Harald Julius Alfred Carl-Ludwig Schultz-Hencke (18 August 1892, Berlin – 23 May 1953, Berlin) was a German

psychiatrist A psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in psychiatry, the branch of medicine devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, study, and treatment of mental disorders. Psychiatrists are physicians and evaluate patients to determine whether their sy ...

and

psychotherapist Psychotherapy (also psychological therapy, talk therapy, or talking therapy) is the use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction, to help a person change behavior, increase happiness, and overcome prob ...

. After an initial introduction to psychoanalysis, with

Sandor Rado Sandor Rado ( hu, Radó Sándor; 8 January 1890, Kisvárda – 14 May 1972, New York City) was a Hungarian psychoanalyst of the second generation, who moved to the United States of America in the 1930s. According to Peter Gay, "Budapest produce ...

as psychoanalyst, he was excluded from the German Society of Psychoanalysis because of, among other things, his divergent views on sexuality. Schultze-Hencke was the son of Dankmar Schultz-Henke a chemist who was the founder of the photographic institute at the Lette-Verein and Rosa Zingler, a graphologist who had written the libretto to the opera ''"Die Sibylle von Tivoli"'' by Alfred Sormann and who was rumoured to be an illegitimate daughter of King

Edward VII Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Emperor of India, from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. The second child and eldest son of Queen Victoria a ...

.International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis: "Schultz-Hencke, Harald Julius Alfred Carl-Ludwig (1892–1953)", Thomson Gale, 2005

Career in psychotherapy

In 1933, like several non-Jewish psychotherapists (Felix Boehm, Carl Mueller-Braunschweig and Werner Kemper) he helped set up the " Goering Institute" ( Matthias Göring), which was closely linked to the

Nazi regime Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...

and promoted a “New German soul medicine," a psychotherapy for Germans. After the war, his participation in this institute created controversy in professional circles such as the International Psychoanalytical Association. With other psychotherapists and analysts who had left or had been excluded from other psychoanalytic organizations, he started the DPV (''Deutsche Psychoanalytische Vereinigung''). After numerous debates regarding whether or not these analysts should join the

International Psychoanalytical Association The International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA) is an association including 12,000 psychoanalysts as members and works with 70 constituent organizations. It was founded in 1910 by Sigmund Freud, from an idea proposed by Sándor Ferenczi. His ...

, Schultz-Hencke, who had long been in disagreement with the basic tenets of

Freudian theory Sigmund Freud (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) is considered to be the founder of the psychodynamic approach to psychology, which looks to unconscious drives to explain human behavior. Freud believed that the mind is responsible for both cons ...

, created " Neopsychanalyse." "Neopsychanalyse" or neopsychoanalysis is a psychotherapeutic technique thus named by Schultz-Hencke.

Influence of Leibnizian symbolic thought

In one of his books, Schultz-Hencke had asserted that all psychotherapy should be submitted to the

Leibnizian Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz . ( – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat. He is one of the most prominent figures in both the history of philosophy and the history of mathema ...

principle that "all science must be expressed in mathematical terms." This implies that even a young science must strive towards this goal. In this perspective, Schultz-Hencke analyzed all Freudian concepts and eliminated all those that do not respond to this precept, or that, according to him, could never respond to it, such as

infantile sexuality In Freudian psychology, psychosexual development is a central element of the psychoanalytic sexual drive theory. Freud believed that personality developed through a series of childhood stages in which pleasure seeking energies from the child be ...

, etc. So, in a way, the dualistic view of Freudian psychoanalysis is challenged in favor of a monistic view (and thus does not include notions of conflict between psychic entities, etc.). Schultz-Hencke also wanted to subject the

Oedipus complex The Oedipus complex (also spelled Œdipus complex) is an idea in psychoanalytic theory. The complex is an ostensibly universal phase in the life of a young boy in which, to try to immediately satisfy basic desires, he unconsciously wishes to have ...

statistical Statistics (from German: ''Statistik'', "description of a state, a country") is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. In applying statistics to a scientific, industri ...

studies. To some extent, this criticism joined that of

Karl Popper Sir Karl Raimund Popper (28 July 1902 – 17 September 1994) was an Austrian-British philosopher, academic and social commentator. One of the 20th century's most influential philosophers of science, Popper is known for his rejection of the c ...

and other more modern scientists who, before anything else, advocated quantitative analysis and, thus, statistics. The treatment technique advocated by Schultz-Hencke was subsequently developed by Helmut Bach, among others, who progressively demarcated the ideas of its founder to create a "psychoanalysis" within the limits of practices imposed by the IPA; psychotherapists such as

Franz Alexander Franz Gabriel Alexander (22 January 1891 – 8 March 1964) was a Hungarian- American psychoanalyst and physician, who is considered one of the founders of psychosomatic medicine and psychoanalytic criminology. Life Franz Gabriel Alexander, ...

Karen Horney Karen Horney (; ; 16 September 1885 – 4 December 1952) was a German psychoanalyst who practised in the United States during her later career. Her theories questioned some traditional Freudian views. This was particularly true of her theories of ...

, René Laforgue and

Erich Fromm Erich Seligmann Fromm (; ; March 23, 1900 – March 18, 1980) was a German social psychologist, psychoanalyst, sociologist, humanistic philosopher, and democratic socialist. He was a German Jew who fled the Nazi regime and settled in the US. ...

have contributed significantly to this endeavor.

Publications (selected)

*1917: ''Der Einfluß des militärischen Kriegsdienstes auf die progressive Paralyse''. - Freiburg i. B. : Speyer & Kaerner *1920: ''Der Sinn unserer Zeit und die freien Volkshochschulen als Vorkämpfer neuen Bildungswesens : Grundsätzliches z. Revolutionierung von Schule u. Unterricht'', Berlin-Wilmersdorf: Volkshaus-Verlag *1927: ''Einführung in die Psychoanalyse''; Jena: G. Fischer *1931: ''Schicksal und Neurose : Versuch e. Neurosenlehre vom Bewusstsein her'', Jena: Fischer *1940: ''Der gehemmte Mensch : Entwurf eines Lehrbuches der Neo-Psychoanalyse'', Stuttgart: Thieme, 6. unveränd. Auflage, Stuttgart 1989, *1949: ''Lehrbuch der Traumanalyse.'' Stuttgart: G. Thieme

References

Sources

Alain de Mijolla Alain de Mijolla (15 May 1933, in Paris – 24 January 2019) was a French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist. Mijolla was analyzed by Conrad Stein and Denise Braunschweig. He became a psychoanalyst in the Societe psychanalytique de Paris in 1968, an ...

(ed.). ''International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis'', 3rd vol.: "Schultz-Hencke, Harald Julius Alfred Carl-Ludwig (1892–1953)", Macmillan Reference Books, * Cocks, Geoffrey. (1985). ''Psychotherapy in the Third Reich: The Göring Institute'' (2nd ed). New York: Oxford University Press * Theilemann, Steffen, ''Harald Schultz-Hencke und die Freideutsche Jugend: biografie bis 1921 und die Geschichte einer Bewegung'' (Giessen: Psychosozial-Verlag, 2018) . {{DEFAULTSORT:Schultz-Hencke, Harald 1892 births 1953 deaths German psychologists German psychiatrists Analysands of Sándor Radó 20th-century psychologists