disinvestment Disinvestment refers to the use of a concerted economic boycott to pressure a government, industry, or company towards a change in policy, or in the case of governments, even regime change. The term was first used in the 1980s, most commonly in ...

s by the other two founding sponsors. Hinopak Motors manufactures and markets diesel trucks and buses in Pakistan. Hinopak Motors has gained 70% market share making it the largest manufacturer in medium and heavy-duty truck and bus industry in Pakistan. Hinopak Motors Head Office is located in S.I.T.E Industrial Area,

Karachi Karachi (; ur, ; ; ) is the most populous city in Pakistan and 12th most populous city in the world, with a population of over 20 million. It is situated at the southern tip of the country along the Arabian Sea coast. It is the former c ...

, Sindh,

Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...

Philippines

In 1975, Hino has entered the Philippine market, and creating Pilipinas Hino, Inc. It was originally established for the manufacturing of buses and, later, trucks. In the 1970s, Hino had initially shipped vehicles to the country from Japan, before the creation of PHI. In 2015, Pilipinas Hino, Inc. announced name its change to Hino Motors Philippines Corporation.

Russia

In 2017, Hino Motors announced that it was going to open its first factory in Russia. The factory will begin producing trucks in 2019 and will have the capacity to produce 3,000 yearly.

Thailand

Thai Hino Industry Co., Ltd. was established in 1964, with an assembly plant in Samrong. A second plant was established in

Bang Phli Bang Phli ( th, บางพลี, ) is a district (''amphoe'') of Samut Prakan province in Thailand. It is home to Suvarnabhumi Airport (also called (New) Bangkok International Airport), which opened on 28 September 2006 as Thailand's primary ...

in 1982. In 1999 the sales arm (Thai Hino Motor Sales Ltd.) and the manufacturing arm were merged, becoming Hino Motors (Thailand) Ltd. The company was split again in 2003, becoming Hino Motors Manufacturing (Thailand) Ltd. and Hino Motors Sales (Thailand) Ltd. A third plant was opened the following year, at Amatanakorn industrial park in Bang Pakong District (a vehicle assembly plant). * Hino 300 Innovator light duty trucks for small business * Hino 500 Dominator medium duty trucks for Agriculture business * Hino 500 Victor heavy duty trucks for transportation business * Hino 700 Splendor heavy duty trucks for international transportation business

United States

In the United States, Hino has operated since 1984. Hino Motors Manufacturing U.S.A., Inc. assembles medium-duty trucks at its Williamstown, West Virginia, plant. They opened a second plant in Mineral Wells, West Virginia in late 2018. Its manufacturing facilities in

Ontario, California Ontario is a city in southwestern San Bernardino County in the U.S. state of California, east of downtown Los Angeles and west of downtown San Bernardino, the county seat. Located in the western part of the Inland Empire metropolitan area, i ...

, and Marion, Arkansas, produce axles, knuckles, and suspension components for Toyota's Tacoma, Tundra, and Sequoia models. Hino's Parts Distribution Center in Mira Loma, California, supplies Latin American and Caribbean distributors with genuine Hino service parts. The assembly plant in Williamstown, West Virginia, assembles Class 6-7 Hino trucks at an annual capacity of 10,000 units. The plant was opened in November 2007 and employs about 200. The plant in

Long Beach, California Long Beach is a city in Los Angeles County, California. It is the 42nd-most populous city in the United States, with a population of 466,742 as of 2020. A charter city, Long Beach is the seventh-most populous city in California. Incorporate ...

, where Hino's US-based medium duty truck production had begun in 2004, was closed in 2007 and its production was transferred to the West Virginia facility. Production in West Virginia began with Class 4-7 trucks but the Class 4-5 products were dropped after 2010 model year and the plant now focuses on Class 6-7 products. Opened in 2016, Hino operates a distribution center in Gahanna Ohio.

Trucks and buses

Trucks

* Hino TH-series: a heavy duty bonneted truck, sold from 1950 until discontinued in favor of cab-over trucks in 1968. * Ford N Series trucks (sold 1980–1998 in Oceania) These were badge-engineered Hino Ranger models. * Profia (previously Super Dolphin Profia), sold as Hino 700 for export: heavy duty truck * Bonneted medium truck (for North America): coded Hino 600. * Dutro: light truck,

hybrid vehicle A hybrid vehicle is one that uses two or more distinct types of power, such as submarines that use diesel when surfaced and batteries when submerged. Other means to store energy include pressurized fluid in hydraulic hybrids. The basic princi ...

