Haplopoda

''Leptodora'' is a genus containing two species of large, nearly transparent predatory water fleas. They grow up to long, with two large antennae used for swimming and a single compound eye. The legs are used to catch copepods that it comes into contact with by chance. ''Leptodora kindtii'' is found in temperate lakes across the Northern Hemisphere and is probably the only cladoceran ever described in a newspaper; ''L. richardi'' is only known from eastern Russia. For most of the year, ''Leptodora'' reproduces parthenogenetically, with males only appearing late in the season, to produce winter eggs which hatch the following spring. ''Leptodora'' is the only genus in its family, the Leptodoridae, and suborder, Haplopoda.

Description

Adults of ''Leptodora'' are the largest planktonic cladocerans native to North America; reports vary concerning the largest size, but adult females typically grow to long, but with some reports of females up to . They are about 98% transparent, as a defense against predation by fish. Lilljeborg notes:

The female is transparent to such a high degree, literally "as clear as water", that her presence is often only given away by her movements. In bright sunlight, the shadow is normally seen before the animal itself.

The male is similarly transparent. The abdomen is elongated, but the carapace is small and only covers the brood pouch.

The six pairs of thoracic appendages form a "feeding basket" which is used to capture prey. The second antennae are used for swimming, while the first antennae are rudimentary in females but elongated in males, where they are used in sexual reproduction. There is a single large compound eye which takes up much of the animal's head. It comprises around 500 facets, which are spherically arranged, and the whole eye is movable by up to 10° in any direction.

Distribution

''Leptodora kindtii'' is widespread in northern temperate lakes. In North America, it occurs as far south as Texas and Oklahoma. It is also found across Europe, in parts of North Africa, northern Arabia, and in Asia (north of the Himalaya).

Ecology and behaviour

''Leptodora kindtii'' is a voracious predator and is capable of controlling numbers of its preferred prey items, which are generally juveniles of ''Daphnia'', '' Bosmina'', ''Ceriodaphnia'', ''Diaphanosoma'', ''Diaptomus'', ''Polyphemus'' and ''Cyclops''. It seems to encounter its prey by chance, with contact initiating a reflex, in which the abdomen is brought forward to close the feeding basket. In many cases, the prey escapes this haphazard response. Juvenile ''Daphnia'' are slower than adults to respond to the predator's attack, and are therefore more likely to be caught.

The most important predators of ''Leptodora'' are fishes, including whitefish, perch, ziege and bleak.

In Lake Biwa, Japan, ''L. kindtii'' is parasitised by the nematode '' Raphidascaris biwakoensis'', a parasite of fish.

Life cycle

Female ''Leptodora'' produce a brood of eggs through parthenogenesis every 12 hours. These eggs hatch into a larval stage about long. There are six further instars before the adult form is reached with a length of . The time taken to reach adulthood is temperature dependent, but takes between 3 and 6 days. For most of the year, reproduction is parthenogenetic, with eggs being produced by females without males being present in the population. In the autumn, parthenogenetically produced males begin to appear; males and females then reproduce sexually. The resulting eggs sink to the bottom where they overwinter, hatching the following year as nauplius-like larvae.

Related taxa

''Leptodora'' is so distinct from other cladocerans that some authors have suggested grouping all other cladocerans into a clade called "Eucladocera", with ''Leptodora'' as its sister group. It is now believed, however, that ''Leptodora'' is sister to Onychopoda, being the only genus in the family Leptodoridae and the subclass Haplopoda. Features which separate it from other families include its large size, the lack of branchial appendages (gills) on its legs, the reduction of the carapace, and the fact that the winter eggs hatch as nauplii.

Taxonomic history

''Leptodora kindtii'' is "probably the only cladoceran ever described in a newspaper". The German microscopist Gustav Woldemar Focke organised a scientific meeting in Bremen in 1844 together with the pharmacist Georg Christian Kindt. He studied the fauna of the ditches surrounding the city (the ') and displayed live specimens at the meeting. During the meeting, he also published a description of the species in the ' on Sunday September 22, 1844, placing the species in the genus ''Polyphemus''. However, this description was ignored by the scientific community, and Wilhelm Lilljeborg described the species in 1861 with the name ''Leptodora hyalina''. The synonymy was not noticed until Simon Albrecht Poppe informed Lilljeborg of it in 1889, and Lilljeborg corrected the error in his 1900 monograph.

In 2009, a second species, ''Leptodora richardii'', was described from individuals collected from lakes in the Amur River basin, including Lake Bolon.

Synonyms

Synonyms of ''Leptodora kindtii'' include:
*''Polyphemus kindti'' Focke, 1844
*''Hyalosoma dux'' Wagner, 1868
*''Leptodora angusta'' Sars, 1890
*''Leptodora hyalina'' Lilljeborg, 1861
*''Leptodora pellucida'' Joseph, 1882

Etymology

The name ''Leptodora'' is from the Greek words ' and ', collectively meaning thin-skinned. The specific epithet ''kindtii'' is presumed to refer to G. C. Kindt, who worked closely with Focke. The alternative spelling ''kindti'' is sometimes encountered, but is no longer considered correct under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The epithet ''hyalina'', used by Lilljeborg, is from the Greek ', and means glassy.

External links

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References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q30636

Cladocera
Branchiopoda genera
Taxa named by Wilhelm Lilljeborg