Haplogroup O, also known as O-M175, is a

human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non- recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome (called Y-DNA). Many people within a haplogroup share similar numbers of s ...

. It is primarily found among populations in Southeast Asia and East Asia. It also is found in various percentages of populations of the Russian Far East, South Asia, Central Asia, Caucasus,

Crimea Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a po ...

, Ukraine, Iran, Oceania, Madagascar and the Comoros. Haplogroup O is a primary descendant of haplogroup NO-M214. The O-M175 haplogroup is very common amongst males from China, Korea, and Southeast Asia. It has two primary branches: O1 (O-F265) and O2 (O-M122). O1 is found at high frequencies amongst males native to Southeast Asia, Taiwan, Japan, the Korean Peninsula, Madagascar and some populations in

southern China South China () is a geographical and cultural region that covers the southernmost part of China. Its precise meaning varies with context. A notable feature of South China in comparison to the rest of China is that most of its citizens are not n ...

and Austroasiatic speakers of India. It is high in the Melanesian populations of the Solomon Islands and

Moluccas The Maluku Islands (; Indonesian: ''Kepulauan Maluku'') or the Moluccas () are an archipelago in the east of Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located ea ...

, and shows significant to high frequencies in some populations of

Papuans The indigenous peoples of West Papua in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, commonly called Papuans, are Melanesians. There is genetic evidence for two major historical lineages in New Guinea and neighboring islands: a first wave from the Malay Arch ...

and Papua New Guinea. O2 is found at high levels amongst Han Chinese, Tibeto-Burman populations (including many of those in Yunnan, Tibet,

Burma Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...

, Northeast India, and Nepal),

Manchu The Manchus (; ) are a Tungusic East Asian ethnic group native to Manchuria in Northeast Asia. They are an officially recognized ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name. The Later Jin (1616–1636) and ...

Mongolians The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal member of ...

, Koreans, Vietnamese, Malays, Indonesians,

Filipinos Filipinos ( tl, Mga Pilipino) are the people who are citizens of or native to the Philippines. The majority of Filipinos today come from various Austronesian ethnolinguistic groups, all typically speaking either Filipino, English and/or other ...

, Thais, Polynesians,

East Timorese East Timor (), also known as Timor-Leste (), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is an island country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the exclave of Oecusse on the island's north-wester ...

, Bruneian, Miao people, Hmong, the Naiman tribe of Kazakhs in Kazakhstan, Kazakhs in the southeast of

Altai Republic The Altai Republic (; russian: Респу́блика Алта́й, Respublika Altay, ; Altai: , ''Altay Respublika''), also known as Gorno-Altai Republic, and colloquially, and primarily referred to in Russian to distinguish from the neighbour ...

, and Kazakhs in the Ili area of Xinjiang.

Origins

Haplogroup O-M175 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup NO-M214, and first appeared according to different theories either in Southeast Asia (see , , , and ) or East Asia (see ) approximately 40,000 years ago (or between 31,294 and 51,202 years ago according to Karmin ''et al.'' 2015). Haplogroup O-M175 is one of NO-M214's two branches. The other is Haplogroup N, which is common throughout

North Eurasia Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelago ...

Distribution

This haplogroup appears in 80-90% of most populations in East Asia and Southeast Asia, and it is almost exclusive to that region: M175 is almost nonexistent in Western Siberia,

Western Asia Western Asia, West Asia, or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost subregion of the larger geographical region of Asia, as defined by some academics, UN bodies and other institutions. It is almost entirely a part of the Middle East, and includes Ana ...

, Europe, most of

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

, and the

Americas The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World. Along with t ...

, where its presence may be the result of recent migrations. However, certain subclades of Haplogroup O-M175 do achieve significant frequencies among some populations of Central Asia, South Asia, and Oceania. For example, one study found it at a rate of 65.81% among the

Naimans The Naiman ( Mongolian: Найман, Naiman, "eight"; ; Kazakh: Найман, Naiman; Uzbek: Nayman) were a medieval tribe originating in the territory of modern Western Mongolia (possibly during the time of the Uyghur Khaganate), and are one o ...

, a tribe in Kazakhstan, even though the rate among Kazakhs in general is believed to be only about 9% . It has been estimated that 25% of the entire male population of the world carries O-M175. Karafet ''et al.'' (2015) have assigned the Y-DNA of 46.2% (12/26) of a sample of Papuan from Pantar Island to haplogroup NO-M214; considering their location in the Malay Archipelago, all or most of these individuals should belong to haplogroup O-M175. An association with the spread of Austronesian languages in late antiquity is suggested by significant levels of O-M175 among island populations of the

South Pacific The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, and is bounded by the continen ...

and Indian Ocean, including the East African littoral. For example, Haplogroup O-M50 has even been found in Bantu-speaking populations of the Comoros along 6% of O-MSY2.2(xM50), while both O-M50 and O-M95(xM88) occur commonly among the

Malagasy people The Malagasy (french: Malgache) are an Austronesian-speaking African ethnic group native to the island country of Madagascar. Traditionally, the population have been divided by subgroups (tribes or ethnicities). Examples include "Highlander" ...

of Madagascar with a combined frequency of 34%. O-M175 has been found in 28.1% of Solomon Islanders from Melanesia. 12% of Uyghurs , 6.8% of

Kalmyks The Kalmyks ( Kalmyk: Хальмгуд, ''Xaľmgud'', Mongolian: Халимагууд, ''Halimaguud''; russian: Калмыки, translit=Kalmyki, archaically anglicised as ''Calmucks'') are a Mongolic ethnic group living mainly in Russia, ...

