Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

haplogroup A haplotype is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent, and a haplogroup (haploid from the el, ἁπλοῦς, ''haploûs'', "onefold, simple" and en, group) is a group of similar haplotypes that share ...

. An enormous haplogroup spanning all the continents, the macro-haplogroup M, like its sibling the macro-haplogroup N, is a descendant of the haplogroup L3. All mtDNA haplogroups considered native outside of Africa are descendants of either haplogroup M or its sibling haplogroup N. Haplogroup M is relatively young, having a younger

most recent common ancestor In biology and genetic genealogy, the most recent common ancestor (MRCA), also known as the last common ancestor (LCA) or concestor, of a set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all the organisms of the set are descended. The ...

date than some subclades of haplogroup N such as

haplogroup R Haplogroup R may refer to: * Haplogroup R (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup * Haplogroup R (Y-DNA), a human Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroup {{Disambig ...

Origins

There is a debate concerning the geographical origins of Haplogroup M and its sibling haplogroup N. Both lineages are thought to have been the main surviving lineages involved in the

out of Africa migration In paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans, also called the "Out of Africa" theory (OOA), recent single-origin hypothesis (RSOH), replacement hypothesis, or recent African origin model (RAO), is the dominant model of the ...

(or migrations) because all indigenous lineages found outside Africa belong to haplogroup M or haplogroup N. Scientists are unsure whether the mutations that define haplogroups M and N occurred in Africa before the exit from Africa or in Asia after the exit from Africa. Determining the origins of haplogroup M is further complicated by an early back-migration (from Asia to Africa) of bearers of M1. Its date of origin in absolute terms is only known with great uncertainty, as reconstruction has yielded different (but overlapping) ranges for the age of M in South Asia and

East Asia East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The modern states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. China, North Korea, South Korea ...

.The same authors give an estimate for t of L3 as , later (2011) narrowed to the somewhat younger . Thus, haplogroup M would have emerged around 10,000 or at most 20,000 years after L3, around or somewhat after the recent out-of-Africa migration event.

Haplogroup M1

Much discussion concerning the origins of haplogroup M has been related to its subclade haplogroup M1, which is the only variant of macro-haplogroup M found in Africa. Two possibilities were being considered as potential explanations for the presence of M1 in Africa: # M was present in the ancient population which later gave rise to both M1 in Africa, and M more generally found in

Eurasia Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelag ...

. # The presence of M1 in Africa is the result of a back-migration from Asia which occurred sometime after the Out of Africa migration.

Haplogroup M23

In 2009, two independent publications reported a rare, deep-rooted subclade of haplogroup M, referred to as M23, that is present in

Madagascar Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Afric ...

. The contemporary populations of Madagascar were formed in the last 2,000 years by the admixture of Bantu and Indonesian (Austronesian) populations. M23 seems to be restricted to Madagascar, as it has not been detected anywhere else. M23 could have been brought to Madagascar from Asia where most deep rooted subclades of Haplogroup M are found.

Asian origin hypothesis

According to this theory, anatomically modern humans carrying ancestral haplogroup L3 lineages were involved in the Out of Africa migration from East Africa into Asia. Somewhere in Asia, the ancestral L3 lineages gave rise to haplogroups M and N. The ancestral L3 lineages were then lost by

genetic drift Genetic drift, also known as allelic drift or the Wright effect, is the change in the frequency of an existing gene variant (allele) in a population due to random chance. Genetic drift may cause gene variants to disappear completely and there ...

as they are infrequent outside Africa. The hypothesis that Asia is the origin of macrohaplogroup M is supported by the following: #The highest frequencies worldwide of macrohaplogroup M are observed in Asia, specifically in Bangladesh, China, India, Japan, Korea and Nepal where frequencies range from 60 to 80%. The total frequency of M subclades is even higher in some populations of Siberia or the Americas, but these small populations tend to exhibit strong genetic drift effects, and often their geographical neighbors exhibit very different frequencies.Thangaraj et al. (2006)
In situ origin of deep rooting lineages of mitochondrial Macrohaplogroup 'M' in India
BMC Genomics 2006, 7:151 #Deep time depth >50,000 years of western, central, southern and eastern Indian haplogroups M2, M38, M54, M58, M33, M6, M61, M62 and the distribution of macrohaplogroup M, do not rule out the possibility of macrohaplogroup M arising in Indian population. #With the exception of the African specific M1, India has several M lineages that emerged directly from the root of haplogroup M. #Only two subclades of haplogroup M, M1 and M23, are found in Africa, whereas numerous subclades are found outside Africa (with some discussion possible only about sub-clade M1, concerning which see below). #Specifically concerning M1 ::*Haplogroup M1 has a restricted geographic distribution in Africa, being found mainly in North Africans and East Africa at low or moderate frequencies. If M had originated in Africa around, or before, the Out of Africa migration, it would be expected to have a more widespread distribution ::*According to Gonzalez et al. 2007, M1 appears to have expanded relatively recently. In this study M1 had a younger coalescence age than the Asian-exclusive M lineages. ::*The geographic distribution of M1 in Africa is predominantly North African/supra-equatorial and is largely confined to

