The ancient Hindu texts on Jyotisha only discuss timekeeping, and never mention astrology or prophecy. These ancient texts predominantly cover astronomy, but at a rudimentary level. Later medieval era texts such as the ''Yavana-jataka'' and the ''Siddhanta'' texts are more astrology-related.
Balinese Hindu calendar
Hinduism and Buddhism were the prominent religions of southeast Asia in the 1st millennium CE, prior to the Islamic conquest that started in the 14th century. The Hindus prevailed in Bali, Indonesia, and they have two types of Hindu calendar. One is a 210-day based Pawukon calendar
The Pawukon is a 210-day calendar that has its origins in the Hindu religion in Bali, Indonesia. The calendar consists of 10 different concurrent weeks of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 days. On the first day of the year it is the first day of ...
which likely is a pre-Hindu system, and another is similar to lunisolar calendar system found in South India and it is called the Balinese saka calendar
The Balinese saka calendar is one of two calendars used on the Indonesian island of Bali. Unlike the 210-day pawukon calendar, it is based on the phases of the Moon, and is approximately the same length as the tropical year (solar year, Gregoria ...
which uses Hindu methodology. The names of month and festivals of Balinese Hindus, for the most part, are different, though the significance and legends have some overlap.
Astronomical basis
The Hindu calendar is based on a geocentric model
In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, often exemplified specifically by the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the center. Under most geocentric models, the Sun, Moon, stars, an ...
of the solar system. A large part of this calendar is defined based on the movement of the sun and the moon around the earth (saura māna and cāndra māna respectively). Furthermore, it includes synodic
Synodic, may refer to:
* Synodic day
* Synodic month
* Synodic orbital period, synodic year or synodic time, the time of an celestial object
An astronomical object, celestial object, stellar object or heavenly body is a naturally occurring ...
, sidereal, and tropical
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in
the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...
elements. Many variants of the Hindu calendar have been created by including and excluding these elements (solar, lunar, lunisolar etc.) and are in use in different parts of India.
{, class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" {,
, + style="text-align: left;" , Elements of the Hindu calendar
, - bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! !! width=30%, synodic elements !! width=30%, sidereal elements !! width=30%, tropical elements
, -
, saura māna
,
, valign="top" , rāśi, sauramāsa, varṣa
, uttarāyaṇa, dakṣiṇāyana, devayāna, pitṛyāṇa, ṛtu
, -
, cāndra māna
, tithi
In Vedic timekeeping, a ''tithi'' is a uration of two faces of moon that is observed from earth known as ''milа̄lyа̄'' (𑐩𑐶𑐮𑐵𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅, मिलाल्याः) in Nepal Bhasa, or the time it takes for the longi ...
, pakṣa, candramāsa, varṣa
,
,
, -
, nākṣatra māna
,
, dina
Dina ( ar, دينا, he, דִּינָה, also spelled Dinah, Dena, Deena) is a female given name.
Women
* Dina bint Abdul-Hamid (1929–2019), Queen consort of Jordan, first wife of King Hussein
* Princess Dina Mired of Jordan (born 1965), Princ ...
, ghaṭikā (aka nāḍī), vighaṭikā (aka vināḍī), prāṇa (aka asu)
,
, -
, sāvana māna
, dina
Dina ( ar, دينا, he, דִּינָה, also spelled Dinah, Dena, Deena) is a female given name.
Women
* Dina bint Abdul-Hamid (1929–2019), Queen consort of Jordan, first wife of King Hussein
* Princess Dina Mired of Jordan (born 1965), Princ ...
,
,
Year: Samvat
''Samvat'' refers to era of the several Hindu calendar systems in Nepal
Nepal (; ne, नेपाल ), formerly the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( ne,
सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल ), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is ma ...
and India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area, the List of countries and dependencies by population, second-most populous ...
, in a similar manner to the Christian era
The terms (AD) and before Christ (BC) are used to label or number years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The term is Medieval Latin and means 'in the year of the Lord', but is often presented using "our Lord" instead of "the Lord" ...
. There are several ''samvat'' found in historic Buddhist, Hindu and Jaina texts and epigraphy, of which three are most significant: Vikrama era, Old Shaka era and Shaka era of 78 AD.
* Vikram Samvat
Vikram Samvat (IAST: ''Vikrama Samvat''; abbreviated VS) or Bikram Sambat B.S. and also known as the Vikrami calendar, is a Hindu calendar historically used in the Indian subcontinent. Vikram Samvat is generally 57 years ahead of Gregorian Calend ...
(Bikram Sambat): A northern Indian almanac which started in 57 BCE, and is also called the ''Vikrama Era''. It is related to the Bikrami calendar, and is apocryphally linked to Vikramaditya. The year starts from the month of Baishakh / Vaishakha
Vaisakha; hi, बैसाख, Baisākh; pa, ਵਿਸਾਖ/وساکھ , te, వైశాఖ, kn, ವೈಶಾಖ, Vaiśākha; ml, വൈശാഖം, Vaiśākham; mr, वैशाख, Vaiśākh; ta, வைகாசி, Vaikāci; ne, � ...
. This system is common in epigraphic evidence from northern, western, central and eastern Indian subcontinent, particularly after the early centuries of the 1st millennium CE.
* Shaka Samvat: There are two Shaka era systems in scholarly use, one is called ''Old Shaka Era'', whose epoch is uncertain, probably sometime in the 1st millennium BCE because ancient Buddhist, Jaina and Hindu inscriptions and texts use it. However, the starting point of Old Shaka Era is a subject of dispute among scholars. The second system is called ''Saka Era of 78 AD'', or simply ''Saka Era'', a system that is common in epigraphic evidence from southern India.
* Saka era of Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of mainland ...
: The Hindu calendar system in Indonesia is attributed to the legend of Hindus arriving with a sage Aji Saka in 1st-century Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mo ...
, in March 78 CE. Numerous ancient and medieval era texts and inscriptions found in Indonesian islands use this reference year. In mainland southeast Asia, the earliest verifiable use of Hindu Saka methodology in inscriptions is marked ''Saka 533'' in Ankor Borei, which corresponds to 611 CE, while the Kedukan Bukit
The Kedukan Bukit inscription is an inscription discovered by the Dutchman C.J. Batenburg on 29 November 1920 at Kedukan Bukit, South Sumatra, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), on the banks of Tatang River, a tributary of Musi River. It is the ...
inscription in Sumatra, containing three dates in ''Saka 604'' (682 CE), is the earliest known use of the Shaka era in the Indonesian islands. However, these inscriptions only set the floruit
''Floruit'' (; abbreviated fl. or occasionally flor.; from Latin for "they flourished") denotes a date or period during which a person was known to have been alive or active. In English, the unabbreviated word may also be used as a noun indicatin ...
for the use of the Shaka era in these places, and the Hindu calendar likely existed in southeast Asia before these dates to be used in important monuments. Further, the Hindu calendar system remained popular among the Hindus through to the 15th century, and thereafter in Bali.
* Indian national calendar
The Indian national calendar, sometimes called the Saka calendar, is a solar calendar that is used alongside the Gregorian calendar by ''The Gazette of India'', in news broadcasts by All India Radio, and in calendars and official communications i ...
(modern): combines many Hindu calendars into one official standardized one, but old ones remain in use.
Months
Solar month and seasons
The Hindu calendar divides the zodiac into twelve division called ''rāśi''. The time taken by the Sun to transit through a ''rāśi'' is a solar month whose name is identical to the name of the ''rāśi.'' In practice, solar months are mostly referred as ''rāśi'' (not months).
The solar months are named differently in different regional calendars. While the Malayalam calendar broadly retains the phonetic Sanskrit names, the Bengali and Tamil calendars repurpose the Sanskrit ''lunar month names'' (Chaitra, Vaishaka etc.) as follows:
* The Tamil calendar replaces Mesha, Vrisha etc. with Chithirai, Vaigasi etc.
* The Bengali calendar is similar to the Tamil calendar except in that it starts the year with Boiśākh (instead of Choitrô), followed by Jyoisthô etc. The Assamese and Odia calendars too are structured the same way.
The solar months (''rāśi'') along with their equivalent names in the Bangali, Malayalam and Tamil calendar are given below:
{, class="wikitable"
, + Solar month names in different Hindu calendars
!#, , style="background: #ffad66" width=100 , Vikrami
(solar)
!width=100 , Assamese, , width=100, Bengali, , width=100 , Malayalam
!width=100 , Odia, , width=100, Tamil
!Tulu, , width="100" , Gregorian
, -
, 1, , align="center" , Mina
, align="center" , চ’ত (Söt), , align="center" , চৈত্র (Choitrô)
, align="center" , മീനം (Mīnaṃ)
, align="center" , ଚୈତ୍ର (Caitra)
, align="center" , பங்குனி (Paṅguṉi)
, Suggi, , align="center" , March–April
, -
, 2, , align="center" , Mēsha
, align="center" , ব’হাগ (Böhag), , align="center", বৈশাখ (Boiśākh)
, align="center" , മേടം (Mēḍaṃ)
, align="center" , ବୈଶାଖ (Baiśākha)
, align="center" , சித்திரை (Śittirai)
, Paggu
, align="center" , April–May
, -
, 3, , align="center" , Vrisha
, align="center" , জেঠ (Zeth), , align="center" , জ্যৈষ্ঠ (Jyoisthô)
, align="center" , ഇടവം (Iḍavaṃ)
, align="center" , ଜ୍ୟେଷ୍ଠ (Jyēṣṭha)
, align="center" , வைகாசி (Vaigāsi)
, Beshya, , align="center" , May–June
, -
, 4, , align="center" , Mithuna
, align="center" , আহাৰ (Ahar), , align="center" , আষাঢ় (Āsādh)
, align="center" , മിഥുനം (Mithunaṃ)
, align="center" , ଆଷାଢ଼ (Āṣāḍha)
, align="center" , ஆனி (Āṉi)
, Kaarthel, , align="center" , June–July
, -
, 5, , align="center" , Karka
, align="center" , শাওণ (Xaün), , align="center" , শ্রাবণ (Śrābôṇ)
, align="center" , കർക്കടകം (Karkkaṭakam)
, align="center" , ଶ୍ରାବଣ (Śrābaṇa)
, align="center" , ஆடி (Āḍi)
, Aati, , align="center" , July–August
, -
, 6, , align="center" , Singa
, align="center" , ভাদ (Bhado), , align="center" , ভাদ্র (Bhādrô)
, align="center" , ചിങ്ങം (Ciṅṅaṃ)
, align="center" , ଭାଦ୍ରବ (Bhādraba)
or
ଭାଦ୍ର (Bhādra)
, align="center" , ஆவணி (Āvaṇi)
, Sōna, , align="center" , August–September
, -
, 7, , align="center" , Kanya
, align="center" , আহিন (Ahin), , align="center" , আশ্বিন (Āśhshin)
, align="center" , കന്നി (Kanni)
, align="center" , ଆଶ୍ୱିନ (Āśvina)
, align="center" , புரட்டாசி (Puraṭṭāsi)
, Nirnaal, , align="center" , September–October
, -
, 8, , align="center" , Tula
, align="center" , কাতি (Kati), , align="center" , কার্তিক (Kārtik)
, align="center" , തുലാം (Tulāṃ)
, align="center" , କାର୍ତ୍ତିକ (Kārttika)
, align="center" , ஐப்பசி (Aippasi)
, Bonthel, , align="center" , October–November
, -
, 9, , align="center" , Vrischika
, align="center" , আঘোণ (Aghün), , align="center" , অগ্রহায়ণ (Ôgrôhāyôn)
, align="center" , വൃശ്ചികം (Vr̥ścikaṃ)
, align="center" , ମାର୍ଗଶିର (Mārgaśira)
, align="center" , கார்த்திகை (Kārttigai)
, Jaarde, , align="center" , November–December
, -
, 10, , align="center" , Dhanus
, align="center" , পোহ (Puh), , align="center" , পৌষ (Poush)
, align="center" , ധനു (Dhanu)
, align="center" , ପୌଷ (Pauṣa)
, align="center" , மார்கழி (Mārgaḻi)
, Perarde, , align="center" , December–January
, -
, 11, , align="center" , Makara
, align="center" , মাঘ (Magh), , align="center" , মাঘ (Māgh)
, align="center" , മകരം (Makaram)
, align="center" , ମାଘ (Māgha)
, align="center" , தை
(Tai)
, Puyinthel, , align="center" , January–February
, -
, 12, , align="center" , Kumbha
, align="center" , ফাগুন (Phagun), , align="center" , ফাল্গুন (Phālgun)
, align="center" , കുംഭം (Kumbham)
, align="center" , ଫାଲ୍ଗୁନ (Phālguna)
or
ଫଗୁଣ (Phaguṇa)
, align="center" , மாசி
(Māsi)
, Maayi, , align="center" , February–March
The solar months (''rāśi'') along with the approximate correspondence to Hindu seasons and Gregorian months are:
{, class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
, -
! style="background: #ffad66;" , Rāśi
!