(17.1% of

Khoshuud The Khoshut ( Mongolian: Хошууд,, qoşūd, ; literally "bannermen," from Middle Mongolian ''qosighu'' "flag, banner") are one of the four major tribes of the Oirat people. Originally, Khoshuuds were one of the Khorchin tribes in southeaste ...

, 6.1% of Dörwöd, 3.3% of

Torguud The Torghut ( Mongolian: Торгууд, , Torguud), , "Guardsman" are one of the four major subgroups of the Four Oirats. The Torghut nobles traced its descent to the Keraite ruler Tooril; also many Torghuts descended from the Keraites. His ...

, 0% of Buzawa), 6.2% of

Altaians The Altai people ( alt, Алтай-кижи, Altai-kizhi), also the Altaians ( alt, Алтайлар, Altailar), are a Turkic ethnic group of indigenous peoples of Siberia mainly living in the Altai Republic, Russia. Several thousand of the Alt ...

, 4.1% of

Uzbeks The Uzbeks ( uz, , , , ) are a Turkic ethnic group native to the wider Central Asian region, being among the largest Turkic ethnic group in the area. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, next to Kazakh and Karakalpak mino ...

on average but Uzbeks from Bukhara 12.1%, Karakalpaks (Uzbekistan) 11.4%, Sinte (Uzbekistans) 6.7% and 4.0% of

Buryats The Buryats ( bua, Буряад, Buryaad; mn, Буриад, Buriad) are a Mongolic peoples, Mongolic ethnic group native to southeastern Siberia who speak the Buryat language. They are one of the two largest indigenous groups in Siberia, the oth ...

. In the Caucasus region it has been found in the Nogais 6% but 5.3% in the Karan Nogais, it is also found in the

Dargins Dargins or Dargwa (, ''darganti'') are a Northeast Caucasian native ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus, and who make up the second largest ethnic group in the North Caucasian republic of Dagestan. They speak the Dargwa language. The ...

of Dargwa speakers at 2.9%. In the Iranic population, it is found in Iranian (Esfahan) at 6.3% (), 8.9% of Tajiks in Afghanistan 4.2% in the Pathans in Pakistan () but 1% in Afghanistan (), 3.1% in Burusho (). Haplogroup O-M175 ranges in various moderate to high frequencies in the ethnic minorities of South Africa. The frequency of this haplogroup is 6.14% in the Cape colored population. 18% in Cape Coloured Muslim, 38% in Cape Indian Muslims and 10% in other Cape Other Muslim. It's found 11.5% in the Réunion Creole. Haplogroup O-M175 had also been found in Latin America and

Caribbean The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; nl, De Caraïben) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean S ...

as a result of massive Chinese male migration from the 19th century. It was found in the Jamaicans at 3.8,

Cubans Cubans ( es, Cubanos) are people born in Cuba and people with Cuban citizenship. Cuba is a multi-ethnic nation, home to people of different ethnic, religious and national backgrounds. Racial and ethnic groups Census The population of Cuba wa ...

1.5% Haplogroup O-M175 has been found in 88.7% of Asian American. 1.6% in Hispanic American, White Americans 0.5%, and 0.3% in African American. Another study gives 0.5% African American. Among the sub-branches of haplogroup O-M175 are O-M119(O1a), O-M268(O1b), and O-M122(O2).

O-M175*

A broad survey of Y-chromosome variation among populations of central Eurasia found haplogroup O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) in 31% (14/45) of a sample of Koreans and in smaller percentages of

Crimean Tatars , flag = Flag of the Crimean Tatar people.svg , flag_caption = Flag of Crimean Tatars , image = Love, Peace, Traditions.jpg , caption = Crimean Tatars in traditional clothing in front of the Khan's Palace ...

(1/22 = 4.5%),

Tajiks Tajiks ( fa, تاجيک، تاجک, ''Tājīk, Tājek''; tg, Тоҷик) are a Persian-speaking Iranian ethnic group native to Central Asia, living primarily in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Tajiks are the largest ethnicity in Taji ...

(1/16 = 6.25% Dushanbe, 1/40 = 2.5% Samarkand), Uyghurs (2/41 = 4.9%),

(1/68 = 1.5% Surxondaryo, 1/70 = 1.4% Xorazm), and Kazakhs (1/54 = 1.9%) . However, nearly all of the purported Korean O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes may belong to

Haplogroup O-M176 Haplogroup O-M176 (aka O-SRY465) or O1b2 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is best known for its part in the settlement of Korea and Japan. It is a descendant of Haplogroup O-P31, and it has been estimated to share a most recent common a ...