Afro-Asiatic The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic), also known as Hamito-Semitic, or Semito-Hamitic, and sometimes also as Afrasian, Erythraean or Lisramic, are a language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in the geographic s ...

speakers,Olivieri et al. (2006)
The mtDNA legacy of the Levantine early Upper Palaeolithic in Africa
Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1767-70 which is inconsistent with the Sub-Saharan distribution of sub-clades of haplogroups L3 and L2 that have similar time depths. ::*One of the basal lineages of M1 lineages has been found in

Northwest Africa The Maghreb (; ar, الْمَغْرِب, al-Maghrib, lit=the west), also known as the Arab Maghreb ( ar, المغرب العربي) and Northwest Africa, is the western part of North Africa and the Arab world. The region includes Algeria, ...

and in the

Near East The ''Near East''; he, המזרח הקרוב; arc, ܕܢܚܐ ܩܪܒ; fa, خاور نزدیک, Xāvar-e nazdik; tr, Yakın Doğu is a geographical term which roughly encompasses a transcontinental region in Western Asia, that was once the hist ...

but is absent in East Africa. ::*M1 is not restricted to Africa. It is relatively common in the Mediterranean, peaking in

Iberia The Iberian Peninsula (), ** * Aragonese language, Aragonese and Occitan language, Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica'' ** ** * french: Péninsule Ibérique * mwl, Península Eibérica * eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a pe ...

. M1 also enjoys a well-established presence in the Middle East, from the South of the Arabian Peninsula to

Anatolia Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...

and from the

Levant The Levant () is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Western Asia. In its narrowest sense, which is in use today in archaeology and other cultural contexts, it is ...

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

. In addition, M1 haplotypes have occasionally been observed in the

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range, have historica ...

and the Trans Caucasus, and without any accompanying L lineages. M1 has also been detected in

Central Asia Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes the fo ...

, seemingly reaching as far as

Tibet Tibet (; ''Böd''; ) is a region in East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about . It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are some other ethnic groups such as Monpa people, ...

. ::*The fact that the M1 sub-clade of macrohaplogroup M has a coalescence age which overlaps with that of

haplogroup U6 Haplogroup U is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup (mtDNA). The clade arose from haplogroup R, likely during the early Upper Paleolithic. Its various subclades (labelled U1–U9, diverging over the course of the Upper Paleolithic) are found ...

(a Eurasian haplogroup whose presence in Africa is due to a back-migration from West Asia) and the distribution of U6 in Africa is also restricted to the same North African and Horn African populations as M1 supports the scenario that M1 and U6 were part of the same population expansion from Asia to Africa. ::*The timing of the proposed migration of M1 and U6-carrying peoples from West Asia to Africa (between 40,000 to 45,000 ybp) is also supported by the fact that it coincides with changes in climatic conditions that reduced the desert areas of North Africa, thereby rendering the region more accessible to entry from the Levant. This climatic change also temporally overlaps with the peopling of Europe by populations bearing haplogroup U5, the European sister clade of haplogroup U6.

African origin hypothesis

According to this theory, haplogroups M and N arose from L3 in an East African population ancestral to

eurasian Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipela ...

s that had been isolated from other African populations before the OOA event. Members of this population were involved in the out Africa migration and may have only carried M and N lineages. With the possible exception of haplogroup M1, all other M and N clades in Africa were lost due to admixture with other African populations and

. The African origin of Haplogroup M is supported by the following arguments and evidence. #L3, the parent clade of haplogroup M, is found throughout Africa, but is rare outside Africa. According to

Toomas Kivisild Toomas Kivisild (born 11 August 1969, in Tapa, Estonia Tapa ( German: ''Taps'') is a town in Tapa Parish, Lääne-Viru County, Estonia, located at the junction of the country's Tallinn–Narva (west–east) and Tallinn–Tartu– Valga (nort ...

(2003), "the lack of L3 lineages other than M and N in India and among non-African mitochondria in general suggests that the earliest migration(s) of modern humans already carried these two mtDNA ancestors, via a departure route over the

Horn of Africa The Horn of Africa (HoA), also known as the Somali Peninsula, is a large peninsula and geopolitical region in East Africa.Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara, Second Edition: A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guilford Press; 2004 ...