Sidereal signs
! Gregorian
months
!
Ṛtu(season)
!
Ṛtu in
Devanagari
Devanagari ( ; , , Sanskrit pronunciation: ), also called Nagari (),Kathleen Kuiper (2010), The Culture of India, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, , page 83 is a left-to-right abugida (a type of segmental writing system), based on the ...
script
! Bengali name for
Ṛtu
! Gujarati name for
Ṛtu
! Kannada name for
Ṛtu
! Kashmiri name for
Ṛtu
! Malayalam name for
Ṛtu
! Odia name for
Ṛtu
! Tamil name for
Ṛtu
! Telugu name for
Ṛtu
! Tibetan name for
Ṛtu
! Kalachakra tantra Tibetan-name for
Ṛtu
, -
,
Mīna
Mīna, or Meena, is a month in the Indian solar calendar. It corresponds to the zodiacal sign of Pisces, and overlaps with about the later half of March and about the early half of April in the Gregorian calendar. First day of the Meena month, cal ...
Mesh
A mesh is a barrier made of connected strands of metal, fiber, or other flexible or ductile materials. A mesh is similar to a web or a net in that it has many attached or woven strands.
Types
* A plastic mesh may be extruded, oriented, exp ...
, ♓
♈
, Mid March–
Mid May
,
Vasanta
(
Spring
Spring(s) may refer to:
Common uses
* Spring (season), a season of the year
* Spring (device), a mechanical device that stores energy
* Spring (hydrology), a natural source of water
* Spring (mathematics), a geometric surface in the shape of a h ...
)
, वसन्त
, বসন্ত (Bôsôntô)
, વસંત ઋતુ (Vasaṃta r̥tu)
, ವಸಂತ ಋತು (Vasaṃta Ṛtu)
,
, വസന്തം (Vasaṃtam)
, ବସନ୍ତ (Basanta)
, இளவேனில் (ilavenil)
, వసంత ఋతువు (Vasaṃta Ṛtuvu)
, དཔྱིད་ར་བ་དང་དཔྱིད་བར་མ (shid rawa, thang, shid warma)
, དཔྱིད་ཀ (shid ka)
, -
,
Vṛṣabha
Vṛṣabha, or Vrishabha, is a month in the Indian solar calendar. It corresponds to the zodiacal sign of Taurus, and overlaps with about the second half of May and about the first half of June in the Gregorian calendar. The first day of the ...
Mithuna
, ♉
♊
, Mid May–
Mid July
,
Grīṣma
(
Summer
Summer is the hottest of the four temperate seasons, occurring after spring and before autumn. At or centred on the summer solstice, the earliest sunrise and latest sunset occurs, daylight hours are longest and dark hours are shortest, wit ...
)
, ग्रीष्म
, গ্রীষ্ম (Grishsho)
, ગ્રીષ્મ ઋતુ (Grīṣma r̥tu)
, ಗ್ರೀಷ್ಮ ಋತು (Grīṣma Ṛtu)
,
, ഗ്രീഷ്മം (Grīṣmam)
, ଗ୍ରୀଷ୍ମ (Grīṣma)
, முதுவேனில் (mudhuvenil)
, గ్రీష్మ ఋతువు (Grīṣma Ṛtuvu)
, དཔྱིད་ཐ་མ་དང་དབྱར་ར་བ། (shid dama, thang, yar rawa)
, སོ་ག(soga)
, -
,
Karkaṭa
Karkaṭa, also referred to as Karka or Karkatha, is a month in the Indian solar calendar. It corresponds to the zodiacal sign of Cancer, and overlaps approximately with the later half of July and early half of August in the Gregorian calendar.
I ...
Siṃha
Siṃha is one of the twelve months in the Indian solar calendar.
Simha corresponds to the zodiacal sign of Leo, and overlaps with about the second half of August and about the first half of September in the Gregorian calendar. In Vedic texts, t ...
, ♋
♌
, Mid July–
Mid Sep
,
Varṣā
(
Monsoon
A monsoon () is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annual latitudinal oscil ...
)
, वर्षा
, বর্ষা (Bôrsha)
, વર્ષા ઋતુ (Varṣa r̥tu)
, ವರ್ಷ ಋತು (Varṣa Ṛtu)
,
, വര്ഷം (Varṣām)
, ବର୍ଷା (Barṣā)
, கார் (kaar)
, వర్ష ఋతువు (Varṣa Ṛtuvu)
, དབྱར་བར་མ་དང་དབྱར་ཐ་མ (yarwarma, thang, yardama)
, དབྱར་ག (yarka)
, -
,
Kanyā
Tulā
, ♍
♎
, Mid Sep–
Mid Nov
,
Śarad
(
Autumn
Autumn, also known as fall in American English and Canadian English, is one of the four temperate seasons on Earth. Outside the tropics, autumn marks the transition from summer to winter, in September ( Northern Hemisphere) or March ( ...
)
, शरद्
, শরৎ(Shôrôt)
, શરદ ઋતુ (Śarad r̥tu)
, ಶರದೃತು (Śaradṛtu)
,
, ശരത് (Śarat)
, ଶରତ (Śarata)
, குளிர் (kulir)
, శరదృతువు (Śaradṛtuvu)
, སྟོན་ར་བ་དང་སྟོན་བར་མ (ston rawa, thang, ston warma)
, སྟོན་ཁ (stonka)
, -
,
Vṛścika
Dhanu
, ♏
♐
, Mid Nov–
Mid Jan
,
Hemanta
(Pre-
Winter
Winter is the coldest season of the year in polar and temperate climates. It occurs after autumn and before spring. The tilt of Earth's axis causes seasons; winter occurs when a hemisphere is oriented away from the Sun. Different cultur ...
)
, हेमन्त
, হেমন্ত (Hemôntô)
, હેમંત ઋતુ (Hēmaṃta r̥tu)
, ಹೇಮಂತ ಋತು (Hēmaṃta Ṛtu)
,
, ഹേമന്തം (Hemantam)
, ହେମନ୍ତ (Hemanta)
, முன்பனி (munpani)
, హేమంత ఋతువు (Hēmaṃta Ṛtuvu)
, སྟོན་ཐ་མ་དང་དགུན་ར་བ (ston da ma, thang, dgun rawa)
, དགུན་སྟོད (dgun stod)
, -
,
Makara
''Makara'' ( sa, मकर, translit=Makara) is a legendary sea-creature in Hindu mythology. In Hindu astrology, Makara is equivalent to the Zodiac sign Capricorn.
Makara appears as the vahana (vehicle) of the river goddess Ganga, Narmada, a ...
Kumbha
, ♑
♒
, Mid Jan–
Mid March
,
Śiśira
(
Winter
Winter is the coldest season of the year in polar and temperate climates. It occurs after autumn and before spring. The tilt of Earth's axis causes seasons; winter occurs when a hemisphere is oriented away from the Sun. Different cultur ...
)
, शिशिर
, শীত (Śeet)
, શિશિર ઋતુ (Śiśira r̥tu)
, ಶಿಶಿರ ಋತು (Śiśira Ṛtu)
,
, ശിശിരം (Śiśiram)
, ଶୀତ/ଶିଶିର (Śīta/Śiśira)
, பின்பனி (pinpani)
, శిశిర ఋతువు (Śiśira Ṛtuvu)
, དགུན་བར་མ་དང་དགུན་ཐ་མ (dgun warma, thang, dgun dama)
, དགུན་སྨད (dgun smad)
The names of the solar months are also used in the Darian calendar
The Darian calendar is a proposed system of timekeeping designed to serve the needs of any possible future human settlers on the planet Mars. It was created by aerospace engineer, political scientist, and space jurist Thomas Gangale in 1985 and ...
for the planet Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, only being larger than Mercury. In the English language, Mars is named for the Roman god of war. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin at ...
.
Lunar months
Lunar months are defined based on lunar cycles, i.e. the regular occurrence of new moon and full moon and the intervening waxing and waning phases of the moon.
Paksha
A lunar month contains two fortnights called '' pakṣa'' (पक्ष, literally "side"). One fortnight is the bright, waxing half where the moon size grows and it ends in the full moon. This is called "Gaura Paksha" or ''Shukla Paksha''. The other half is the darkening, waning fortnight which ends in the new moon. This is called "Vadhya Paksha" or ''Krishna Paksha''. The Hindu festivals typically are either on or the day after the full moon night or the darkest night (''amavasya'', अमावास्या), except for some associated with Krishna
Krishna (; sa, कृष्ण ) is a major deity in Hinduism. He is worshipped as the eighth avatar of Vishnu and also as the Supreme god in his own right. He is the god of protection, compassion, tenderness, and love; and is on ...
, Durga
Durga ( sa, दुर्गा, ) is a major Hindu goddess, worshipped as a principal aspect of the mother goddess Mahadevi. She is associated with protection, strength, motherhood, destruction, and wars.
Durga's legend centres around c ...
or Rama
Rama (; ), Ram, Raman or Ramar, also known as Ramachandra (; , ), is a major deity in Hinduism. He is the seventh and one of the most popular '' avatars'' of Vishnu. In Rama-centric traditions of Hinduism, he is considered the Supreme Bei ...