version available, sold as Hino 300. * Ranger 2 FA, FB, FC: light trucks replaced by Dutro. * Ranger: also sold as Hino 500, medium to heavy truck ** The Ranger KL was first introduced in 1969 ** The 2nd generation was launched in 1980 ** The 3rd generation of 1989 is called Rising Ranger and Cruising Ranger. ** The latest 4th generation (Ranger Pro) came in 2002,

Hybrid vehicle A hybrid vehicle is one that uses two or more distinct types of power, such as submarines that use diesel when surfaced and batteries when submerged. Other means to store energy include pressurized fluid in hydraulic hybrids. The basic princi ...

version available. : The first generation Ranger KL spawned into KM, KR, and other variants in Australia. * 155 Class 4: light duty truck * XL: class 7/8 heavy trucks for the US and Canada Hino also sold the European truck Scania R 420 in Japan, in an agreement with the Swedish brand which was discontinued in 2011.

United States and Canada

USA and Canada only conventional/bonneted trucks Hino 600: * 145 Class 4: medium duty truck (discontinued) * 165 Class 4: medium duty truck (discontinued) * 185 Class 5: medium duty truck (discontinued) * 238 Class 6: medium duty truck * 258 Class 6: medium duty truck * 268 Class 6: medium duty truck * 338 Class 7: heavy duty truck * 358 Class 7: heavy duty truck File:165Hybrid.jpg, Hino 165 Hybrid File:Miller Lite pic1.jpg, Miller Lite Hino 338 T Verrastro dashboard File:Miller Lite Hino 338 T Verrastro pic10.jpg, Miller Lite Hino 338 T Verrastro File:COSMO PS.jpg, Aura Sonic Hino 268 A Cosmos mobile, location production and video broadcasting truck File:Hino 338 three-axle dumper.jpg, Hino 338 three-axle hook truck

Buses

Poncho A poncho (; qu, punchu; arn, pontro; "blanket", "woolen fabric") is an outer garment designed to keep the body warm. A rain poncho is made from a watertight material designed to keep the body dry from the rain. Ponchos have been used by the ...

: Non-step light bus * Liesse & Liesse II: light bus ** The Liesse II is a rebadged Toyota Coaster. * Blue Ribbon & Blue Ribbon II: city bus ** The Blue Ribbon II is a rebadged

Isuzu Erga The Isuzu Erga (kana:いすゞ・エルガ) is a heavy-duty single-decker bus produced by Isuzu through the J-Bus joint venture. It is primarily available as a public bus in either a complete bus or a bus chassis. It is built by J-Bus from ...

. * Rainbow & Rainbow II: medium bus ** The Rainbow II is a rebadged

Isuzu Erga Mio The Isuzu Erga Mio (kana:いすゞ・エルガミオ) is a medium-duty single-decker bus produced by Isuzu through the J-Bus joint venture. It is the second medium duty bus under the Mio name, after the Gala Mio intercity coach. It is built by ...

. * Melpha: medium bus * S'elega: luxury bus ** The new model is offered as High Decker and Super High Decker. * Front-engine chassis (FB, FC, GB, XZU): light bus * Front-engine chassis (AK, FF, FG): big bus * Mid-engine chassis (BG, BX, BT, CG, CM): big bus * Rear-engine chassis (RC, RF, RG, RM, RK, RU, RV, RN, HT): big bus * Front-engine Type C school bus chassis (Hino 338): Used in the production of the Starcraft Guardian

Philippines

* RC421(ER200) * RF821(EK100) * RM2KSS (K13D) * RK3HS (H07D) * RK1JMT (J08C-TK) * RK1JST (J08C-TK) * RM2PSS (P11C-TH) * RU2PSS (P11C-TE) * RK8JMUA (J08E-UB) * RK8JSUA (J08E-UB) * RN8J (J08E-UB) * FB2W * FB4J * FC3J * FC9JL7A (J05E-TY) * FF3H (H06D) * AK174 (EH700) * AK176 (EH700) * FG8JPSB (J08E-UG) * FG1JPUB (J08C-F) * FG1JPUZ (J08C-TT) * FG8JPUB (J08E-UG) * FG8JP7A (J08E-WF) * HT223A (M10U) * HT225A (M10U)

Fiji

AM100 * AC140 /W06D * AB115A /W04D * AK176K /EH700 * AK3HRK /H07D * AK1JRK /J08C * AK8JRK /J08E * BX341 /EH700 * BY320 /EB300/ EM100 * BX321 /EH300 * RJ172A /EH700 * RR172A /EH700

Pakistan

* Roadliner Supreme * Rapidliner Deluxe * Senator Pride * Hino Splendor * Citibus * Urban Bus * CNG Bus * Citiliner Classic * All Liner

Cuba

One small model for military and workers transportation (name of the model still unknown). * RC 1971: Urbans (RC 300), Regulars (RC 300AP), Specials (RC 200P for long run travels with air condition) * RV 850P 1977 and 1983 (400 buses) * RU 1987 (one bus) * NE 1977 (trucks) * NF 1983 (trucks) Others small trucks for food transportation.

