Helicarionidae is a
family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
of air-breathing
land snail
A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have shells (those without shells are known ...
s or
semi-slugs,
terrestrial
Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth.
Terrestrial may also refer to:
* Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on or near the ground, as opposed to ...
pulmonate
Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group (previously an Order (biology), order, and before that a Class (biology), subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a Respiratory system of gastro ...
gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...
mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...
s in the superfamily
Helicarionoidea
Helicarionoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Limacoidei.
Families
There are three families within the superfamily Helicarionoidea:
* Helicarionidae
* A ...
.
Distribution
The distribution of Helicarionidae includes the eastern
Palearctic
The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches across all of Eurasia north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa.
The realm consists of several bioregions: the Euro-Sib ...
,
Malagasy,
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area, the List of countries and dependencies by population, second-most populous ...
, south-eastern Asia, Hawaii, and Australia.
Anatomy
Species of snails within this family make and use
love dart
A love dart (also known as a gypsobelum, shooting darts, or just as darts) is a sharp, calcareous or chitinous dart which some hermaphroditic land snails and slugs create. Love darts are both formed and stored internally in a dart sac. These ...
s made of
chitin
Chitin ( C8 H13 O5 N)n ( ) is a long-chain polymer of ''N''-acetylglucosamine, an amide derivative of glucose. Chitin is probably the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature (behind only cellulose); an estimated 1 billion tons of chit ...
.
In this family, the number of
haploid
Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respective ...
chromosome
A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins ar ...
s lies between 21 and 30 (according to the values in this table).
Taxonomy
The family Helicarionidae is nested within the
limacoid clade
The Limacoidei is a taxonomic infraorder of air-breathing land snails, semislugs and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the suborder Helicina
Distribution
The original ancestral area of limacoid families is thought to be the P ...
, as shown in the following
cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to ...
:
[Hausdorf B. (2000). "Biogeography of the Limacoidea sensu lato (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora): Vicariance Events and Long-Distance Dispersal". '']Journal of Biogeography
The ''Journal of Biogeography'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in biogeography that was established in 1974. It covers aspects of spatial, ecological, and historical biogeography. The founding editor-in-chief was David Watts, followed by ...
'' 27(2): 379-390.
JSTOR
Genera
The following genera are recognised in the family Helicarionidae:
;Subfamily Helicarioninae
*''
Amenixesta''
*''
Antiquarion''
*''
Attenborougharion''
*''
Bathia''
*''
Brevisentis''
*''
Burnettia''
*''
Caldwellia''
*''
Chalepotaxis''
*''
Colmanarion''
*''
Ctenoglypta''
*''
Ctenophila''
*''
Cucullarion''
*''
Dancea''
*''
Delinitesta''
*''
Dendrolamellaria''
*''
Dendronitor''
*''
Dupontia''
*''
Echonitor''
*''
Eddiella''
*''
Einasleighana''
*''
Elatonitor''
*''
Ellarion''
*''
Epiglypta''
*''
Erepta''
*''
Eufretum''
*''
Expocystis''
*''
Fastosarion''
*''
Fenestrarion''
*''
Fijia''
*''
Gudeoconcha''
*''
Harmogenanina''
*''
Helicarion
''Helicarion'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails or semislugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Helicarion Férussac, 1821. Accessed through: World Register ...
''
*''
Howearion
''Howearion'' is a genus of two species of helicarionid semislugs that are endemic to Australia’s Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea
The Tasman Sea ( Māori: ''Te Tai-o-Rēhua'', ) is a marginal sea of the South Pacific Ocean, situat ...
''
*''
Irenella''
*''
Kalidos''
*''
Laconia
Laconia or Lakonia ( el, Λακωνία, , ) is a historical and administrative region of Greece located on the southeastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. Its administrative capital is Sparta. The word '' laconic''—to speak in a blunt, c ...
''
*''
Laocaia''
*''
Levidens''
*''
Limpidarion''
*''
Luinarion''
*''
Mistarion''
*''
Montanocystis''
*''
Mysticarion''
*''
Nesonanina''
*''
Nitor''
*''
Pachystyla''
*''
Palmervillea''
*''
Parmacochlea''
*''
Parmavitrina''
*''
Parmella''
*''
Parmellops
''Parmellops'' is a genus of two species of semislugs that are endemic to Australia's Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea
The Tasman Sea ( Māori: ''Te Tai-o-Rēhua'', ) is a marginal sea of the South Pacific Ocean, situated between Aus ...
''
*''
Peloparion''
*''
Periclocystis''
*''
Petalochlamys''
*''
Plegma''
*''
Pravonitor''
*''
Pseudophasis''
*''
Pseudosaphtia''
*''
Pseudosesara''
*''
Quirosella''
*''
Saphtia''
*''
Sheaia''
*''
Sigaloeista''
*''
Sitalarion''
*''
Stanisicarion''
*''
Tarocystis''
*''
Thularion''
*''
Torrecystis''
*''
Tropicystis''
*''
Urazirochlamys''
*''
Vanmolia''
*''
Westracystis''
*''
Zagmena''
;Subfamily Durgellinae
Godwin-Austen, 1888
* tribe Durgellini
Godwin-Austen, 1888
** ''
Aenigmatoconcha''
C. Tumpeesuwan & S. Tumpeesuwan, 2017
** ''
Austenia''
G. Nevill, 1878
** ''
Cryptaustenia''
Cockerell, 1891
** ''
Durgella''
Blanford, 1863 - type genus of the subfamily Durgellinae
** ''
Eurychlamys''
Godwin-Austen, 1899
** ''
Holkeion''
Godwin-Austen, 1908
** ''
Ibycus
Ibycus (; grc-gre, Ἴβυκος; ) was an Ancient Greek lyric poet, a citizen of Rhegium in Magna Graecia, probably active at Samos during the reign of the tyrant Polycrates and numbered by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria in the cano ...
''
Heynemann, 1863
** ''
Muangnua''
Solem, 1966
** ''
Nesaecia''
Gude, 1911
** ''
Pseudaustenia''
Cockerell, 1891
** ''
Rasama''
Laidlaw, 1932
** ''
Rhyssotopsis''
Ancey, 1887
** ''
Rotungia''
Godwin-Austen, 1918
** ''
Satiella''
W. T. Blanford & Godwin-Austen, 1908
** ''
Sitala''
H. Adams, 1865
** ''
Sivella''
W.T. Blanford, 1863
** ''
Sophina''
Benson, 1859
** ''
Teraia''
Solem, 1966
* tribe Girasiini
** ''
Girasia
Garasia, alternatively spelled Girasia, Girasiya or Garasiya, is a Indian honorifics, title used by the Koli people, Koli Tribal chief, chieftains of petty Princely state, states or Jagirdars in India who held the villages as ''Giras'' granted ...
''
Gray, 1855 - type genus of the tribe Girasiini
* ''
Burmochlamys''
Pholyotha & Panha, 2022
;Unplaced genera
* ''
Advena''
Gude, 1913
* ''
Apothapsia''
D. T. Holyoak & G. A. Holyoak, 2020
* ''
Kermarion''
Iredale, 1944
* ''
Ovachlamys''
Habe, 1946
* ''
Pittoconcha''
Preston, 1913
* ''
Ubiquitarion''
Hyman, Lamborena & Köhler, 2017
References
External links
Video of a Helicarionid in Sulawesi
{{Taxonbar, from=Q3075495