. The lunar months of the hot summer and the busy major cropping-related part of the monsoon season typically do not schedule major festivals.
Amanta and Purnimanta systems
Two traditions have been followed in the Indian subcontinent with respect to lunar months: the amanta tradition, which ends the lunar month on new moon
In astronomy, the new moon is the first lunar phase, when the Moon and Sun have the same ecliptic longitude. At this phase, the lunar disk is not visible to the naked eye, except when it is silhouetted against the Sun during a solar ecl ...
day (similar to the Islamic calendar
The Hijri calendar ( ar, ٱلتَّقْوِيم ٱلْهِجْرِيّ, translit=al-taqwīm al-hijrī), also known in English as the Muslim calendar and Islamic calendar, is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 lunar months in a year of 354 ...
) and the purnimanta tradition, which ends it on full moon
The full moon is the lunar phase when the Moon appears fully illuminated from Earth's perspective. This occurs when Earth is located between the Sun and the Moon (when the ecliptic longitudes of the Sun and Moon differ by 180°). This mea ...
day. As a consequence, in the amanta tradition, Shukla paksha precedes Krishna paksha in every lunar month, whereas in the purnimanta tradition, Krishna paksha precedes Shukla paksha in every lunar month. As a result, a Shukla paksha will always belong to the same month in both traditions, whereas a Krishna paksha will always be associated with different (but succeeding) months in each tradition.
{, class="wikitable"
, +style="text-align:left", Variations in the naming of lunar months
!
!Krishna Paksha
!Shukla Paksha
!Krishna Paksha
, - style="text-align:center"
, style="text-align:left" , Amanta
, Phalguna
, colspan="2" , Chaitra
, - style="text-align:center"
, style="text-align:left" , Purnimanta
, colspan="2" , Chaitra
, Vaishaka
The amanta (also known as Amavasyanta or Mukhyamana) tradition is followed by most Indian states that have a peninsular coastline (except Assam
Assam (; ) is a state in northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of . The state is bordered by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north; Nagaland and Manipur ...
, West Bengal
West Bengal (, Bengali: ''Poshchim Bongo'', , abbr. WB) is a state in the eastern portion of India. It is situated along the Bay of Bengal, along with a population of over 91 million inhabitants within an area of . West Bengal is the fou ...
, Odisha
Odisha (English: , ), formerly Orissa ( the official name until 2011), is an Indian state located in Eastern India. It is the 8th largest state by area, and the 11th largest by population. The state has the third largest population of ...
, Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu (; , TN) is a state in southern India. It is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population. Its capital and largest city is Chennai. Tamil Nadu is the home of the Tamil people, whose Tamil language ...
and Kerala
Kerala ( ; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile regions of Cochin, Malabar, South Ca ...
, which use their own solar calendar
A solar calendar is a calendar whose dates indicate the season or almost equivalently the apparent position of the Sun relative to the stars. The Gregorian calendar, widely accepted as a standard in the world, is an example of a solar calendar.
...
s). These states are Gujarat
Gujarat (, ) is a state along the western coast of India. Its coastline of about is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula. Gujarat is the fifth-largest Indian state by area, covering some ; and the ninth ...
, Maharashtra
Maharashtra (; , abbr. MH or Maha) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. Maharashtra is the second-most populous state in India and the second-most populous country subdi ...
, Goa, Karnataka
Karnataka (; ISO 15919, ISO: , , also known as Karunāḍu) is a States and union territories of India, state in the southwestern region of India. It was Unification of Karnataka, formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reor ...
, Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh (, abbr. AP) is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India. It is the seventh-largest state by area covering an area of and tenth-most populous state with 49,386,799 inhabitants. It is bordered by Telangana to the ...
and Telangana
Telangana (; , ) is a state in India situated on the south-central stretch of the Indian peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau. It is the eleventh-largest state and the twelfth-most populated state in India with a geographical area of and 35 ...
. Nepal and most Indian states north of the Vindhya mountains follow the purnimanta (or Gaunamana) tradition.
The purnimanta tradition was being followed in the Vedic era
The Vedic period, or the Vedic age (), is the period in the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age of the history of India when the Vedic literature, including the Vedas (ca. 1300–900 BCE), was composed in the northern Indian subcontinent, b ...
. It was replaced with the amanta tradition as the Hindu calendar system prior to the 1st century BCE, but the Purnimanta tradition was restored in 57 BCE by Vikramaditya
Vikramaditya (IAST: ') was a legendary king who has been featured in hundreds of traditional stories including those in ''Baital Pachisi'' and '' Singhasan Battisi''. Many describe him as ruler with his capital at Ujjain (Pataliputra or Prati ...
, who wanted to return to the Vedic roots. The presence of this system is one of the factors considered in dating ancient Indian manuscripts and epigraphical evidence that have survived into the modern era.
The two traditions of Amanta and Purnimanta systems have led to alternate ways of dating any festival or event that occurs in a Krishna paksha in the historic Hindu, Buddhist or Jain literature, and contemporary regional literature or festival calendars. For example, the Hindu festival of Maha Shivaratri falls on the fourteenth lunar day of ''Magha's'' Krishna paksha in the Amanta system, while the same exact day is expressed as the fourteenth lunar day of ''Phalguna's'' Krishna paksha in the Purnimanta system. Both lunisolar calendar systems are equivalent ways of referring to the same date, and they continue to be in use in different regions, though the Purnimanta system is now typically assumed as implied in modern Indology literature if not otherwise specified.
List of Lunar Months
The names of the Hindu months
vary by region. Those Hindu calendars which are based on lunar cycle are generally phonetic variants of each other, while the solar cycle are generally variants of each other too, suggesting that the timekeeping knowledge travelled widely across the Indian subcontinent in ancient times.
During each lunar month, the Sun transits into a sign of the zodicac (sankranti
Sankranti ( sa, संक्रान्ति ''saṁkrānti or saṅkramaṇa'') means transmigration of the Sun from one zodiac to another in Indian astronomy.
Each Sankranti is marked as the beginning of a month in the sidereal solar calen ...
). The lunar month in which the Sun transits into Mesha is named Chaitra and designated as the first month of the lunar year.
A few major calendars are summarized below:
{, class="wikitable"
, + Lunar calendar month names in different Hindu calendars
[
!#, , style="background: #ffad66;" width=50, Vikrami]
(lunar)[, , style="background: #ffad66;" width=50, Sankranti
!width=50, Hindi/]
Marathi
!width=50, Kannada
!width=100, Kashmiri
!width=50, Maithili
!width=50, Meitei (Manipuri)
!Nepali
!width=50, Punjabi
!width=100, Sindhi
!width=50, Telugu, , width=50, Tulu, , width=50, Tibetan, , width=50, Gregorian
, -
, 1, , align="center" , Chaitra
Chaitra (Hindi: चैत्र) is a month of the Hindu calendar.
In the standard Hindu calendar and India's national civil calendar, Chaitra is the first month of the year. It is the last month in the Bengali calendar, where it is called Ch ...
, align="center" , Mēsha
, चैत्र
, ಚೈತ್ರ (Chaitra)
,
or
, 𑒔𑒻𑒞𑒱 (Chait)
, ꯂꯝꯇꯥ (Lamta)
, चैत
(Chait)
,
(Chēt)
, (Chēṭu)
, చైత్రము
(Chaitramu)
, align="center" , Suggi, , align="center" , ནག་པ་ཟླ་བ, , align="center" , March–April
, -
, 2, , align="center" , Vaisākha, , align="center" , Vrisha
, वैशाख
, ವೈಶಾಖ (Vaisākha)
,
or
, 𑒥𑒻𑒮𑒰𑒐 (Baishakh)
, ꯁꯖꯤꯕꯨ (Sajibu)
, वैशाख
(Baishākh)
,
(Vasākh)
, (Vēsāku)
or
(Vihāu)
, వైశాఖము
(Vaiśākhamu)
, align="center" , Paggu
, align="center" , ས་ག་ཟླ་བ, , align="center" , April–May
, -
, 3, , align="center" , Jyeshta
Jyeshtha or Jyēṣṭha ( sa, ज्येष्ठ; ne, जेठ ''jēṭ''; as, জেঠ ''zeth''; or, ଜ୍ୟେଷ୍ଠ ''Jyeṣṭha'') is a month of the Hindu calendar. In India's national civil calendar, Jyestha is the third mon ...
, , align="center" , Mithuna
, ज्येष्ठ
, ಜ್ಯೇಷ್ಠ (Jyeshta)
,
, 𑒖𑒹𑒚 (Jeth)
, ꯀꯥꯂꯦꯟ (Kalen)
, जेठ
(Jēṭh)
,
(Jēṭh)
, (Jēṭhu)
, జ్యేష్ఠము
(Jyēsṭhamu)
, align="center" , Bēsha, , align="center" , སྣྲོན་ཟླ་བ, , align="center" , May–June
, -
, 4, , align="center" , Āshāda, , align="center" , Karka
, आषाढ़ / आषाढ
, ಆಷಾಢ (Āshāda)
,
, 𑒁𑒮𑒰𑒜𑓃 (Asadh)
, ꯏꯉꯥ (Eenga)
, असार
(Asār)
,
(Hāṛh)
, (Ākhāṛu)
or
(Āhāṛu)
, ఆషాఢము
(Āṣāḍhamu)
, align="center" , Kārtel, , align="center" , ཆུ་སྟོད་ཟླ་བ, , align="center" , June–July
, -
, 5, , align="center" , Shraavana
Śrāvaṇa ( sa, श्रावण) is the fifth month of the Hindu calendar. In India's national civil calendar, Śrāvaṇa is the fifth month of the year, beginning on July 23 and ending on August 22. In the Tamil calendar, it is known ...
