Hermaphroditus

In Greek mythology, Hermaphroditus (; , ) was a child of Aphrodite and Hermes. According to Ovid, he was born a remarkably beautiful boy whom the naiad Salmacis attempted to rape and prayed to be united with forever. A god, in answer to her prayer, merged their two forms into one and transformed him into a hermaphrodite. His name is compounded of his parents' names, Hermes and Aphrodite.

Because Hermaphroditus was a child of Hermes, and consequently a great-grandchild of Atlas (Hermes's mother Maia was the daughter of Atlas), he is sometimes called Atlantiades ().

Symbolism

Hermaphroditus, the two-sexed child of Aphrodite and Hermes (Venus and Mercury), had long been a symbol of androgyny or effeminacy, and was portrayed in Greco-Roman art as a female figure with male genitals.

Theophrastus's account also suggests a link between Hermaphroditus and the institution of marriage. The reference to the fourth day of the month is telling (see Literature section below): this is the luckiest day to have a wedding. association with marriage seems to have been that, by embodying both masculine and feminine qualities, he symbolized the coming together of men and women in sacred union. Another factor linking Hermaphroditus to weddings was his parents' role in protecting and blessing brides.

Hermaphroditus's name is derived from those of their parents Hermes and Aphrodite. All three of these gods figure largely among erotic and fertility figures, and all possess distinctly sexual overtones. Sometimes, Hermaphroditus is referred to as Aphroditus.

Mythology

Ovid's account relates that Hermaphroditus was nursed by naiads in the caves of Mount Ida, a sacred mountain in Phrygia (present day Turkey). At the age of fifteen, he grew bored with his surroundings and traveled to the cities of Lycia and Caria. It was in the woods of Caria, near Halicarnassus (modern Bodrum, Turkey) that he encountered the nymph Salmacis, in her pool. She was overcome by lust for the boy, who was very beautiful but still young, and tried to flirt with him, but was rejected. When he thought she had left, Hermaphroditus undressed and entered the waters of the empty pool. Salmacis sprang out from behind a tree and jumped into the pool. She wrapped herself around the youth, forcibly kissing him and touching his breast, attempting to rape him. While he struggled, she called out to the gods that they should never part. Her wish was granted, and their bodies blended into one form, "a creature of both sexes".Ovi
Salmacis and Hermaphroditus merge
in Metamorphoses Book IV, lines 346–388 Hermaphroditus prayed to Hermes and Aphrodite that anyone else who bathed in the pool would be similarly transformed, and his wish was granted.

Hungarian classical philologist Károly Kerényi wrote: "In this form the story was certainly not ancient". He related it to the Greek myths involving male youths ('' ephebes''), noting the legends of Narcissus and Hyacinth, who had archaic hero-cults, and also those involving Hymen (Hymenaios).

Diodorus Siculus, in his work ''Library of History'', mentions that some say that Hermaphroditus is a god and appears at certain times among men, but there are some who declare that such creatures of two sexes are monstrosities, and coming rarely into the world as they do have the quality of presaging the future, sometimes for evil and sometimes for good.

In a description found on the remains of a wall in Halicarnassus dated to around 2nd century BC, Hermaphroditus' mother, Aphrodite, names Salmacis as the nymph who nursed and took care of an infant Hermaphroditus after being placed in her care, a very different version than the one presented by Ovid.

The satirical author Lucian of Samosata also implies that Hermaphroditus was born like that, rather than becoming later in life against his will, and blames it on the identity of the child's father, Hermes.

Cult and worship

The oldest traces of the cult in Greek countries are found in Cyprus. Here, according to Macrobius (''Saturnalia'', iii. 8), there was a bearded statue of a male Aphrodite, called Aphroditus by Aristophanes. Philochorus in his '' Atthis'' (ap. Macrobius ''loc. cit.'') further identified this divinity, at whose sacrifices men and women exchanged garments, with the Moon. A terracotta plaque from the 7th century BC depicting Aphroditos, which was found in Perachora, suggests it was an archaic Greek cult.

The deification and the origins of the cult of Hermaphroditus beings stem from Eastern religions, where the hermaphrodite nature expressed the idea of a primitive being that united both sexes. This double sex also attributed to Dionysus and Priapus – the union in one being of the two principles of generation and conception – denotes extensive fertilizing and productive powers.

This Cyprian Aphrodite is the same as the later Hermaphroditos, which simply means Aphroditos in the form of a herma, and first occurs in the '' Characters'' (16) of Theophrastus. After its introduction at Athens (probably in the 5th century BC), the importance of this deity seems to have declined. It appears no longer as the object of a special cult, but limited to the homage of certain sects, expressed by superstitious rites of obscure significance.

We find in Alciphron that there was at Athens a temple of Hermaphroditus. The passage proposes that he might be considered as the deity who presided over married people; the strict union between husband and wife being aptly represented by a deity, who was male and female inseparably blended together.

In the ''Greek Anthology'', at the chapter in which describe the statues in the Baths of Zeuxippus, it also mentions and describes a statue of Hermaphroditus.