,O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) is sometimes incorrectly called "O*". and later studies do not support the finding of O-M175* among similar population samples (, ). The reported examples of O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes that have been found among these populations might therefore belong to Haplogroup O-M268*(xM95,M176) or Haplogroup O-M176 (O1b2). A study published in 2013 found O-M175(xM119, M95, M176, M122) Y-DNA in 5.5% (1/18) Iranians from Teheran, 5.4% (2/37) Tajiks from

Badakhshan Province Badakhshan Province (Persian/ Uzbek: , ''Badaxšān'') is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the northeastern part of the country. It is bordered by Tajikistan's Gorno-Badakhshan in the north and the Pakistani regions of Lower ...

of Afghanistan, and 1/97 Mongols from northwest Mongolia, while finding O-M176 only in 1/20 Mongols from northeast Mongolia.

O-F265 (O1)

O1a-M119 and O1b-M268 share a common ancestor, O1-F265 (a.k.a. O-F75) approximately 33,181 (95% CI 24,461 to 36,879) YBP. O1-F265, in turn, coalesces to a common ancestor with O2-M122 approximately 33,943 (95% CI 25,124 to 37,631) YBP. Thus, O1-F265 should have existed as a single haplogroup parallel to O2-M122 for a duration of approximately 762 years (or anywhere from 0 to 13,170 years considering the 95% CIs and assuming that the phylogeny is correct) before breaking up into its two extant descendant haplogroups, O1-MSY2.2 and O1b-M268.

=O-M119 (O1a)

= O-M119 (which was known briefly as O-MSY2.2, until the SNP MSY2.2 was found to be unreliable) is found frequently in Austronesian-speaking people, with a moderate distribution in southern and eastern

Chinese Chinese can refer to: * Something related to China * Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity **''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation ** List of ethnic groups in China, people of v ...

and Kra-dai peoples.

=O-M268 (O1b)

= * O-K18 '' NaxiYFull Haplogroup YTree
v5.04 at 16 May 2017'' ** O-CTS4040 *** O-MF56251 ''Observed sporadically in China ( Guangxi,Phylogenetic tree of Haplogroup O at 23mofang
/ref> Guangdong, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu,

Beijing } Beijing ( ; ; ), alternatively romanized as Peking ( ), is the capital of the People's Republic of China. It is the center of power and development of the country. Beijing is the world's most populous national capital city, with over 2 ...

), Thailand ( Phuan,Phylogenetic tree of Haplogroup O-F175 at TheYtree
/ref> Yuan, Central Thai), Vietnam ( Nùng, Tày)'' *** O-Page59/CTS10887 ''Found among North Han Chinese (5%), East Han Chinese (4%), South Han Chinese (3%) '' **** O-F4070 ***** O-MF106398 ''Observed sporadically in China (Guangdong, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Shandong)'' ***** O-F779/F993/F3135 ''China, Vietnam ( Lahu), QatarO Y-Haplogroup Project
at Family Tree DNA'' ****** O-MF107014 ''Observed sporadically in China (Jiangsu, Anhui, Heilongjiang)'' ****** O-CTS5160/MF61620 ''China ( Han, mostly Guangdong or Fujian)'' ****** O-F2064/F1759 ''China ( Han from Fujian, Shandong), Singapore, Vietnam ( Sila, Hanhi,

Kinh The Vietnamese people ( vi, người Việt, lit=Viet people) or Kinh people ( vi, người Kinh) are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to modern-day Northern Vietnam and Southern China (Jing Islands, Dongxing, Guangxi). The native lang ...

), Korea'' ******* O-PH2797/CTS1127 ''China (especially Shandong, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Hebei, Anhui, Beijing, Henan, and Shanghai)'' ******** O-MF66989 ''Observed sporadically in China (Zhejiang, Guizhou, Hebei, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Shanxi) ******** O-PH2506 ''China (Beijing), Japan'' ******* O-Y148532 ''China (Shandong, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Sichuan, Beijing, Shaanxi), Afghanistan ( Hazara)'' ******* O-Y239146/MF31164 ''Singapore, Taiwan'' ******* O-Y47392/MF17288 ''China ( Zhejiang)'' ******* O-BY182144/Y157814 ''China ( Shandong, Gansu), Taiwan'' ******** O-MF16472/MF148514 ''China (Guangdong, Shandong, Henan, Beijing, Hunan, Jiangsu, etc.)'' ********* O-MF184575 ''China (Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Shandong, Inner Mongolia, Jilin Korean)'' ******** O-ACT3266/Y149401 ''China (Shandong, Jiangsu)'' ******* O-PH4822 ''China (

, Jiangsu)'' **** O-F417/M1654/CTS469 ''Japan (Tokyo)'' ***** O-F840/F1247/F1378 ****** O-Y185784 ''Singapore'' ****** O-CTS250 ******* O-F2760 ''China (

, Dai)'' ******* O-FGC30081 ''China (

Hubei Hubei (; ; alternately Hupeh) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the Central China region. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Dongting Lake. The prov ...