, , align="center" , Singa
, श्रावण
, ಶ್ರಾವಣ (Shrāvana)
,
, 𑒮𑒰𑒍𑒢 (Saon)
, ꯏꯉꯦꯟ (Eengen)
, साउन
(Sāun)
,
(Sāoṇ)
, (Sānvaṇu)
, శ్రావణము
(Śrāvaṇamu)
, align="center" , Aaṭi, , align="center" , གྲོ་བཞིན་ཟླ་བ, , align="center" , July–August
, -
, 6, , align="center" , Bhādra, , align="center" , Kanya
, भाद्र / भाद्रपद
, ಭಾದ್ರಪದ (Bhādrapada)
,
or
or
, 𑒦𑒰𑒠𑒼 (Bhado)
, ꯊꯧꯋꯥꯟ (Thouwan)
, भदौ
(Bhadau)
, (Bhādōn)
or
(Bhādrōn)
, (Baḍo)
or
(Baḍro)
, భద్రపదము (Bhadrapadamu), , align="center" , Sona, , align="center" , ཁྲིམས་སྟོད་ཟླ་བ, , align="center" , August–September
, -
, 7, , align="center" , Ashwina, , align="center" , Tula
, आश्विन
, ಆಶ್ವಯುಜ (Āswayuja)
,
, 𑒂𑒮𑒱𑒢 (Aasin)
, ꯂꯥꯡꯕꯟ (Langban)
, असोज
(Asoj)
,
(Assū)
, (Asū)
, ఆశ్వయుజము (Āśvayujamu), , align="center" , Kanya/Nirnāl, , align="center" , ཐ་སྐར་ཟླ་བ, , align="center" , September–October
, -
, 8, , align="center" , Kartika, , align="center" , Vrischika
, कार्तिक
, ಕಾರ್ತೀಕ (Kārtika)
,
, 𑒏𑒰𑒞𑒱𑒏 (Katik)
, ꯃꯦꯔꯥ (Mera)
, कात्तिक
(Kāttik)
,
(Kattak)
, (Katī)
, కార్తికము (Kārtikamu), , align="center" , Bontel, , align="center" , སྨིན་དྲུག་ཟླ་བ, , align="center" , October–November
, -
, 9, , align="center" , Mārgasirsa
(Agrahayana
Agrahāyaṇa or Mārgaśīrṣa, ( Hindi:
अगहन - agahana; मार्गशीर्ष - Mārgaśirṣa) is a month of the Hindu calendar. In India's national civil calendar, ''Agrahāyaṇa'' is the ninth month of the year, beginnin ...
) , , align="center" , Dhanus
, मार्गशीर्ष
, ಮಾರ್ಗಶಿರ (Mārgasira)
,
or
or
, 𑒁𑒑𑒯𑒢 (Agahan)
, ꯍꯤꯌꯥꯡꯀꯩ (Heeyangkei)
, मंसिर
(Mangsir)
, (Magghar)
, (Nāhrī)
or
(Manghiru)
, మార్గశిరము(Mārgaśiramu), , align="center" , Jārde, , align="center" , མགོ་ཟླ་བ, , align="center" , November–December
, -
, 10, , align="center" , Pausha, , align="center" , Makara
, पौष
, ಪುಷ್ಯ (Pushya)
,
or
, 𑒣𑒴𑒮 (Poos)
, ꯄꯣꯢꯅꯨ (Poinu)
, पुष
(Puṣ)
,
(Poh)
, (Pohu)
, పుష్యము(Puṣyamu), , align="center" , Perarde, , align="center" , རྒྱལ་ཟླ་བ, , align="center" , December–January
, -
, 11, , align="center" , Māgha
Magha (c. 7th century) ( sa, माघ, ) was a Sanskrit poet at King Varmalata's court at Shrimala, the then-capital of Gujarat (presently in Rajasthan state). Magha was born in a Shrimali Brahmin family. He was the son of Dattaka Sarvacharya ...
, , align="center" , Kumbha
, माघ
, ಮಾಘ (Magha)
,
, 𑒧𑒰𑒒 (Magh)
, ꯋꯥꯛꯆꯤꯡ (Wakching)
, माघ
(Magh)
,
(Māgh)
, (Mānghu)
, మాఘము(Māghamu), , align="center" , Puyintel, , align="center" , མཆུ་ཟླ་བ, , align="center" , January–February
, -
, 12, , align="center" , Phālguna, , align="center" , Mina
, फाल्गुण / फाल्गुन
, ಫಾಲ್ಗುಣ (Phalguna)
,
, 𑒤𑒰𑒑𑒳𑒢 (Fagun)
, ꯐꯥꯢꯔꯦꯜ (Fairel)
, फागुन
(Phagun)
,
(Phaggaṇ)
, (Phaguṇu)
, ఫాల్గుణము (Phālguṇamu), , align="center" , Māyi, , align="center" , དབོ་ཟླ་བ, , align="center" , February–March
Corrections between lunar and solar months
Twelve Hindu mas (māsa, lunar month) are equal to approximately 354 days, while the length of a sidereal (solar) year is about 365 days. This creates a difference of about eleven days, which is offset every (29.53/10.63) = 2.71 years, or approximately every 32.5 months. Purushottam Maas or Adhik Maas is an extra month that is inserted to keep the lunar and solar calendars aligned. The twelve months are subdivided into six lunar seasons timed with the agriculture cycles, blooming of natural flowers, fall of leaves, and weather. To account for the mismatch between lunar and solar calendar, the Hindu scholars adopted intercalary months, where a particular month just repeated. The choice of this month was not random, but timed to sync back the two calendars to the cycle of agriculture and nature.
The repetition of a month created the problem of scheduling festivals, weddings and other social events without repetition and confusion. This was resolved by declaring one month as ''Shudha'' (pure, clean, regular, proper, also called ''Deva'' month) and the other ''Mala'' or ''Adhika'' (extra, unclean and inauspicious, also called Asura masa).
The Hindu mathematicians who calculated the best way to adjust the two years, over long periods of a ''yuga'' (era, tables calculating 1000 of years), they determined that the best means to intercalate the months is to time the intercalary months on a 19-year cycle. This intercalation is generally adopted in the 3rd, 5th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 16th and 19th year of this cycle. Further, the complex rules rule out the repetition of Mārgasirsa (also called ''Agrahayana''), Pausha and Maagha
Maagha (Hindi: माघ ''maagh'') is a month of the Hindu calendar. In India's national civil calendar, it's the eleventh month of the year, corresponding to January/February in the Gregorian calendar.Henderson, Helene. (Ed.) (2005) ''Holida ...
lunar months. The historic Hindu texts are not consistent on these rules, with competing ideas flourishing in the Hindu culture.
Rare corrections
The Hindu calendar makes further rare adjustments, over a cycle of centuries, where a certain month is considered ''kshaya'' month (dropped). This occurs because of the complexity of the relative lunar, solar and earth movements. Underhill (1991) describes this part of Hindu calendar theory: "when the sun is in perigee, and a lunar month being at its longest, if the new moon immediately precedes a samkranti, then the first of the two lunar months is deleted (called ''nija'' or ''kshaya'')." This, for example, happened in the year 1 BCE, when there was no new moon between Makara samkranti and Kumbha samkranti, and the month of Pausha was dropped.
Day
Just like months, the Hindu calendar has two measures of a day, one based on the lunar movement and the other on solar. The solar (''saura Saura may refer to:
* Saura (Hinduism), a Hindu denomination
* Saura calendar, the Vedic and medieval Indian solar calendar
People
* Antonio Saura, Spanish surrealist artist
* Carlos Saura, Spanish film director
* Enrique Saura, Spanish footb ...
'') day or civil day, called ''divasa'' (), has been what most Hindus traditionally use, is easy and empirical to observe, with or without a clock, and it is defined as the period from one sunrise to another. The lunar day is called ''tithi'' (), and this is based on complicated measures of lunar movement. A lunar day or ''tithi'' may, for example, begin in the middle of an afternoon and end next afternoon. Both these days do not directly correspond to a mathematical measure for a day such as equal 24 hours of a solar year, a fact that the Hindu calendar scholars knew, but the system of ''divasa'' was convenient for the general population. The ''tithi'' have been the basis for timing rituals and festivals, while ''divasa'' for everyday use. The Hindu calendars adjust the mismatch in ''divasa'' and ''tithi'', using a methodology similar to the solar and lunar months.
A ''tithi'' is technically defined in Vedic texts, states John E. Cort
John E. Cort (born 1953) is an American indologist. He is a professor of Asian and Comparative Religions at Denison University, where he is also Chair of the Department of Religion. He has studied Jainism and the history of Jain society over fo ...
, as "the time required by the combined motions of the sun and moon to increase (in a bright fortnight) or decrease (in a dark fortnight) their relative distance by twelve degrees of the zodiac. These motions are measured using a fixed map of celestial zodiac as reference, and given the elliptical orbits, a duration of a ''tithi'' varies between 21.5 and 26 hours, states Cort. However, in the Indian tradition, the general population's practice has been to treat a tithi as a solar day between one sunrise to next.
A lunar month has 30 ''tithi''. The technical standard makes each ''tithi'' contain different number of hours, but helps the overall integrity of the calendar. Given the variation in the length of a solar day with seasons, and moon's relative movements, the start and end time for ''tithi'' varies over the seasons and over the years, and the ''tithi'' adjusted to sync with ''divasa'' periodically with intercalation.
Weekday/Vāsara
''Vāsara'' refers to the weekdays in Sanskrit. Also referred to as ''Vara'' and used as a suffix. The correspondence between the names of the week in Hindu and other Indo-European calendars are exact. This alignment of names probably took place sometime during the 3rd century CE. The weekday of a Hindu calendar has been symmetrically divided into 60 ''ghatika'', each ''ghatika'' (24 minutes) is divided into 60 ''pala'', each ''pala'' (24 seconds) is subdivided into 60 ''vipala'', and so on.[
]
{, class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;"
, + Names of the weekdays in different languages
, -
!No.
!style="background: #ffad66;" ,
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural diffusion ...
!Latin weekday
!Celestial object
!
Assamese
!
Bengali
Bengali or Bengalee, or Bengalese may refer to:
*something of, from, or related to Bengal, a large region in South Asia
* Bengalis, an ethnic and linguistic group of the region
* Bengali language, the language they speak
** Bengali alphabet, the w ...
!
Bhojpuri
Bhojpuri (;[Bhojpuri entry, Oxford Dictionaries](_blank)
, Oxford U ...
!
Gujarati
Gujarati may refer to:
* something of, from, or related to Gujarat, a state of India
* Gujarati people, the major ethnic group of Gujarat
* Gujarati language, the Indo-Aryan language spoken by them
* Gujarati languages, the Western Indo-Aryan sub- ...
!
Hindi
Hindi (Devanāgarī: or , ), or more precisely Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: ), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in the Hindi Belt region encompassing parts of northern, central, eastern, and western India. Hindi has been ...
!
Kannada
Kannada (; ಕನ್ನಡ, ), originally romanised Canarese, is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by the people of Karnataka in southwestern India, with minorities in all neighbouring states. It has around 47 million native s ...
!
Kashmiri Kashmiri may refer to:
* People or things related to the Kashmir Valley or the broader region of Kashmir
* Kashmiris, an ethnic group native to the Kashmir Valley
* Kashmiri language, their language
People with the name
* Kashmiri Saikia Baruah ...
!
Konkani
!
Malayalam
Malayalam (; , ) is a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry ( Mahé district) by the Malayali people. It is one of 22 scheduled languages of India. Malayalam wa ...
!
Maithili
!
Marathi
!
Meitei(Manipuri)
!
Nepali
Nepali or Nepalese may refer to :
Concerning Nepal
* Anything of, from, or related to Nepal
* Nepali people, citizens of Nepal
* Nepali language, an Indo-Aryan language found in Nepal, the current official national language and a language spoken ...
!
Odia
Odia, also spelled Oriya or Odiya, may refer to:
* Odia people in Odisha, India
* Odia language, an Indian language, belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family
* Odia alphabet, a writing system used for the Odia languag ...
!
