Hinduism is one of Sri Lanka's oldest religions, with temples dating back over 2,000 years. , Hindus made up 12.6% of the
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
n population. They are almost exclusively
Tamils, except for small immigrant communities from India and Pakistan (including the
Sindhis
Sindhis ( sd, سنڌي Perso-Arabic: सिन्धी Devanagari; ) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group who speak the Sindhi language and are native to the province of Sindh in Pakistan. After the partition of British Indian empire in 1947, man ...
,
Telugus and
Malayalees).
According to the 1915
census
A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring, recording and calculating information about the members of a given population. This term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common censuses inc ...
, Hindus made up about 25% of the Sri Lankan population (including
indentured labourers
Indentured servitude is a form of labor in which a person is contracted to work without salary for a specific number of years. The contract, called an "indenture", may be entered "voluntarily" for purported eventual compensation or debt repayment, ...
brought by the British).
Hinduism
Hinduism () is an Indian religion or '' dharma'', a religious and universal order or way of life by which followers abide. As a religion, it is the world's third-largest, with over 1.2–1.35 billion followers, or 15–16% of the global p ...
predominates in the
Northern
Northern may refer to the following:
Geography
* North, a point in direction
* Northern Europe, the northern part or region of Europe
* Northern Highland, a region of Wisconsin, United States
* Northern Province, Sri Lanka
* Northern Range, a r ...
and
Eastern Provinces (where
Tamils remain the largest demographic), the central regions and
Colombo
Colombo ( ; si, කොළඹ, translit=Koḷam̆ba, ; ta, கொழும்பு, translit=Koḻumpu, ) is the executive and judicial capital and largest city of Sri Lanka by population. According to the Brookings Institution, Colombo me ...
, the capital. According to the 2011 census, there are 2,554,606 Hindus in Sri Lanka (12.6% of the country's population). During the
Sri Lankan Civil War, many Tamils emigrated; Hindu temples, built by the
Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora, maintain their religion, tradition and culture.
Most Sri Lankan Hindus follow the
Shaiva Siddhanta school of
Shaivism
Shaivism (; sa, शैवसम्प्रदायः, Śaivasampradāyaḥ) is one of the major Hindu traditions, which worships Shiva as the Supreme Being. One of the largest Hindu denominations, it incorporates many sub-traditions rangi ...
, and some follow
Shaktism
Shaktism ( sa, शाक्त, , ) is one of several major Hindu denominations, wherein the metaphysical reality is considered metaphorically a woman and Shakti ( Mahadevi) is regarded as the supreme godhead. It includes many goddesses, al ...
. Sri Lanka is home to the five abodes of Shiva:
Pancha Ishwarams, holy places believed to have been built by King
Ravana
Ravana (; , , ) is a rakshasa king of the island of Lanka, and the chief antagonist of the Hindu epic '' Ramayana'' and its adaptations.
In the ''Ramayana'', Ravana is described to be the eldest son of sage Vishrava and rakshasi Kaikesi. He ...
.
Murugan is one of the country's most popular Hindu deities, venerated by Hindu
Tamils. The Buddhist
Sinhalese and Aboriginal
Veddas venerate the local rendition of the deity,
Katharagama deviyo.
Yogaswami of
Jaffna is a significant modern Hindu religious figure in Sri Lankan history. A 20th-century mystic, he was the
Satguru and counselling sage of the country's Tamil Hindu population. The
Ramakrishna Mission is active in the
Amparai and
Batticaloa districts, and the Shaiva Siddhanta school is prevalent in the north. Yogaswami was the 161st head of the
Nandinatha Sampradaya, and was succeeded by
Sivaya Subramuniyaswami.
Legendary origins
The first major Hindu reference to Sri Lanka is found in the epic ''
Ramayana
The ''Rāmāyana'' (; sa, रामायणम्, ) is a Sanskrit epic composed over a period of nearly a millennium, with scholars' estimates for the earliest stage of the text ranging from the 8th to 4th centuries BCE, and later stages ...
''. Sri Lanka was ruled by the
Yaksha
The yakshas ( sa, यक्ष ; pi, yakkha, i=yes) are a broad class of nature-spirits, usually benevolent, but sometimes mischievous or capricious, connected with water, fertility, trees, the forest, treasure and wilderness. They appear in ...