, Guangdong)'' ***** O-CTS1451 ''Korea, China (Hubei, Shandong, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Hunan, Jiangsu, Chongqing, Guangdong, Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Beijing, etc.)'' **** O-CTS9996/PF4341 ''Philippines'' ***** O-PF4341* ''Hunan (Han)'' ***** O-CTS298 ''China (esp. Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Shanghai, and Liaoning)'' ****** O-F16308 ''China (esp. Hunan)'' ****** O-MF2931 ''China (esp. Zhejiang)'' ***** O-MF14344 ''China (esp. Shaanxi and Anhui)'' ****** O-F1356 ''China (Shandong, Beijing), Vietnam (

from Ho Chi Minh City), South Korea'' ** O-PK4 ***O-F838 ''Found in about 1.4% of Han Chinese (and esp. in Hunan, Chongqing, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou)'' **** O-CTS3857 ***** O-F714 ****** O-F2081 '' Shaanxi ( Han)'' ****** O-F3357 ******* O-F977 '' Liaoning'' ******** O-F1199 ''Beijing, Sichuan'' ********* O-ACT7133 ''

Chongqing Chongqing ( or ; ; Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ), alternately romanized as Chungking (), is a municipality in Southwest China. The official abbreviation of the city, "" (), was approved by the State Cou ...

Liwutu, Jiangxi'' ********* O-Y168698 ''Sichuan, Anhui'' ******* O-CTS4052/CTS5664 ''Hunan ( Han)'' ******** O-Y155291 ''Anhui , medieval Turk (''fl.'' ''ca.'' 600 - 900 CE) from the oasis of Otrar'' ******** O-CTS2452 ''Guangxi, Hunan'' ***** O-F15640/F11242 '' Fujian, Singapore, Spain (

Burgos Burgos () is a city in Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is the capital and most populated municipality of the province of Burgos. Burgos is situated in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, on the confluence of t ...

)'' ****** O-F16212 ******* O-F21414 '' Fujian'' ******** O-F15452 **** O-F15300 ''

, Guizhou,

Anhui Anhui , (; formerly romanized as Anhwei) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, part of the East China region. Its provincial capital and largest city is Hefei. The province is located across the basins of the Yangtze River ...

'' ***** O-F14826 ''Hunan ong zhou Tang family' ****** O-MF45275 '' Guangxi'' ****** O-Y34152 ******* O-MF43808 ''Sichuan, Hunan'' ******* O-MF37500 '' Hunan'' ******** O-MF43192 ''Sichuan, Hunan'' *** O-M95 **** O-CTS350 ''China (Ningxia, Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Hunan, Shaanxi, Anhui, ''etc.'')'' ***** O-CTS350* '' Japan (

Aichi is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū. Aichi Prefecture has a population of 7,552,873 () and a geographic area of with a population density of . Aichi Prefecture borders Mie Prefecture to the west, Gifu Prefecture an ...

)'' ***** O-CTS10007/CTS926 ''China (esp. Hunan and Guangdong)'' **** O-M1310 ***** O-Y172653/Y172877 ''Found in China (esp. Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Sichuan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Hubei, Chongqing) and Japan'' ***** O-F1803/M1348 ''China (Zhejiang, Shandong, Beijing, Guangdong, Hubei, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Shanghai, etc.)'' ****** O-ACT721/ACT1038 ''Found sporadically in China (Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Hainan, Tianjin, Beijing, Liaoning, Heilongjiang)'' ****** O-F789/M1283 ''Found in China ( Blang, Palaung, Wa, Dai, Yi, Naxi), Vietnam,

Cambodia Cambodia (; also Kampuchea ; km, កម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of , bordered by Thailand ...

, Singapore ( Malay), Java,

Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and ea ...

, Thailand, Laos, Myanmar,

Bhutan Bhutan (; dz, འབྲུག་ཡུལ་, Druk Yul ), officially the Kingdom of Bhutan,), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is situated in the Eastern Himalayas, between China in the north and India in the south. A mountainou ...

Bangladesh Bangladesh (}, ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of . Bangladesh is among the mos ...

, India (

Tripura Tripura (, Bengali: ) is a state in Northeast India. The third-smallest state in the country, it covers ; and the seventh-least populous state with a population of 36.71 lakh ( 3.67 million). It is bordered by Assam and Mizoram to the east ...

, Ho, Konda Dora, Gond)'' ******* O-M1283* '' Lao Isan'' ******* O-MF600645 ''Gansu (Hui, Dongxiang), Sichuan (

Chengdu Chengdu (, ; simplified Chinese: 成都; pinyin: ''Chéngdū''; Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Chinese pronunciation: ), alternatively romanized as Chengtu, is a sub-provincial city which serves as the capital of the Chinese provi ...

), Hunan (

Yiyang Yiyang () is a prefecture-level city on the Zi River in Hunan province, China, straddling Lake Dongting and bordering Hubei to the north. According to the 2010 Census, Yiyang has a population of 4,313,084 inhabitants residing in an area of . T ...