Punjabi
Punjabi, or Panjabi, most often refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to Punjab, a region in India and Pakistan
* Punjabi language
* Punjabi people
* Punjabi dialects and languages
Punjabi may also refer to:
* Punjabi (horse), a British Th ...
(Hindus and Sikhs)
!
Sindhi
Sindhi may refer to:
*something from, or related to Sindh, a province of Pakistan
* Sindhi people, an ethnic group from the Sindh region
* Sindhi language, the Indo-Aryan language spoken by them
People with the name
* Sarkash Sindhi (1940–2012 ...
!
Sylheti
Sylheti may refer to:
* Sylhetis, an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group in the Sylhet division and South Assam
* Sylheti language, a language of the Sylheti region
* Sylheti Nagri
Sylheti Nagri or Sylheti Nagari ( syl, , ISO: , ), known in cla ...
!
Tamil
Tamil may refer to:
* Tamils, an ethnic group native to India and some other parts of Asia
** Sri Lankan Tamils, Tamil people native to Sri Lanka also called ilankai tamils
**Tamil Malaysians, Tamil people native to Malaysia
* Tamil language, na ...
!
Telugu
Telugu may refer to:
* Telugu language, a major Dravidian language of India
*Telugu people, an ethno-linguistic group of India
* Telugu script, used to write the Telugu language
** Telugu (Unicode block), a block of Telugu characters in Unicode
...
!
!
Balinese
!
Cham
Cham or CHAM may refer to:
Ethnicities and languages
*Chams, people in Vietnam and Cambodia
**Cham language, the language of the Cham people
***Cham script
*** Cham (Unicode block), a block of Unicode characters of the Cham script
*Cham Albania ...
, -
, 1
,
Ravivāsara
रविवासर or
Aditya
Surya (; sa, सूर्य, ) is the sun as well as the solar deity in Hinduism. He is traditionally one of the major five deities in the Smarta tradition, all of whom are considered as equivalent deities in the Panchayatana puja and a ...
vāsara
आदित्य वासर
,
Sunday
Sunday is the day of the week between Saturday and Monday. In most Western countries, Sunday is a day of rest and a part of the weekend. It is often considered the first day of the week.
For most observant adherents of Christianity, Sund ...
/dies
Solis
,
Ravi, Aditya =
Sun
The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is a nearly perfect ball of hot plasma, heated to incandescence by nuclear fusion reactions in its core. The Sun radiates this energy mainly as light, ultraviolet, and infrared radi ...
,
Dêûbār/Rôbibār দেওবাৰ/ৰবিবাৰ
,
Rôbibār রবিবার
,
Aitwār अतवार
,
Ravivār રવિવાર
,
Ravivār रविवार
,
Bhānuvāra ಭಾನುವಾರ
,
">ːtʰwaːr
,
Āytār आयतार
,
Njaayar ഞായർ
,
Ravidin 𑒩𑒫𑒱𑒠𑒱𑒢
,
Ravivāra रविवार
, Nongmaijing
ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏꯖꯤꯡ
,
Aaitabar आइतवार
,
Rabibāra ରବିବାର
,
Aitvār ਐਤਵਾਰ
,
Ācharu
or
Ārtv āru
,
Rôibbār
ꠞꠂꠛ꠆ꠛꠣꠞ
,
Nyayiru ஞாயிறு
,
Ādivāraṁ ఆదివారం
,
Itvār
, ,
Redite ᬋᬤᬶᬢᭂ
, ,
Adit
An adit (from Latin ''aditus'', entrance) is an entrance to an underground mine which is horizontal or nearly horizontal, by which the mine can be entered, drained of water, ventilated, and minerals extracted at the lowest convenient level. Adit ...
, -
, 2
,
Soma
Soma may refer to:
Businesses and brands
* SOMA (architects), a New York–based firm of architects
* Soma (company), a company that designs eco-friendly water filtration systems
* SOMA Fabrications, a builder of bicycle frames and other bicycle ...
vāsara
सोमवासर or
Indu vāsara
इन्दु वासर
,
Monday
Monday is the day of the week between Sunday and Tuesday. According to the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 8601 standard, it is the first day of the week and in countries that adopt the "Sunday-first" convention, it is t ...
/dies
Lunae
,
Soma (deity)
Soma may refer to:
Businesses and brands
* SOMA (architects), a New York–based firm of architects
* Soma (company), a company that designs eco-friendly water filtration systems
* SOMA Fabrications, a builder of bicycle frames and other bicyc ...
,
Chandra
Chandra ( sa, चन्द्र, Candra, shining' or 'moon), also known as Soma ( sa, सोम), is the Hindu god of the Moon, and is associated with the night, plants and vegetation. He is one of the Navagraha (nine planets of Hinduism) an ...
=
Moon
The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It is the fifth largest satellite in the Solar System and the largest and most massive relative to its parent planet, with a diameter about one-quarter that of Earth (comparable to the width of ...
,
Xûmbār সোমবাৰ
,
Śombār সোমবার
,
Somār सोमार
,
Sōmavār સોમવાર
,
Somavār सोमवार
,
Sōmavāra ಸೋಮವಾರ
,
">͡səndrɨwaːrbr />
, ,
Somaar सोमार
,
Thinkal തിങ്കൾ
,
Somdin 𑒮𑒼𑒧𑒠𑒱𑒢
,
Somavāra सोमवार
, Ningthoukaba
ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧꯀꯥꯕ
,
Sombar सोमवार
,
Somabāra ସୋମବାର
,
Somavār ਸੋਮਵਾਰ
,
Sūmaru
,
Śombār ꠡꠝ꠆ꠛꠣꠞ
,
Thingal திங்கள்
,
Sōmavāraṁ సోమవారం
,
Somvār
or
Pīr
,
Soma
Soma may refer to:
Businesses and brands
* SOMA (architects), a New York–based firm of architects
* Soma (company), a company that designs eco-friendly water filtration systems
* SOMA Fabrications, a builder of bicycle frames and other bicycle ...
ᬲᭀᬫ
,
Thom
, -
, 3
,
Maṅgalavāsara
मङ्गलवासर or
Bhaumavāsara
भौम वासर
,
Tuesday
Tuesday is the day of the week between Monday and Wednesday. According to international standard ISO 8601, Monday is the first day of the week; thus, Tuesday is the second day of the week. According to some commonly used calendars, however ...
/dies
Martis
,
Maṅgala =
Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, only being larger than Mercury. In the English language, Mars is named for the Roman god of war. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin at ...
,
Môṅôlbār/Môṅgôlbār মঙলবাৰ/মঙ্গলবাৰ
,
Môṅgôlbār মঙ্গলবার
,
Mangar मंगर
,
Maṅgaḷavār મંગળવાર
,
Maṅgalavār मंगलवार
,
Maṁgaḷavāra ಮಂಗಳವಾರ
,
">oːmwaːr
or
">ɔ̃waːr
,
Mangaḷār मंगळार
,
Chovva ചൊവ്വ
,
Maṅgaldin 𑒧𑓀𑒑𑒪𑒠𑒱𑒢
,
Maṅgaḷavāra मंगळवार
, Leipakpokpa
ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛꯄꯣꯛꯄ
,
Mangalbar मङ्गलवार
,
Maṅgaḷabāra ମଙ୍ଗଳବାର
,
Maṅgalavār ਮੰਗਲਵਾਰ
,
Mangalu
or
Angāro
,
Môṅgôlbār ꠝꠋꠉꠟ꠆ꠛꠣꠞ
,
Chevvai செவ்வாய்
,
Maṁgaḷavāraṁ మంగళవారం
,
Mangal
Mangal Rajgan (or Manghal, Mangla) is a given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include:
People with the given name
*Mangal (singer), Afghan singer
*Mangal Bagh (born 1973), Pakistani militant leader
*Mangal Dhillon, Indian actor ...
,
Anggara ᬳᬂᬕᬭ
,
Angar
, -
, 4
,
Budha
Budha ( sa, बुध) is a Sanskrit word that connotes the planet Mercury. Budha, in Hindu legends, is also a deity.
He is also known as Soumya (Sanskrit: सौम्य, lit. ''son of Moon''), Rauhineya and Tunga and is the Nakshatra lo ...
vāsara
बुधवासर or
Saumya vāsara
सौम्य वासर
,
Wednesday
Wednesday is the day of the week between Tuesday and Thursday. According to international standard ISO 8601, it is the third day of the week. In countries which have Friday as their holiday, Wednesday is the fifth day of the week. In countrie ...
/dies
Mercurii
,
Budha
Budha ( sa, बुध) is a Sanskrit word that connotes the planet Mercury. Budha, in Hindu legends, is also a deity.
He is also known as Soumya (Sanskrit: सौम्य, lit. ''son of Moon''), Rauhineya and Tunga and is the Nakshatra lo ...
=
Mercury
,
Budhbār বুধবাৰ
,
Budhbār বুধবার
,
Buddh बुध
,
Budha
Budha ( sa, बुध) is a Sanskrit word that connotes the planet Mercury. Budha, in Hindu legends, is also a deity.
He is also known as Soumya (Sanskrit: सौम्य, lit. ''son of Moon''), Rauhineya and Tunga and is the Nakshatra lo ...
vār
બુધવાર
,
Budha
Budha ( sa, बुध) is a Sanskrit word that connotes the planet Mercury. Budha, in Hindu legends, is also a deity.
He is also known as Soumya (Sanskrit: सौम्य, lit. ''son of Moon''), Rauhineya and Tunga and is the Nakshatra lo ...
vāra
बुधवार
,
Budha
Budha ( sa, बुध) is a Sanskrit word that connotes the planet Mercury. Budha, in Hindu legends, is also a deity.
He is also known as Soumya (Sanskrit: सौम्य, lit. ''son of Moon''), Rauhineya and Tunga and is the Nakshatra lo ...
vāra
ಬುಧವಾರ
,
">ɔdwaːr
,
Budha
Budha ( sa, बुध) is a Sanskrit word that connotes the planet Mercury. Budha, in Hindu legends, is also a deity.
He is also known as Soumya (Sanskrit: सौम्य, lit. ''son of Moon''), Rauhineya and Tunga and is the Nakshatra lo ...
vār
बुधवार
,
Budha
Budha ( sa, बुध) is a Sanskrit word that connotes the planet Mercury. Budha, in Hindu legends, is also a deity.
He is also known as Soumya (Sanskrit: सौम्य, lit. ''son of Moon''), Rauhineya and Tunga and is the Nakshatra lo ...
n
ബുധൻ
,
Budhdin 𑒥𑒳𑒡𑒠𑒱𑒢
,
Budha
Budha ( sa, बुध) is a Sanskrit word that connotes the planet Mercury. Budha, in Hindu legends, is also a deity.
He is also known as Soumya (Sanskrit: सौम्य, lit. ''son of Moon''), Rauhineya and Tunga and is the Nakshatra lo ...
vāra
बुधवार
, Yumsakeisa
ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯀꯩꯁ
,
Budha
Budha ( sa, बुध) is a Sanskrit word that connotes the planet Mercury. Budha, in Hindu legends, is also a deity.
