Harmonic progression (mathematics)

In mathematics, a harmonic progression (or harmonic sequence) is a progression formed by taking the reciprocals of an arithmetic progression.

Equivalently, a sequence is a harmonic progression when each term is the harmonic mean of the neighboring terms.

As a third equivalent characterization, it is an infinite sequence of the form

:$\frac,\ \frac,\ \frac,\ \frac, \cdots,$

where ''a'' is not zero and −''a''/''d'' is not a natural number, or a finite sequence of the form

:$\frac,\ \frac,\ \frac,\ \frac, \cdots,\ \frac,$

where ''a'' is not zero, ''k'' is a natural number and −''a''/''d'' is not a natural number or is greater than ''k''.

Examples

* 1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5, 1/6, sometimes referred to as the ''harmonic sequence''
* 12, 6, 4, 3, $\tfrac$, 2, … , $\tfrac$, …
* 30, −30, −10, −6, − $\tfrac$, … , $\tfrac$
* 10, 30, −30, −10, −6, − $$, … , $\tfrac$

Sums of harmonic progressions

Infinite harmonic progressions are not summable (sum to infinity).

It is not possible for a harmonic progression of distinct unit fractions (other than the trivial case where ''a'' = 1 and ''k'' = 0) to sum to an integer. The reason is that, necessarily, at least one denominator of the progression will be divisible by a prime number that does not divide any other denominator.

Use in geometry

If collinear points A, B, C, and D are such that D is the harmonic conjugate of C with respect to A and B, then the distances from any one of these points to the three remaining points form harmonic progression.
Modern geometry of the point, straight line, and circle: an elementary treatise
' by John Alexander Third (1898) p. 44 Specifically, each of the sequences
AC, AB, AD; BC, BA, BD; CA, CD, CB; and DA, DC, DB are harmonic progressions, where each of the distances is signed according to a fixed orientation of the line.

In a triangle, if the altitudes are in arithmetic progression, then the sides are in harmonic progression.

Leaning Tower of Lire

An excellent example of Harmonic Progression is the Leaning Tower of Lire. In it, uniform blocks are stacked on top of each other to achieve the maximum sideways or lateral distance covered. The blocks are stacked 1/2, 1/4, 1/6, 1/8, 1/10, … distance sideways below the original block. This ensures that the center of gravity is just at the center of the structure so that it does not collapse. A slight increase in weight on the structure causes it to become unstable and fall.

See also

*Geometric progression
* Harmonic series
* List of sums of reciprocals
*Harmonics (in music)

References

*''Mastering Technical Mathematics'' by Stan Gibilisco, Norman H. Crowhurst, (2007) p. 221
*''Standard mathematical tables'' by Chemical Rubber Company (1974) p. 102
*''Essentials of algebra for secondary schools'' by Webster Wells (1897) p. 307

{{Series (mathematics)

Mathematical series
Sequences and series