)'' ******* O-M1368 ''Singapore'' ******** O-M1361 ********* O-MF611153 ''Found sporadically in China (Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing, Guangxi, Jiangxi)'' ********* O-A22938 ''Vietnam (

from Ho Chi Minh City), China (Hong Kong, Qinzhou,

Lijiang Lijiang (), also known as Likiang, is a prefecture-level city in the northwest of Yunnan Province, China. It has an area of and had a population of 1,253,878 at the 2020 census whom 288,787 lived in the built-up area (metro) made of Gucheng ...

)'' ********** O-F2194 ''China (esp. Guangxi, with a few members in Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, etc.)'' ********** O-BY189914 ''China (mostly Guangdong, Guangxi)'' ********** O-F16163 ''China (Guangdong, Sichuan, Hubei, etc.), Taiwan'' *********** O-F20644 ''China (Guangxi, Yunnan, Guangdong, Gansu, Hunan, Sichuan, etc.)'' ************ O-SK1646 ''China (mostly Sichuan, but also Gansu, Yunnan, Guizhou, etc.)'' ********* O-Y9322 ''China (Dai in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, Chongqing, Guangdong, Sichuan, etc.)'' ********** O-Y9325 *********** O-Z39485 ''China (Dai, Yi)'' *********** O-Z39490 ************ O-Z39490* ''Indonesia (Yogyakarta, Lebbo), Singapore (Malay)'' ************ O-B421 ''Sichuan, Singapore (Malay), Java ( Dieng), Madhya Pradesh (Gond), Saudi Arabia (ar-Riyāḍ)'' *********** O-Y9033/B426 ''Laos ( Laotian), Thailand ( Blang,

Khmu The Khmu (; Khmu: ; lo, ຂະມຸ ; th, ขมุ ; vi, Khơ Mú; ; my, ခမူ) are an ethnic group of Southeast Asia. The majority (88%) live in northern Laos where they constitute the largest minority ethnic group, comprising elev ...

Lawa Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA) is the airport authority that owns and operates Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) and Van Nuys Airport (VNY) for the city of Los Angeles, California. LAWA also owns and manages aviation-related property ne ...

, Htin, Padaung Karen,

Tai Dam The Tai Dam ( Tai Dam: , lo, ໄຕດຳ, th, ไทดำ) are an ethnic minority predominantly from China, northwest Vietnam, Laos, Thailand. They are part of the Tai peoples and ethnically similar to the Thai from Thailand, the Lao fro ...

Suay Kuy, also known as Kui, Suay or Kuay ( th, ภาษากูย; km, ភាសាកួយ), is a Katuic language, part of the larger Austroasiatic family spoken by the Kuy people of Southeast Asia. Kuy is one of the Katuic languages with ...

, Khmer,

Mon Mon, MON or Mon. may refer to: Places * Mon State, a subdivision of Myanmar * Mon, India, a town in Nagaland * Mon district, Nagaland * Mon, Raebareli, a village in Uttar Pradesh, India * Mon, Switzerland, a village in the Canton of Grisons * A ...

, Lao Isan, Soa, Shan, Phutai,

Nyaw The Lao Nyaw, Thai Nyaw or Tai Yo (Thai/Isan: ไทญ้อ, , Isan pronunciation: , Khmer: ឡាវញ៉) are an ethnic group of Thailand, Cambodia and Laos, scattered throughout the provinces of Isan such as Nong Khai, Sakon Nakhon, Nakho ...

, S'gaw Karen, Thai, Khon Mueang), Vietnam ( Mang from

Mường Tè District Muong may refer to: * Muong people, third largest of Vietnam's 53 minority groups ** Muong language, spoken by the Mường people of Vietnam * No Muong, king of the southern Laotian Kingdom of Champasak in 1811 * Mueang Mueang ( th, เมือ� ...

Ede Ede may refer to: Places * Ede, Netherlands * Ede, Osun, Nigeria People * E De people of Vietnam Given name * Ede Dunai (born 1949), Hungarian footballer * Ede Kallós (1866–1950), Hungarian sculptor * Ede Komáromi (1928–2006), ...

from Krông Buk District and Tuy An District,

from

Hoàng Mai District Huang (; ) is a Chinese surname that originally means and refers to jade people were wearing and decorating in ancient times. While ''Huáng'' is the pinyin romanization of the word, it may also be romanized as Hwang, Wong, Waan, Wan, Waon, Hwo ...

Gia Lâm District Gia Lâm is the easternmost rural district (''huyện'') of Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam. Prior to 2003, the district covered the entire area of Long Biên district, which included Long Biên Bridge, Gia Lâm Airport, Gia Lâm railway st ...

, and Yên Phong District, Thái from

Điện Biên Phủ Điện Biên Phủ (, meaning: ''Established Frontier Prefecture''), is a city in the northwestern region of Vietnam. It is the capital of Điện Biên Province. The city is best known for the decisive Battle of Điện Biên Phủ, which occ ...