Malaysia

* RE100 * BX300 * AK174K * AK176K/EH700 * AK1JRKA/J08C * AK1JSKA * AK3HRKA/H07D * RK1JSKA/J08C * RK1MSLL/EM100 * RK1JSLL/J08C * RM1ESKU/E13C * RM2KSKA/K13D * RM1KSKU * RK8JSKA/J08E * RN8JSKA/J08E * RN8JSNA/J08E * RN8JSPA/J08E

Cars

* Hino Renault 4CV, built under license * Contessa, passenger car built in 1960s * Toyota FJ Cruiser, SUV built for Toyota, 2006-2016

Affiliates/subsidiaries

* Hino Motors Canada, Ltd.—see Toyota Canada * Hino Motors Sales U.S.A. * Hino Motors Manufacturing Colombia * Harris Hino, Ireland * Hinopak Motors,

* Hino Motors Philippines Corporation (Pilipinas Hino, Inc.) * Samco (Vietnam) * Indomobil (Indonesia) * Hino Motors Manufacturing USA * Hino Motors Manufacturing (Thailand) Ltd. * Hino Motors Sales (Thailand) Co., Ltd. * Hino Motors Vietnam

Motorsport

"Team Samurai" entered a Contessa in the

Trans Am Series The Trans-Am Series is a sports car racing series held in North America. Founded in 1966, it is sanctioned by the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA). Primarily based in the United States, the series competes on a variety of track types includi ...

in 1966 at the race at Riverside International Raceway. After being retired due to a collision, the team withdrew from the series. Hino has competed in the Dakar Rally since 1991 with a Ranger FT 4WD truck driven by the Japanese rally driver, Yoshimasa Sugawara. Hino has always finished in the Top 10 in the Camion Category, and 1-2-3 overall in the 1997 event.

Aircraft

The Tokyo Gas & Electrical Industry Co. Ltd. (a.k.a. Gasuden) were responsible for the production of several aircraft types in the 1930s as listed below: (''Tokyo Gasu Denki Kogyo KK'' - Tokyo Gas & Electrical Industry Co. Ltd.) * Gasuden KR-1 Small Passenger Transport * Gasuden KR-2 Small Passenger Transport * Gasuden Model 1 Trainer *

Gasuden Model 2 Trainer Hino Motors, Ltd., commonly known as Hino, is a Japanese manufacturer of commercial vehicles and diesel engines (including those for trucks, buses and other vehicles) headquartered in Hino, Tokyo. The company was established in 1942 as a corpora ...

* Gasuden Model 3 Trainer *

Gasuden Koken The Gasuden Koken (also known as the ) was a Japanese long-range research aircraft of the 1930s. It was built by the Tokyo Gas and Electric Industry (also known as Gasuden), to break the world record for longest flight, setting a closed circuit ...

Long-range Research aircraft *

Gasuden TR-1 Medium Passenger Transport Hino Motors, Ltd., commonly known as Hino, is a Japanese manufacturer of commercial vehicles and diesel engines (including those for trucks, buses and other vehicles) headquartered in Hino, Tokyo. The company was established in 1942 as a corpor ...

* Gasuden TR-2 Medium Passenger Transport

References

External links

* {{Authority control 1942 establishments in Japan Automotive companies based in Tokyo Bus manufacturers of Japan Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange Defense companies of Japan Diesel engine manufacturers Electric vehicle manufacturers of Japan Engine manufacturers of Japan Hybrid electric bus manufacturers Manufacturing companies based in Tokyo Military vehicle manufacturers Toyota Group Toyota subsidiaries Truck manufacturers of Japan

History

Canada

Colombia

Indonesia

Ireland

Israel

Mexico

Pakistan

Philippines

Russia

Thailand

United States

Trucks and buses

Trucks

United States and Canada

Buses

Philippines

Fiji

Pakistan

Cuba

Malaysia

Cars

Affiliates/subsidiaries

Motorsport

Aircraft

See also

References

External links