King
Kubera. The throne of
Lanka was usurped by Kubera's half-brother
Ravana
Ravana (; , , ) is a rakshasa king of the island of Lanka, and the chief antagonist of the Hindu epic '' Ramayana'' and its adaptations.
In the ''Ramayana'', Ravana is described to be the eldest son of sage Vishrava and rakshasi Kaikesi. He ...
, the epic's chief antagonist, who was killed by
Rama
Rama (; ), Ram, Raman or Ramar, also known as Ramachandra (; , ), is a major deity in Hinduism. He is the seventh and one of the most popular '' avatars'' of Vishnu. In Rama-centric traditions of Hinduism, he is considered the Supreme Bei ...
(the seventh
avatar
Avatar (, ; ), is a concept within Hinduism that in Sanskrit literally means "descent". It signifies the material appearance or incarnation of a powerful deity, goddess or spirit on Earth. The relative verb to "alight, to make one's appear ...
of
Vishnu
Vishnu ( ; , ), also known as Narayana and Hari, is one of the principal deities of Hinduism. He is the supreme being within Vaishnavism, one of the major traditions within contemporary Hinduism.
Vishnu is known as "The Preserver" withi ...
). The ''Ramayana'' also mentions
Rama's Bridge, between India and Sri Lanka, which was built with rocks by Rama with the aid of
Hanuman and others. Many believers see the chain of
sandbar
In oceanography, geomorphology, and geoscience, a shoal is a natural submerged ridge, bank, or bar that consists of, or is covered by, sand or other unconsolidated material and rises from the bed of a body of water to near the surface. ...
, connecting Sri Lanka to India in satellite images, as remnants of the bridge. Archaeological evidence supports the worship of
Siva in parts of Sri Lanka since prehistoric times, before the arrival of
Prince Vijaya
According to the ''Mahāvaṃsa'' chronicle, Prince Vijaya (c. 543–505 BCE) was the first Sinhalese king. Legends and records from both Indian and Sri Lanka sources say that he along with several hundred followers came to Sinhala after they ...
. Ravana was also a devotee of
Siva.
Historic roots
The
Nagas are claimed to have practised an early form of Hinduism, worshipping Shiva and serpents. This
animistic
Animism (from Latin: ' meaning 'breath, spirit, life') is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence. Potentially, animism perceives all things—animals, plants, rocks, rivers, weather systems, h ...
Shaivism is also common in
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu (; , TN) is a state in southern India. It is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population. Its capital and largest city is Chennai. Tamil Nadu is the home of the Tamil people, whose Tamil language ...
and other parts of India.
The Nagas who inhabited the
Jaffna Peninsula were probably the ancestors of Sri Lankan Tamils. They began absorbing the Tamil language and culture during the 3rd century BC, and lost their separate identity. The
Nainativu Nagapooshani Amman Temple in
Nainativu is believed to be one of the
Shakti Peetha.
Buddhism was introduced by
Mahinda, the eldest son of
Ashoka, during the reign of
Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura
Tissa, later Devanampiya Tissa, was one of the earliest kings of Sri Lanka based at the ancient capital of Anuradhapura from 247 BC to 207 BC. His reign was notable for the arrival of Buddhism in Sri Lanka under the aegis of the Maurya ...
. His father
Mutasiva and brother
Mahasiva had names associated with
Siva suggesting prior Hindu beliefs. This is supported by the common occurrence of the personal name Siva in the earliest
Prakrit inscriptions. The
Sinhalese embraced Buddhism, and the Tamils remained Hindus. Activity from across the
Palk Strait in Tamil Nadu set the stage for Hinduism's survival in Sri Lanka.
Shaivism
Shaivism (; sa, शैवसम्प्रदायः, Śaivasampradāyaḥ) is one of the major Hindu traditions, which worships Shiva as the Supreme Being. One of the largest Hindu denominations, it incorporates many sub-traditions rangi ...
(worship of Shiva) was dominant among the Tamils, and most of Sri Lanka's
Hindu temple architecture and philosophy of Sri Lanka drew from that tradition.
Thirugnana Sambanthar noted a number of Sri Lankan Hindu temples in his works.