He is also known as Soumya (Sanskrit: सौम्य, lit. ''son of Moon''), Rauhineya and Tunga and is the Nakshatra lo ...
bar
बुधवार
,
Budha
Budha ( sa, बुध) is a Sanskrit word that connotes the planet Mercury. Budha, in Hindu legends, is also a deity.
He is also known as Soumya (Sanskrit: सौम्य, lit. ''son of Moon''), Rauhineya and Tunga and is the Nakshatra lo ...
bāra
ବୁଧବାର
,
Buddhavār ਬੁੱਧਵਾਰ
,
Budha
Budha ( sa, बुध) is a Sanskrit word that connotes the planet Mercury. Budha, in Hindu legends, is also a deity.
He is also known as Soumya (Sanskrit: सौम्य, lit. ''son of Moon''), Rauhineya and Tunga and is the Nakshatra lo ...
ru
or
Arbā
,
Budbār ꠛꠥꠗ꠆ꠛꠣꠞ
,
Budha
Budha ( sa, बुध) is a Sanskrit word that connotes the planet Mercury. Budha, in Hindu legends, is also a deity.
He is also known as Soumya (Sanskrit: सौम्य, lit. ''son of Moon''), Rauhineya and Tunga and is the Nakshatra lo ...
n
புதன்
,
Budha
Budha ( sa, बुध) is a Sanskrit word that connotes the planet Mercury. Budha, in Hindu legends, is also a deity.
He is also known as Soumya (Sanskrit: सौम्य, lit. ''son of Moon''), Rauhineya and Tunga and is the Nakshatra lo ...
vāraṁ
బుధవారం
,
Budh
,
Buda
Buda (; german: Ofen, sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Budim, Будим, Czech and sk, Budín, tr, Budin) was the historic capital of the Kingdom of Hungary and since 1873 has been the western part of the Hungarian capital Budapest, on the ...
ᬩᬸᬤ
,
But
, -
, 5
,
Guru
Guru ( sa, गुरु, IAST: ''guru;'' Pali'': garu'') is a Sanskrit term for a "mentor, guide, expert, or master" of certain knowledge or field. In pan- Indian traditions, a guru is more than a teacher: traditionally, the guru is a reverential ...
vāsara
गुरुवासर
or
Brhaspati
Brihaspati ( sa, बृहस्पति, ), also known as Guru, is a Hindu deity. In the ancient Vedic scriptures of Hinduism, Brihaspati is a deity associated with fire, and the word also refers to a rishi (sage) who counsels the devas (god ...
vāsara
बृहस्पतिवासर
,
Thursday
Thursday is the day of the week between Wednesday and Friday. According to the ISO 8601 international standard, it is the fourth day of the week. In countries which adopt the "Sunday-first" convention, it is the fifth day of the week.
Name
''Se ...
/dies
Iovis/Jupiter
,
Deva-Guru Bṛhaspati =
Jupiter
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass more than two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined, but slightly less than one-thousand ...
,
Brihôspôtibār বৃহস্পতিবাৰ
,
Brihôśpôtibār বৃহস্পতিবার
,
Bi'phey बियफे
,
Guru
Guru ( sa, गुरु, IAST: ''guru;'' Pali'': garu'') is a Sanskrit term for a "mentor, guide, expert, or master" of certain knowledge or field. In pan- Indian traditions, a guru is more than a teacher: traditionally, the guru is a reverential ...
vār
ગુરુવાર
,
Guru
Guru ( sa, गुरु, IAST: ''guru;'' Pali'': garu'') is a Sanskrit term for a "mentor, guide, expert, or master" of certain knowledge or field. In pan- Indian traditions, a guru is more than a teacher: traditionally, the guru is a reverential ...
vār
गुरुवार
or
Brihaspativāra
बृहस्पतिवार
,
Guru
Guru ( sa, गुरु, IAST: ''guru;'' Pali'': garu'') is a Sanskrit term for a "mentor, guide, expert, or master" of certain knowledge or field. In pan- Indian traditions, a guru is more than a teacher: traditionally, the guru is a reverential ...
vāra
ಗುರುವಾರ
,
">raswaːr
or
">rʲaswaːr
,
Birestār बिरेस्तार
,
Vyaazham വ്യാഴം
,
Brihaspatidin 𑒥𑒵𑒯𑒮𑓂𑒣𑒞𑒲𑒠𑒱𑒢
,
Guru
Guru ( sa, गुरु, IAST: ''guru;'' Pali'': garu'') is a Sanskrit term for a "mentor, guide, expert, or master" of certain knowledge or field. In pan- Indian traditions, a guru is more than a teacher: traditionally, the guru is a reverential ...
vāra
गुरुवार
, Sagolsen
ꯁꯒꯣꯜꯁꯦꯟ
,
Bihibar बिहीवार
,
Guru
Guru ( sa, गुरु, IAST: ''guru;'' Pali'': garu'') is a Sanskrit term for a "mentor, guide, expert, or master" of certain knowledge or field. In pan- Indian traditions, a guru is more than a teacher: traditionally, the guru is a reverential ...
bāra
ଗୁରୁବାର
,
Vīravār ਵੀਰਵਾਰ
,
Vispati
or
Khamīsa
,
Birôiśôtbār ꠛꠤꠡꠥꠗꠛꠣꠞ
,
Vyazhan வியாழன்
,
Guruvāraṁ, Br̥haspativāraṁ గురువారం, బృహస్పతివారం, లక్ష్మీవారం
,
Gurūvār
or
Jume'rāt
,
Wrespati ᬯ᭄ᬭᭂᬲ᭄ᬧᬢᬶ
,
Jip
, -
, 6
,
Śukravāsara
शुक्रवासर
,
Friday
Friday is the day of the week between Thursday and Saturday. In countries that adopt the traditional "Sunday-first" convention, it is the sixth day of the week. In countries adopting the ISO-defined "Monday-first" convention, it is the fifth d ...
/dies
Veneris
,
Śukra =
Venus
Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It is sometimes called Earth's "sister" or "twin" planet as it is almost as large and has a similar composition. As an interior planet to Earth, Venus (like Mercury) appears in Earth's sky never f ...
,
Xukurbār/Xukrôbār শুকুৰবাৰ/শুক্রবাৰ
,
Śukrôbār শুক্রবার
,
Sukkar सुक्कर
,
Śukravār શુક્રવાર
,
Śukravār शुक्रवार
,
Śukravāra ಶುಕ್ರವಾರ
,
">�okurwaːr
or
">umaːh
,
Shukrār शुक्रार
,
Velli വെള്ളി
,
Śukradin 𑒬𑒳𑒏𑓂𑒩𑒠𑒱𑒢
,
Śukravāra शुक्रवार
, Eerai
ꯏꯔꯥꯢ
,
Sukrabar शुक्रवार
,
Sukrabāra ଶୁକ୍ରବାର
,
Śukkaravār ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰਵਾਰ
,
Śukru
or
Jum'o
,
Śukkurbār ꠡꠥꠇ꠆ꠇꠥꠞ꠆ꠛꠣꠞ/ꠎꠥꠝ꠆ꠝꠣꠛꠣꠞ
,
Velli வெள்ளி
,
Śukravāraṁ శుక్రవారం
,
Śukarvār
or
Juma'a
,
Sukra ᬲᬸᬓ᭄ᬭ
,
Suk
, -
, 7
,
Śanivāsara
शनिवासर
Or
Śaniścaravāsara
शनिश्चरवासर
,
Saturday
Saturday is the day of the week between Friday and Sunday. No later than the 2nd century, the Romans named Saturday ("Saturn's Day") for the planet Saturn, which controlled the first hour of that day, according to Vettius Valens. The da ...
/dies
Saturnis
,
Śani =
Saturn
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant with an average radius of about nine and a half times that of Earth. It has only one-eighth the average density of Earth; h ...
,
Xônibār শনিবাৰ
,
Śônibār শনিবার
,
Sanichchar सनिच्चर
,
Śanivār શનિવાર
,
Śanivār शनिवार
,
Śanivāra ಶನಿವಾರ
,
">aʈɨwaːr
,
Shenvār शेनवार
,
Shani
Shani ( sa, शनि, ), or Shanaishchara ( sa, शनैश्चर, ), refers to the divine personification of the planet Saturn in Hinduism, and is one of the nine heavenly objects (Navagraha) in Hindu astrology. Shani is also a male Hind ...
ശനി
,
Śanidin 𑒬𑒢𑒲𑒠𑒱𑒢
,
Śanivāra शनिवार
, Thangja
ꯊꯥꯡꯖ
,
Sanibar शनिवार
,
Sanibāra ଶନିବାର
,
Śanīvār ਸ਼ਨੀਵਾਰ
or
Śaniccharvār ਸ਼ਨਿੱਚਰਵਾਰ
or
Saniccharvār ਸਨਿੱਚਰਵਾਰ
or
Sanīvār ਸਨੀਵਾਰ
,
Chancharu
or
Śanscharu
,
Śônibār ꠡꠘꠤꠛꠣꠞ
,
Shani
Shani ( sa, शनि, ), or Shanaishchara ( sa, शनैश्चर, ), refers to the divine personification of the planet Saturn in Hinduism, and is one of the nine heavenly objects (Navagraha) in Hindu astrology. Shani is also a male Hind ...
சனி
,
Śanivāraṁ శనివారం
,
Sanīchar
or
Haftah
,
Saniscara ᬲᬦᬶᬲ᭄ᬘᬭ
,
Thanchar
The term -vāsara is often realised as vāra or vaar in Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural diffusion ...
-derived and influenced languages. There are many variations of the names in the regional languages, mostly using alternate names of the celestial bodies involved.
Five limbs of time
The complete Vedic calendars contain five ''angas'' or parts of information: lunar day (tithi), solar day (diwas), asterism (naksatra), planetary joining (yoga) and astronomical period (karanam). This structure gives the calendar the name ''Panchangam''. The first two are discussed above.
Yoga
The Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural diffusion ...
word Yoga means "union, joining, attachment", but in astronomical context, this word means latitudinal and longitudinal information. The longitude of the sun and the longitude of the moon are added, and normalised to a value ranging between 0° to 360° (if greater than 360, one subtracts 360). This sum is divided into 27 parts. Each part will now equal 800' (where ' is the symbol of the arcminute
A minute of arc, arcminute (arcmin), arc minute, or minute arc, denoted by the symbol , is a unit of angular measurement equal to of one degree. Since one degree is of a turn (or complete rotation), one minute of arc is of a turn. The n ...
which means 1/60 of a degree). These parts are called the ''yogas''. They are labelled:
# Viṣkambha
# Prīti
# Āyuśmān
# Saubhāgya
# Śobhana
# Atigaṇḍa
# Sukarma
# Dhrti
Dhṛti or Dhriti or Dhruti ( sa, धृति), one of the Yamas, means to 'act with determination' (Bhagavad Gita Sl. XVIII.26), 'patience' (Srimad Bhagavatam Sl. V.v.10-13), 'firmness' (''Caitanyacaritamrita Madhya'' Sl. XXIV.11), and refers ...