, Giarai from Ayun Pa)'' ************ O-Y9033* ''Indonesia (Jawa Tengah), India (Tripura, Konda Dora), Bangladesh'' ************ O-M6661 ''Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City'' ************ O-YP3930 ''Cambodia, Thailand (

Mlabri Mlabri can refer to: * Mlabri people The Mlabri ( Thai: มลาบรี) or Mrabri are an ethnic group of Thailand and Laos, and have been called "the most interesting and least understood people in Southeast Asia". Only about 400 or fewer Mlabr ...

, S'gaw Karen, Pwo Karen, Tai Yuan), Laos ( Laotian in Vientiane)'' ****** O-F1252 *******O-SK1630/F5504 ''China (esp. Sichuan and Guizhou, accounting for about 0.25% of the entire Chinese population)'' ********O-ACT5802 *********O-MF92614 *********O-F16061 **********O-MF286118 ''Found in two Han Chinese from Guangdong'' **********O-F19607 ***********O-SK1636 ''China (esp. Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Chongqing, Gansu, and Henan)'' ***********O-MF206811 ''China (Shaanxi, Sichuan, Henan)'' ***********O-MF91645 ''China (Han from Mianyang, Tujia from Zhangjiajie)'' ***********O-Y68888 ''Russia ( Ryazan Oblast)'' ***********O-F5506 '' Hmong ( Hunan)'' ******* O-F2924 ******** O-CTS5854 ********* O-Z23810 ********** O-CTS7399 *********** O-Y85641 ''China (esp. Shandong, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang)'' *********** O-Y14024/FGC19706 ''Japan (Tokyo)'' *********** O-FGC19713/Y14026 ''Laos ( Laotian in Vientiane and Luang Prabang), Thailand (

, Tai Lue, Nyah Kur, Thai, Eastern Lawa), Vietnam ( Thái from Bá Thước District and Tủa Chùa District, Hà Nhì from

)'' ************ O-FGC19707 ************* O-MF14427 ''China (esp. Jiangsu, Gansu, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Shaanxi)'' ************* O-FGC19716 ''China ( Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hunan, Chongqing)'' ************** O-FGC19718 ''China (esp. Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Jiangsu, Guangdong), Philippines (

Capiz Capiz, officially the Province of Capiz ( Capiznon/ Hiligaynon: ''Kapuoran sang Capiz''; tl, Lalawigan ng Capiz), is a province in the Philippines located in the central section of Western Visayas region. Its capital is the city of Roxas. It ...

)'' ************* O-Z23849 ''China (

Han,

Xishuangbanna Xishuangbanna, Sibsongbanna or Sipsong Panna ( Tham: , New Tai Lü script: ; ; th, สิบสองปันนา; lo, ສິບສອງພັນນາ; shn, သိပ်းသွင်ပၼ်းၼႃး; my, စစ်ဆောင်� ...

Dai, Guangxi Zhuang, Guangdong, Shandong, Tianjin)'' ********** O-CTS651/CTS10484 ''Thailand (

Tai Khün Tai or TAI may refer to: Arts and entertainment *Tai (comics) a fictional Marvel Comics supervillain *Tai Fraiser, a fictional character in the 1995 film ''Clueless'' * Tai Kamiya, a fictional character in ''Digimon'' Businesses and organisation ...

, Phuan, Tai Lue, Khon Mueang, Eastern Lawa, Lao Isan, Thai), Laos ( Laotian in Vientiane), Vietnam (

Dao Dao, Dão or DAO may refer to: * Tao (Chinese: "The Way" 道), a philosophical concept * Dao (Chinese sword) (刀), a type of Chinese sword * Dao (Naga sword), a weapon and a tool of Naga people People and language * Yao people, a minority ethni ...

and Nùng from

Hoàng Su Phì District Huang (; ) is a Chinese surname that originally means and refers to jade people were wearing and decorating in ancient times. While ''Huáng'' is the pinyin romanization of the word, it may also be romanized as Hwang, Wong, Waan, Wan, Waon, Hwo ...

, Tày from Krông Pắk District,

Hà Quảng District Hà Quảng is a rural district of Cao Bằng province in the Northeast The points of the compass are a set of horizontal, radially arrayed compass directions (or azimuths) used in navigation and cartography. A compass rose is primarily c ...

, and

Đình Lập District Vietnamese communal temples ( vi, Đình, Chữ Hán: 亭) are typical of buildings found in Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at ...

)'' *********** O-CTS10484* ''China ( Guangxi)'' *********** O-PH4310 ''China (Guangdong, Sichuan, Beijing), Singapore'' *********** O-Z1018 ''China (Hunan,

Dai, Guangxi)'' ********* O-Z23781 ''China ( Henan)'' ********** O-F4229 ''Singapore'' *********** O-F809 ''China (

Dai, Guangdong,

)'' ************ O-Z23795 ''China (esp. Zhejiang)'' ************* O-MF223122 ''China ( Linyi, Mianyang)'' ************* O-A22937 ************** O-BY50703 *************** O-MF169272 ''China ( Daurs, Qiqihar, Harbin, Heihe, Hulunbuir,

Xilingol League Xilingol, Xilin Gol, Shiliin Gol or Xilinguole Aimag/League (; mn, , , , ) is one of 3 leagues of Inner Mongolia. The seat is Xilinhot, and the area is . The league's economy is based on mining and agriculture. Xilingol borders Mongolia to ...