Literature

The earliest mention of Hermaphroditus in Greek literature is by the philosopher Theophrastus (3rd century BC), in his book '' The Characters'', XVI The Superstitious Man, in which he portrays various types of eccentric people.

The first mention of Hermes and Aphrodite as Hermaphroditus's parents was by the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus (1st century BC) in his book ''Bibliotheca historica'', book IV, 4.6.5.

The only full narration of his myth is that of Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'', IV.274–388 (8 AD), where the emphasis is on the feminine snares of the lascivious water-nymph Salmacis and her compromising of Hermaphroditus' erstwhile budding manly strength, detailing his bashfulness and the engrafting of their bodies.

A rendering of the story into an '' epyllion'', published anonymously in 1602, was later (1640) attributed by some to Francis Beaumont.

Ausonius, in his ''Epigramata de diversis rebus / Epigrams on various matters'' (4th century), also tells of Hermaphroditus' parentage and union with the nymph Salmacis.

In the '' Palatine Anthology'', IX.783 (980 AD), there is a reference to a sculpture of Hermaphroditus which was placed in a bath for both sexes. The passage IX.317 is in dialogue form, based on the dialogue between Hermaphroditus and Silenus. The latter claims that he has had sexual intercourse with Hermaphroditus three times. Hermaphroditus complains and objects to the fact by invoking Hermes in an oath, while Silenus invokes Pan for the reliability of his allegations.

Algernon Charles Swinburne's poem " Hermaphroditus" in '' Poems and Ballads'' is subscribed ''Au Musée du Louvre, Mars 1863'', leaving no doubt that it was the Borghese Hermaphroditus that had inspired his ode.

In art

Paintings and engravings

*In Greek vase painting Hermaphroditus was depicted as a winged youth ( erotes) with male and female attributes.
*Roman frescos found at Pompeii and Herculaneum show Hermaphroditus in various styles, alone and interacting with satyrs, Pan and Silenus.
*''The Nymph Salmacis and Hermaphroditus'' by Francois-Joseph Navez, Museum of Fine Arts, Ghent
*''Salmacis and Hermaphroditus'' by Bartholomeus Spranger, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien
*''Salmacis and Hermaphroditus'' by Scarsellino, Galleria Borghese, Rome
*''Salmacis and Hermaphroditus'' by Jean François de Troy
*''Salmacis and Hermaphroditus'' by Ludovico Carracci
*''Salmacis and Hermaphroditus'' by Francesco Albani
*''Salmacis and Hermaphroditus'' by Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini
*''Salmacis and Hermaphroditus'' by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
*''Salmacis and Hermaphroditus'' by Bernard Picart
*''Salmacis and Hermaphroditus'' by Johann Wilhelm Baur
*''Salmacis and Hermaphroditus'' by Virgil Solis
*''Hermaphroditus and Salmacis'' by Louis Finson
*''The Nymph of Salmacis'' by Rupert Bunny
*''Hermaphrodite Among Roses'' by Aubrey Beardsley
*''Hermaphrodite Figure'' by Jacopo Pontormo
*''The metamorphosis of Hermaphrodite and Salmacis'' by Jan Gossaert (Jan Mabuse)
*''Salmacis et Hermaphrodite'' by Jean Daullé

Sculpture

*The most famous sculpture of this figure is the '' Sleeping Hermaphroditus''.
*''Hermaphroditus'', Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille
*A life-size sculpture of Hermaphroditus from Pergamon is one of the largest found, standing tall at the İstanbul Archaeology Museums.
*A statue by John Henry Foley was shown at the 1851 Great Exhibition and later donated to the Bancroft Gardens, Stratford-upon-Avon, where it now stands.
*A marble statue of Hermaphroditus was found near the south end of the Garden. II.2.2. Room 13, House of Loreius Tiburtinus

See also

* Intersex in history

References

Works cited

* Lucian, ''Dialogues of the Gods''; translated by Fowler, H W and F G. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. 1905.
* Ovid. ''Metamorphoses, Volume I: Books 1-8''. Translated by Frank Justus Miller. Revised by G. P. Goold. Loeb Classical Library No. 42. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1977, first published 1916. .
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Attribution

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Further reading

* Ajootian, Aileen, "Hermaphroditus", in '' Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC). V.1: Herakles – Kenchrias'', pp. 268–285, Zurich and Munich, Artemis Verlag, 1990.
Internet Archive

* Heinze, Theodor, "Hermaphroditus", in '' Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity, Volume 6'', Hat – Jus, edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider, Leiden, Brill, 2005. .

External links

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Hermaphroditus
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Encyclopædia Britannica Online

The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Hermaphroditus)

{{Authority control

Androgynous and hermaphroditic deities
Characters in Roman mythology
Children of Aphrodite
Children of Hermes
Love and lust gods
Deities of classical antiquity
Fertility deities
Greek love and lust deities
Intersex topics in religion and mythology
LGBTQ themes in Greek mythology
Metamorphoses characters
Metamorphoses into the opposite sex in Greek mythology
Mythological Greek tutors of gods
Personifications in Greek mythology
Sexuality in ancient Rome
Cypriot mythology