# Śūla
# Gaṇḍa
# Vṛddhi
Vṛddhi (also rendered vr̥ddhi) is a technical term in morphophonology given to the strongest grade in the vowel gradation system of Sanskrit. The term is derived from Sanskrit ''vṛddhi'', , 'growth', from .
Origins
Vṛddhi itself has its ...
# Dhruva
Dhruva (Sanskrit: ध्रुव, , lit. "''unshakeable, immovable, or fixed"'') was an ascetic devotee of Vishnu mentioned in the Vishnu Purana and the Bhagavata Purana.
The Sanskrit term ''dhruva nakshatra'' (ध्रुव नक्ष� ...
# Vyāghatā
# Harṣaṇa
# Vajra
The Vajra () is a legendary and ritual weapon, symbolising the properties of a diamond (indestructibility) and a thunderbolt (irresistible force).
The vajra is a type of club with a ribbed spherical head. The ribs may meet in a ball-shap ...
# Siddhi
In Indian religions, (Sanskrit: '; fulfillment, accomplishment) are material, paranormal, supernatural, or otherwise magical powers, abilities, and attainments that are the products of yogic advancement through sādhanās such as meditati ...
# Vyatipāta
# Variyas
# Parigha
# Śiva
Shiva (; sa, शिव, lit=The Auspicious One, Śiva ), also known as Mahadeva (; ɐɦaːd̪eːʋɐ, or Hara, is one of the principal deities of Hinduism. He is the Supreme Being in Shaivism, one of the major traditions within Hi ...
# Siddha
# Sādhya
# Śubha
# Śukla
# Brahma
Brahma ( sa, ब्रह्मा, Brahmā) is a Hindu god, referred to as "the Creator" within the Trimurti, the trinity of supreme divinity that includes Vishnu, and Shiva.Jan Gonda (1969)The Hindu Trinity Anthropos, Bd 63/64, H 1/2, pp ...
# Māhendra
# Vaidhṛti
Again, minor variations may exist. The ''yoga'' that is active during sunrise of a day is the prevailing ''yoga'' for the day.
Karaṇa
A karaṇa is half of a tithi
In Vedic timekeeping, a ''tithi'' is a uration of two faces of moon that is observed from earth known as ''milа̄lyа̄'' (𑐩𑐶𑐮𑐵𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅, मिलाल्याः) in Nepal Bhasa, or the time it takes for the longi ...
. To be precise, a karaṇa is the time required for the angular distance between the sun and the moon to increase in steps of 6° starting from 0°. (Compare with the definition of a tithi.)
Since the tithis are 30 in number, and since 1 tithi = 2 karaṇas, therefore one would logically expect there to be 60 karaṇas. But there are only 11 such karaṇas which fill up those slots to accommodate for those 30 tithis. There are actually 4 "fixed" (sthira) karaṇas and 7 "repeating" (cara) karaṇas.
The 4
# Śakuni (शकुनि)
# Catuṣpāda (चतुष्पाद)
# Nāga
The Nagas (IAST: ''nāga''; Devanāgarī: नाग) are a divine, or semi-divine, race of half-human, half-serpent beings that reside in the netherworld (Patala), and can occasionally take human or part-human form, or are so depicted in art. ...
(नाग)
# Kiṃstughna (किंस्तुघ्न)
The 7 "repeating" karaṇas are:
# Vava or Bava (बव)
# Valava or Bālava (बालव)
# Kaulava (कौलव)
# Taitila or Taitula (तैतिल)
# Gara
''Gara'' (Basque: ''We Are'') is a bilingual (Basque/Spanish) newspaper published in the city of Donostia-San Sebastián in the Basque Autonomous Community. The newspaper's target market comprises the area of the Basque Country, but its cir ...
or Garaja (गरज)
# Vaṇija (वणिज)
# Viṣṭi (Bhadra
''Bhadra''Feminine: sa, भद्रा, Bhadrā is a Sanskrit word meaning 'good', 'fortune' or 'auspicious'. It is also the name of many men, women and objects in Hindu mythology.
Male Figures King of Chedi
Bhadra was a king of Chedi Kingdom ...
) (भद्रा)
* Now the first half of the 1st ''tithi'' (of Śukla Pakṣa) is always ''Kiṃtughna karaṇa''. Hence this karaṇa is "fixed".
* Next, the 7-repeating karaṇas repeat eight times to cover the next 56 half-''tithis''. Thus these are the "repeating" (cara) karaṇas.
* The 3 remaining half-''tithis'' take the remaining "fixed" karaṇas in order. Thus these are also "fixed" (sthira).
* Thus one gets 60 karaṇas from those 11 preset karaṇas.
The Vedic day begins at sunrise. The karaṇa at sunrise of a particular day shall be the prevailing karaṇa for the whole day.
(citation needed )
Nakshatra
Nakshatras
Nakshatra ( sa, नक्षत्रम्, translit=Nakṣatram) is the term for lunar mansion in Hindu astrology and Indian Astronomy. A nakshatra is one of 27 (sometimes also 28) sectors along the ecliptic. Their names are related to a ...
are divisions of ecliptic, each 13° 20', starting from 0° Aries.
Festival calendar: Solar and Lunar dates
Many holidays in the Hindu, Buddhist and Jaina traditions are based on the lunar cycles in the lunisolar timekeeping with foundations in the Hindu calendar system. A few holidays, however, are based on the solar cycle, such as the Vaisakhi
Vaisakhi (Punjabi: ), also pronounced Baisakhi, marks the first day of the month of Vaisakh and is traditionally celebrated annually on 13 April and sometimes 14 April as a celebration of spring harvest primarily in Northern India. Further, ot ...
, Pongal Pongal may refer to:
* Pongal (festival), an annual Tamil festival
* Pongal (dish)
Pongal, also known as pongali or huggi, is an Indian rice dish. In Tamil, "pongal" means "boil" or "bubbling up". The two varieties of pongal are ''chakarai pong ...
and those associated with Sankranti
Sankranti ( sa, संक्रान्ति ''saṁkrānti or saṅkramaṇa'') means transmigration of the Sun from one zodiac to another in Indian astronomy.
Each Sankranti is marked as the beginning of a month in the sidereal solar calen ...
. The dates of the lunar cycle based festivals vary significantly on the Gregorian calendar and at times by several weeks.The solar cycle based ancient Hindu festivals almost always fall on the same Gregorian date every year and if they vary in an exceptional year, it is by one day.
Regional variants
The Hindu Calendar Reform Committee, appointed in 1952, identified more than thirty well-developed calendars, in use across different parts of India.
Variants include the lunar emphasizing ''Vikrama'', the ''Shalivahana'' calendars, as well as the solar emphasizing Tamil calendar and Malayalam calendar
The Malayalam Calendar is a sidereal solar calendar used in Kerala. The origin of the calendar has been dated to 825 CE, the beginning of the Kollam Era.
There are many theories regarding the origin of the era, but according to recent schola ...
. The two calendars most widely used today are the ''Vikrama
Vikramaditya (IAST: ') was a legendary king who has been featured in hundreds of traditional stories including those in ''Baital Pachisi'' and ''Singhasan Battisi''. Many describe him as ruler with his capital at Ujjain (Pataliputra or Pratis ...
'' calendar, which is in followed in western and northern India
North India is a loosely defined region consisting of the northern part of India. The dominant geographical features of North India are the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Himalayas, which demarcate the region from the Tibetan Plateau and Central ...
and Nepal
Nepal (; ne, नेपाल ), formerly the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( ne,
सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल ), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is ma ...
, the Shalivahana Shaka calendar which is followed in the Deccan
The large Deccan Plateau in southern India is located between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats, and is loosely defined as the peninsular region between these ranges that is south of the Narmada river. To the north, it is bounded by the ...
region of India (Comprising present day Indian states of Telangana
Telangana (; , ) is a state in India situated on the south-central stretch of the Indian peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau. It is the eleventh-largest state and the twelfth-most populated state in India with a geographical area of and 35 ...
, Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh (, abbr. AP) is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India. It is the seventh-largest state by area covering an area of and tenth-most populous state with 49,386,799 inhabitants. It is bordered by Telangana to the ...
, Karnataka
Karnataka (; ISO 15919, ISO: , , also known as Karunāḍu) is a States and union territories of India, state in the southwestern region of India. It was Unification of Karnataka, formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reor ...
, Maharashtra
Maharashtra (; , abbr. MH or Maha) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. Maharashtra is the second-most populous state in India and the second-most populous country subdi ...
, and Goa).[The Shalivahan Shaka calendar follows the Amant system. The year begins on the first day of the bright fortnight of the month of Chaitra.]
Lunar
Calendars based on lunar cycle (lunar months in solar year, lunar phase for religious dates and new year):
* Vikram Samvat
Vikram Samvat (IAST: ''Vikrama Samvat''; abbreviated VS) or Bikram Sambat B.S. and also known as the Vikrami calendar, is a Hindu calendar historically used in the Indian subcontinent. Vikram Samvat is generally 57 years ahead of Gregorian Calend ...
** Vikrami era – North and Central India (Lunar)
** Gujarati samvat – Gujarat, Rajasthan
** Sindhi samvat – Sindhis
* Shalivahana
Shalivahana (IAST: Śālivāhana) was a legendary emperor of ancient India, who is said to have ruled from Pratishthana (present-day Paithan, Maharashtra). He is believed to be based on a Satavahana king (or kings).
There are several contradicto ...
calendar (Shaka era) – Used in Deccan region states of Maharashtra
Maharashtra (; , abbr. MH or Maha) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. Maharashtra is the second-most populous state in India and the second-most populous country subdi ...
, Goa, Karnataka
Karnataka (; ISO 15919, ISO: , , also known as Karunāḍu) is a States and union territories of India, state in the southwestern region of India. It was Unification of Karnataka, formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reor ...
, Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh (, abbr. AP) is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India. It is the seventh-largest state by area covering an area of and tenth-most populous state with 49,386,799 inhabitants. It is bordered by Telangana to the ...
, Telangana
Telangana (; , ) is a state in India situated on the south-central stretch of the Indian peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau. It is the eleventh-largest state and the twelfth-most populated state in India with a geographical area of and 35 ...
* Saptarishi era calendar – Kashmiri Pandits
The Kashmiri Pandits (also known as Kashmiri Brahmins) are a group of Kashmiri Hindus and a part of the larger Saraswat Brahmin community of India. They belong to the Pancha Gauda Brahmin group from the Kashmir Valley, a mountainous region l ...
* Nepal Sambat
Nepal Sambat, also spelled as Nepala Sambata, (Nepal Bhasa: , Nepali: ) is the lunisolar calendar used by the Newari people of Nepal. The Calendar era began on 20 October 879 AD, with 1142 in Nepal Sambat corresponding to the year 2021–2022 A ...
– Nepal, Sikkim
Sikkim (; ) is a state in Northeastern India. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China in the north and northeast, Bhutan in the east, Province No. 1 of Nepal in the west and West Bengal in the south. Sikkim is also close to the Sil ...