)'' *************** O-MF226417 ''China (

, Hangzhou)'' ************** O-MF61630 ''China (Baoji, Hanzhong, Shijiazhuang, Tangshan, Yantai, Shaoxing)'' ************* O-F2517 ''China (Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, etc.)'' ************** O-MF5664 ************** O-Z23790 ******** O-M111/M88 ''Found frequently among Vietnamese,

Tai peoples Tai peoples are the populations who speak (or formerly spoke) the Tai languages. There are a total of about 93 million people of Tai ancestry worldwide, with the largest ethnic groups being Dai, Thais, Isan, Tai Yai (Shan), Lao, Tai Ahom, ...

( Bouyei, Zhuang, Nùng, Tày, Thái people in Vietnam, Lao, Northeastern Thai, Northern Thai,Bing Su, Li Jin, Peter Underhill, ''et al.'' (2000), "Polynesian origins: Insights from the Y chromosome." ''PNAS'', vol. 97, no. 15, 8225–8228. general population of

Bangkok Bangkok, officially known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estimated populatio ...

), Lachi, Lô Lô,

Hani Hani may refer to: People * Hani (name) * Hani (producer), a record producer and remixer from New York City * Hani (singer), a South Korean singer and member of EXID * Hani people, an ethnic group of China and Vietnam Places * Hani, an island in ...

Akha Akha or Ikaw may refer to: *Akha, Iran, a village in Mazandaran Province, Iran *Akha, alternate name of Dinan, Mazandaran, a village in Mazandaran Province, Iran * Akha people * Akha language * Akha Bhagat (1615–1674; aka Akha Rahiyadas Soni) a m ...

, Bunu,

She people The She people (; Shehua: ; Cantonese: , Fuzhou: ) are an ethnic group in China. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. The She are the largest ethnic minority in Fujian, Zhejiang, and Jia ...

Cambodians The Khmer people ( km, ជនជាតិខ្មែរ, ) are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to Cambodia. They comprise over 90% of Cambodia's population of 17 million.

, Kuy, Bru, and Htin, with a moderate distribution among Qiang, Bai, Yi,

Bamar The Bamar (, ; also known as the Burmans) are a Sino-Tibetan ethnic group native to Myanmar (formerly Burma) in Southeast Asia. With approximately 35 million people, the Bamar make up the largest ethnic group in Myanmar, constituting 68% of th ...

, Jingpo, Lahu, Tujia, Han Chinese, Miao, Pathen, Yao, Hlai, Taiwanese aborigines (especially Bunun), the Philippines, Malaysia ( Kota Kinabalu), Kalimantan (

Banjarmasin ) , translit_lang1 = Other , translit_lang1_type1 = Jawi , translit_lang1_info1 = بنجر ماسين , settlement_type = City , motto = ''Kayuh Baimbai'' ( Banjar ...

), Java,

Chamic The Chamic languages, also known as Aceh–Chamic and Achinese–Chamic, are a group of ten languages spoken in Aceh (Sumatra, Indonesia) and in parts of Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam and Hainan, China. The Chamic languages are a subgroup of Malay ...

-speaking peoples (

Cham Cham or CHAM may refer to: Ethnicities and languages *Chams, people in Vietnam and Cambodia **Cham language, the language of the Cham people ***Cham script *** Cham (Unicode block), a block of Unicode characters of the Cham script * Cham Albani ...

from Bình Thuận,

, Jarai), and Kiribati'' ********* O-M111/M88* ''

Northern Thailand Northern Thailand, or more specifically Lanna, is geographically characterised by several mountain ranges, which continue from the Shan Hills in bordering Myanmar to Laos, and the river valleys which cut through them. Though like most of Thailand ...

( Htin,

( Jarai, Brao, Kachac, Khmer, Lao, Lun), Yunnan ( De'ang)'' ********* O-F2524 ********** O-F2524* ''Jiangsu'' ********** O-F2346 *********** O-F2890 ''Thailand ( Khon Mueang, Phuan, Shan, Htin,

, Thai,

, Lao Isan,

), Vietnam (

from

, Tày from Lục Yên District)'' ************ O-F2890* '' Ho Chi Minh City'' ************ O-Z24048 ************* O-F18990 '' Jiangsu,

Jiangxi Jiangxi (; ; formerly romanized as Kiangsi or Chianghsi) is a landlocked province in the east of the People's Republic of China. Its major cities include Nanchang and Jiujiang. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze river in the north into ...