Culture
Rituals
In common with
South India
South India, also known as Dakshina Bharata or Peninsular India, consists of the peninsular southern part of India. It encompasses the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana, as well as the union terr ...
, local rituals include
Kavadi Attam and
firewalking. These rituals have also influenced the Sinhalese on southern cost of the island; For an Instance, the inhabitants of
Tangalle, Kudawella and the surrounding area perform
Kavadi.
Religious teachers
Religious teachers include Kaddai Swami, his ''
shishya''
Chellappaswami, and Chellappaswami's ''shishya''
Yogaswami. Swami Vivekananda the Bengali Hindu monk right after returning from West, started a series of lectures in India( British India at that time included Sri Lanka), from Colombo and Jaffna. The Hindus of Colombo and Jaffna received with much excitement and shouts of "Har Har Mahadev" and "Jai Swami Vivekanandaji" .
Temples
File:Ravanan - King of Lanka.jpg, alt=Statue of Ravana, with ten arms and heads, beneath Shiva and Parvati, Ravananugraha at Koneswaram Temple
File:Nallur Kandasamy front entrance.jpg, alt=Ornate, covered temple entrance with columns, Front entrance of Nallur Kandaswamy temple
File:MAIN NAGAPOOSHANI TEMPLE.jpg, alt=Ornate, colorful temple complex, Nainativu Nagapooshani Amman Temple
File:Thirukkovil Entrance.jpg, Thirukkovil Sithira Velayutha Swami Temple, in Ampara
Ampara ( si, අම්පාර, ta, அம்பாறை) is the main town of Ampara District, governed by an Urban Council.
It is located in the Eastern Province, Sri Lanka, about east of Colombo and approximately south of Batticaloa.
H ...
.
Most of the
Hindu temple in
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
have
Tamil
Tamil may refer to:
* Tamils, an ethnic group native to India and some other parts of Asia
** Sri Lankan Tamils, Tamil people native to Sri Lanka also called ilankai tamils
**Tamil Malaysians, Tamil people native to Malaysia
* Tamil language, na ...
architecture
Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing buildings ...
, most of which are ancient with
Gopuram
A ''gopuram'' or ''gopura'' ( Tamil: கோபுரம், Malayalam: ഗോപുരം, Kannada: ಗೋಪುರ, Telugu: గోపురం) is a monumental entrance tower, usually ornate, at the entrance of a Hindu temple, in the Sout ...
and
Ratha in them. Alike many
Hindu temples, which are dedicated to
Hindu deities, many temples in
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
are also for their
Village deities which is mainly among the
Tamil community.
The
Pancha Ishwarams are:
*
Naguleswaram temple in the North.
*
Ketheeswaram temple in the Northwest.
*
Koneswaram Temple in the East.
*
Munneswaram temple in the West.
*
Tondeswaram
Tenavaram temple ( ta, தென்னாவரம் கோயில்) (historically known as the Tenavaram Kovil, Tevanthurai Kovil or Naga-Risa Nila Kovil) is a historic Hindu temple complex situated in the port town Tenavaram, Tevanthur ...
in the South.
<
Demographics
According to the 1981 census, there were 2,297,800 Hindus in Sri Lanka; the 2012 census reported 2,554,606
Hindus in the country. Twenty thousand people died during the
2004 tsunami in
LTTE-held areas alone.
Decadal population
The
Hindu
Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...
percentage have declined from 21.51% in 1881 to 12.58% in 2012.
Mainly because of the
indentured labourers
Indentured servitude is a form of labor in which a person is contracted to work without salary for a specific number of years. The contract, called an "indenture", may be entered "voluntarily" for purported eventual compensation or debt repayment, ...
brought by the British returning to India and immigration of Tamil Hindus caused by the
Srilankan Civil War between 23 Jul 1983 – 18 May 2009.
District-wise population
See also
*
Hinduism in Guyana
*
Hinduism in Brunei
*
Hinduism in Réunion
*
Tamil diaspora
*
Sri Lankan Tamils
*
Sri Lankan Civil War
*
Village deities of Sri Lankan Tamils
*
Village deities of South India
*
Siva Senai
Notes
References
Citation
Sources
*
*
*
*
External links
*
{{Religion in Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
Sri Lankan Tamil culture
Religion in Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan Hindus