* Meitei calendar – Manipur
Solar
Calendars based on solar cycle (solar months in solar year, lunar phase for religious dates but new year which falls on solar date – South and Southeast Asian solar New Year The traditional New Year in many South and Southeast Asian cultures is based on the sun's entry into the constellation Aries. In modern times, it is usually reckoned around the 14th of April.
Origins
As most countries and cultures of South and S ...
):
* Assamese calendar
The Assamese Calendar ( as, ভাস্কৰাব্দ, , Bhāskarābda) is a luni-solar calendar, followed in the Indian state of Assam. The New Year in the Assamese calendar is known as ''Bohag Bihu''. The calendar is counted from the date ...
– Assam
* Bengali calendar
The Bengali Calendar or Bangla Calendar ( bn, বঙ্গাব্দ , , Baṅgābda), colloquially ( bn, বাংলা সন, Baṅgla Śon), is a solar calendar used in the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent. A revised version of th ...
– West Bengal
* Odia calendar The Odia calendar ( or, ପାଞ୍ଜି Pāñji) is a lunisolar calendar followed in the state of Odisha, India. The calendar follows the sidereal solar cycle while using the lunar Purnimanta phase for the religious dates. The New Year in the Od ...
– Odisha
* Tirhuta Panchang – Maithilis
* Tripuri calendar The Tripuri calendar is the traditional luni-solar calendar used by the Tripuri people, especially in the context of Tripuri irredentism. Its era, the "Twipra Era", "Tripura Era" or ''Tripurabda'' is set at 15 April AD 590.
The Tripura Era's New ...
– Tripura
* Malayalam calendar
The Malayalam Calendar is a sidereal solar calendar used in Kerala. The origin of the calendar has been dated to 825 CE, the beginning of the Kollam Era.
There are many theories regarding the origin of the era, but according to recent schola ...
– Kerala
* Tamil calendar – Tamil Nadu
* Tulu calendar
Tulu Calendar (also known as Varsa, Vorsa or Vodu, Tulu: ವೊರ್ಸೊ) is one of the oldest traditional Indian solar calendars, generally used in the regions of Northern Parts of Kasaragod District of Kerala, and Dakshina Kannada, Udupi Dist ...
– Tulus
* Vikram Samvat
Vikram Samvat (IAST: ''Vikrama Samvat''; abbreviated VS) or Bikram Sambat B.S. and also known as the Vikrami calendar, is a Hindu calendar historically used in the Indian subcontinent. Vikram Samvat is generally 57 years ahead of Gregorian Calend ...
** Punjabi calendar
The Punjabi calendar (Punjabi: , ) is a luni-solar calendar used by the Punjabi people in Punjab and around the world, but varies by religions. Historically, the Punjabi Sikhs and Punjabi Hindus have used the Nanakshahi calendar and ancient Bikra ...
– Punjab, Haryana
** Vikrami era – North and Central India (Solar)
** Bikram Sambat – Nepal, Sikkim
Other related calendars across India and Asia
* Indian national calendar
The Indian national calendar, sometimes called the Saka calendar, is a solar calendar that is used alongside the Gregorian calendar by ''The Gazette of India'', in news broadcasts by All India Radio, and in calendars and official communications i ...
– used by Indian Government (civil calendar based on solar months)
* Vira Nirvana Samvat (Lunar) – Jain
* Nanakshahi calendar
The Nanakshahi calendar (Punjabi: ਨਾਨਕਸ਼ਾਹੀ ਜੰਤਰੀ ) is a tropical solar calendar used in Sikhism. It is based on the "Barah Maha" (Twelve Months), a composition composed by the Sikh gurus reflecting the changes in nat ...
(Solar) – Sikh
* Buddhist calendar
The Buddhist calendar is a set of lunisolar calendars primarily used in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand as well as in Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam by Chinese populations for religious or official occasions. W ...
(Lunar) – Buddhist
* Tibetan calendar
The Tibetan calendar (), or Tibetan lunar calendar, is a lunisolar calendar, that is, the Tibetan year is composed of either 12 or 13 lunar months, each beginning and ending with a new moon. A thirteenth month is added every two or three years ...
(Lunar) – Tibet, Ladakh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh
* Pawukon calendar
The Pawukon is a 210-day calendar that has its origins in the Hindu religion in Bali, Indonesia. The calendar consists of 10 different concurrent weeks of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 days. On the first day of the year it is the first day of ...
– Bali
* Balinese saka calendar
The Balinese saka calendar is one of two calendars used on the Indonesian island of Bali. Unlike the 210-day pawukon calendar, it is based on the phases of the Moon, and is approximately the same length as the tropical year (solar year, Gregoria ...
(Lunar) – Bali
* Cham calendar
The Cham calendar (Cham: ꨧꨆꨥꨪ ''sakawi'') is a lunisolar calendar used by the Cham people of Vietnam since ancient times. Its origins is based on ''Saka Raja'' calendar which was influenced by the Shaka era (78 CE) Indian Hindu calendar, w ...
(Lunar) – Chams
* Chula Sakarat
Chula Sakarat or Chulasakarat ( pi, Culāsakaraj; my, ကောဇာသက္ကရာဇ်, ; km, ចុល្លសករាជ "''Chulasakarach''"; th, จุลศักราช, , , abbrv. จ.ศ. ''Choso'') is a lunisolar calendar deri ...
(Solar) – Myanmar
* Thai solar calendar
The Thai solar calendar ( th, ปฏิทินสุริยคติ, , "solar calendar") was adopted by King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) in 1888 CE as the Siamese version of the Gregorian calendar, replacing the Thai lunar calendar as the lega ...
– Thailand
* Thai lunar calendar
The Thai lunar calendar ( th, ปฏิทินจันทรคติ, , , literally, ''Specific days according to lunar norms''), or Tai calendar, is a lunisolar Buddhist calendar. It is used for calculating lunar-regulated holy days. Based o ...
– Thailand
* Khmer calendar
Khmer(s) may refer to:
Cambodia
*''Srok Khmer'' (lit. "Khmer land" or "Land of the Khmer(s)"), a colloquial exonym used to refer to Cambodia by Cambodians; see
*
*Khmer people, the ethnic group to which the great majority of Cambodians belong
**K ...
(Solar) – Cambodia
See also
* Hinduism
Hinduism () is an Indian religion or '' dharma'', a religious and universal order or way of life by which followers abide. As a religion, it is the world's third-largest, with over 1.2–1.35 billion followers, or 15–16% of the global p ...
* Panjika
The Panjika (IAST: Pañjikā; or, ପଞ୍ଜିକା; bn, পঞ্জিকা; as, পঞ্জিকা; mai, পাঁজিক , पाँजिक) is the Hindu astronomical almanac, published in Odia, Maithili, Assamese and Beng ...
* Sankranti
Sankranti ( sa, संक्रान्ति ''saṁkrānti or saṅkramaṇa'') means transmigration of the Sun from one zodiac to another in Indian astronomy.
Each Sankranti is marked as the beginning of a month in the sidereal solar calen ...
* Ekadashi
Ekadashi () is the eleventh lunar day (''tithi'') of each of the two lunar phases which occur in an Vedic calendar month - the '' Shukla Pakṣa'' (the period of the brightening moon also known as the waxing phase) and the ''Kṛṣṇa Pakṣ ...
* Panchangam
A panchāngam ( sa, पञ्चाङ्गम्; ) is a Hindu calendar and almanac, which follows traditional units of Hindu timekeeping, and presents important dates and their calculations in a tabulated form. It is sometimes spelled ''Pa ...
* Kollam era
The Malayalam Calendar is a sidereal solar calendar used in Kerala. The origin of the calendar has been dated to 825 CE, the beginning of the Kollam Era.
There are many theories regarding the origin of the era, but according to recent schola ...
* Hindu astrology
Jyotisha or Jyotishya (from Sanskrit ', from ' “light, heavenly body" and ''ish'' - from Isvara or God) is the traditional Hindu system of astrology, also known as Hindu astrology, Indian astrology and more recently Vedic astrology. It is one ...
* Hindu units of time
Hindu units of time are described in Hindu texts ranging from microseconds to trillions of years, including cycles of cosmic time that repeat general events in Hindu cosmology. Time ( ) is described as eternal. Various fragments of time are desc ...
* Malayalam calendar
The Malayalam Calendar is a sidereal solar calendar used in Kerala. The origin of the calendar has been dated to 825 CE, the beginning of the Kollam Era.
There are many theories regarding the origin of the era, but according to recent schola ...
* List of Hindu festivals
* Hindu units of measurement
Before the introduction of the Metric system, one may divide the history of Indian systems of measurement into three main periods: the pre-Akbar's period, the period of the Akbar system, and the British colonial period.
During pre-Akbar period, ...
* List of Hindu Empires and Dynasties
Indian empires rose to power following the birth of Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism in the Indian subcontinent. The period of the Gupta Empire under Samudragupta is sometimes attributed to as the Golden Age of India.
List
The following list enumera ...
* Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar
The Hindu calendar is based on a geocentric model of the solar system.Burgess 1935, p. 285 (XII. 32) A geocentric model describes the solar system as seen by an observer on the surface of the earth.
The Hindu calendar defines nine measures o ...
References
Bibliography
*
*
*
*
*
*
Further reading
* Reingold and Dershowitz, '' Calendrical Calculations, Millennium Edition'', Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it is the oldest university press in the world. It is also the King's Printer.
Cambridge University Pr ...
, latest 2nd edition 3rd printing released November 2004.
* S. Balachandra Rao, ''Indian Astronomy: An Introduction'', Universities Press, Hyderabad, 2000.
* Rai Bahadur Pandit Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha, ''The Paleography of India'', 2 ed., Ajmer, 1918, reprinted Manshuram Manoharlal publishers, 1993.
External links
Ahargana - The Astronomy of the Hindu Calendar
Explains the various calendric elements of the Hindu calendar by means of astronomical simulations created using Stellarium
A stellarium is a three-dimensional map of the stars, typically centered on Earth. They are common fixtures at planetarium
A planetarium ( planetariums or ''planetaria'') is a theatre built primarily for presenting educational and entert ...
.
Converter: Gregorian and 1957 Normalized Indian Calendar
Shalivahana Hindu calendar, United Kingdom
Hindu Calendar - thedivineindia.com
Hindu Calendars Monthly - monthlycalendars.in
Hindu Calendar of Nepal
The Official Hindu Calendar of Nepal
Indian Hindu Calendar 2022 to 2025 in Telugu
Kyoto University Gregorian – Saka – Vikrami Calendar Converter Tool
M. YANO and M. FUSHIMI
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindu Calendar
Calendar
A calendar is a system of organizing days. This is done by giving names to periods of time, typically days, weeks, months and years. A date is the designation of a single and specific day within such a system. A calendar is also a phy ...
Calendar
A calendar is a system of organizing days. This is done by giving names to periods of time, typically days, weeks, months and years. A date is the designation of a single and specific day within such a system. A calendar is also a phy ...
Articles containing video clips
Time in India
Time in Hinduism