, Xishuangbanna ( Dai)'' ************* O-Z24050 ************** O-Z24050* ''Xishuangbanna ( Dai)'' ************** O-ACT7172 '' Guangdong'' ************** O-Y151536 *************** O-Z22028 '' Hunan,

, Guangdong'' *************** O-Y151537 **************** O-Y151537* '' Hunan'' **************** O-ACT523 ***************** O-ACT505 '' Guangdong'' ***************** O-ACT502 ''

, Hunan, Guangxi'' *********** O-F2758 '' Vietnam (

, Lahu,

, Pathen, Tày, Thái,

, Giarai),

( Kuy, Tampuan, Khmer), Thailand ( Phutai, Bru,

, Phuan,

, Shan, Khon Mueang,

, Lao Isan, Tai Lue, Htin,

, Kaleun,

, Thai), Laos ( Laotian in Luang Prabang), Yunnan ( Bulang, De'ang)'' ************ O-F2758* ''China ( Miao, Hunan)'' ************ O-Z24083 ************* O-Z24083* ''Ho Chi Minh City (

)'' ************* O-Z24089 ************** O-SK1627/Z24091 ''Vietnam ( Lô Lô from

Mèo Vạc District The Miao are a group of linguistically-related peoples living in Southern China and Southeast Asia, who are recognized by the government of China as one of the 56 official ethnic groups. The Miao live primarily in southern China's mountains, in ...

, La Chí and Nùng from

, Hà Nhì from

, Tày from Chợ Đồn District and Đăk Mil District,

from Ea Kar District,

from Nghĩa Hưng District), Thailand ( Soa, Saek, Phutai,

, S'gaw Karen, Nyah Kur, Khmer,

, Lao Isan,

, Thai), Laos ( Laotian in Vientiane)'' *************** O-Z24091* ''China ( Hebei,

Dai), Vietnam (

from Ho Chi Minh City)'' *************** O-Y26364 **************** O-Y26364* ''Thailand ( Phutai from Sakon Nakhon Province)'' **************** O-Y26370 ''China ( Tujia), Vietnam (

from Ho Chi Minh City)'' ************** O-F923 *************** O-F923* ''Xishuangbanna ( Dai), Ho Chi Minh City (

)'' *************** O-Z24154 ''Ho Chi Minh City (

)'' *************** O-CTS2022 **************** O-CTS2022* ''Ho Chi Minh City (

)'' **************** O-F3053 ''Thailand ( Tai Lue, Khon Mueang)'' ***************** O-F3053* ''Cambodian'' ***************** O-F4383/F1399 ''Vietnam ( Nùng from

)'' ****************** O-F4383/F1399* ''China ( Han from

), Singapore'' ****************** O-F14994 ''Vietnam (

from Ho Chi Minh City), Singapore'' ****************** O-F2415 ''Thailand ( Tai Lue, Khon Mueang, Lao Isan,

, Thai), China ( Dai from Xishuangbanna, Yongbei Zhuang from Guangxi, Han from Hunan)'' * O-M176 ** O-M176(x47z): Found frequently among Koreans, with a moderate distribution among

, Daurs,

Evenks The Evenks (also spelled Ewenki or Evenki based on their endonym )Autonym: (); russian: Эвенки (); (); formerly known as Tungus or Tunguz; mn, Хамниган () or Aiwenji () are a Tungusic people of North Asia. In Russia, the Ev ...

, Hezhe, Indonesians,

Japanese Japanese may refer to: * Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia * Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan * Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture ** Japanese diaspor ...

, Manchus,

Micronesians The Micronesians or Micronesian peoples are various closely related ethnic groups native to Micronesia, a region of Oceania in the Pacific Ocean. They are a part of the Austronesian ethnolinguistic group, which has an Urheimat in Taiwan. Ethno ...

, Ryukyuans, Sibe, Thais, Udegeys, Vietnamese. ** O-47z: Found frequently among

and Ryukyuans, with a moderate distribution among Indonesians, Koreans,

s, Thais.

O-M122 (O2)

Found frequently among populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and culturally Austronesian regions of Oceania, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia . *O-M122 **O-CTS1754 ''East & Southeast Asia'' ***O-F953/F1886 ''Philippines'' ****O-F953* ''Ho Chi Minh City (

)'' ****O-F1024 *****O-F1024* ''Guangxi'' *****O-Y29790 ''Liaoning, Fujian'' **O-M324 ***O-L465 ****O-CTS727 *****O-F915 ******O-F915* ''Shanxi'' ******O-Y14462 *******O-Y14462* ''Guangdong'' *******O-CTS1936 ''Beijing, Ho Chi Minh City'' *******O-A18267 ********O-A18029 ''China'' ********O-ACT6559 ''Hebei'' *****O-CTS3709 ******O-CTS11209 *******O-CTS11209* ''Han from Hunan'' *******O-L599 ''Han from Hunan, Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City, Tujia'' ******O-F2640 *******O-F2640* ''Beijing'' *******O-CTS11210 ********O-CTS11210* ''Han from Hunan'' ********O-CTS2432 ''Han from Hunan'' ****O-JST002611/CTS2483 *****O-CTS2483* ''China,Y-DNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA
/ref> Japan,

Origins

Distribution

O-M175*

O-F265 (O1)

=O-M119 (O1a)

=O-M268 (O1b)

O-M122 (O2)

= O-M324 (O2a)

= O-F742 (O2b)

Language families and genes

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Original Research Publications

Phylogenetic trees

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA O subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

Notes

References

Sources for conversion tables

Further reading

External links