." #Specifically concerning at least M1a: ::This study provides evidence that M1, or its ancestor, had an Asiatic origin. The earliest M1 expansion into Africa occurred in northwestern instead of northeastern areas; this early spread reached the Iberian Peninsula even affecting the Basques. The majority of the M1a lineages found outside and inside Africa had a more recent eastern Africa origin. Both western and eastern M1 lineages participated in the Neolithic colonization of the Sahara. The striking parallelism between subclade ages and geographic distribution of M1 and its North African U6 counterpart strongly reinforces this scenario. Finally, a relevant fraction of M1a lineages present today in the European Continent and nearby islands possibly had a Jewish instead of the commonly proposed Arab/Berber maternal ascendance.

Dispersal

Migraciones humanas en haplogrupos mitocondriales

A number of studies have proposed that the ancestors of modern haplogroup M dispersed from Africa through the southern route across the

along the coastal regions of Asia onwards to New Guinea and Australia. These studies suggested that the migrations of haplogroups M and N occurred separately with haplogroup N heading northwards from East Africa to the

. However, the results of numerous recent studies indicate that there was only one migration out of Africa and that haplogroups M and N were part of the same migration. This is based on the analysis of a number of

relict A relict is a surviving remnant of a natural phenomenon. Biology A relict (or relic) is an organism that at an earlier time was abundant in a large area but now occurs at only one or a few small areas. Geology and geomorphology In geology, a r ...

populations along the proposed beachcombing route from Africa to Australia, all of which possessed both haplogroups N and M.: "Haplogroup L3 (the African clade that gave rise to the two basal non-African clades, haplogroups M and N) is 84,000 years old, and haplogroups M and N themselves are almost identical in age at 63,000 years old, with haplogroup R diverging rapidly within haplogroup N 60,000 years ago." A 2008 study by Abu-Amero et al., suggests that the

Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula, (; ar, شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّة, , "Arabian Peninsula" or , , "Island of the Arabs") or Arabia, is a peninsula of Western Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plat ...

may have been the main route out of Africa. However, as the region lacks of autochthonous clades of haplogroups M and N the authors suggest that the area has been a more recent receptor of human migrations than an ancient demographic expansion center along the southern coastal route as proposed under the single migration Out-of-Africa scenario of the African origin hypothesis.

Distribution

M is the most common mtDNA haplogroup in Asia, super-haplogroup M is distributed all over

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an are ...

, where it represents 60% of all maternal lineages. All Andamanese belong to Haplogroup M. It peaks in the Malaysian aboriginal Negrito tribes at almost 100% but with mtDNA M21a representing Semang; 84% in Mendriq people,

Batek people The Batek (or Bateq) people are an indigenous Orang Asli people (numbering about 1,519 in 2000); belonging to the Semang group, who live in the rainforest of peninsular Malaysia. As a result of encroachment, they now primarily inhabit the Taman ...

48%, (almost all belong to the specific Malaysian Negrito haplogroup M21a, this subclade also found in the

Orang Asli Orang Asli (''lit''. "first people", "native people", "original people", "aborigines people" or "aboriginal people" in Malay) are a heterogeneous indigenous population forming a national minority in Malaysia. They are the oldest inhabitants ...

21%, Thais 7.8% and Malay 4.6%) It also peaks very high in Japan and

, where it represents on average about 70% of the maternal lineages (160/216 = 74%

, 205/282 = 73%

Tōkai Tōkai ( 東海, literally ''East Sea'') in Japanese may refer to: * Tōkai region, a subregion of Chūbu * Tōkai, Ibaraki, a village, also known as "Tokaimura" (Tokai-village) * Tōkai, Aichi, a city * Tōkai University, a private university in T ...

, 231/326 = 71%

Okinawa is a Prefectures of Japan, prefecture of Japan. Okinawa Prefecture is the southernmost and westernmost prefecture of Japan, has a population of 1,457,162 (as of 2 February 2020) and a geographic area of 2,281 Square kilometre, km2 (880 sq mi). ...

, 148/211 = 70%

Japanese Japanese may refer to: * Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia * Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan * Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture ** Japanese diaspor ...

, 50/72 = 69%

, 150/217 = 69%

Hokkaidō is Japan, Japan's Japanese archipelago, second largest island and comprises the largest and northernmost Prefectures of Japan, prefecture, making up its own List of regions of Japan, region. The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaidō from Honshu; th ...

, 24/35 = 69%

Zhongdian Shangri-La (, Tibetan: Gyalthang) is a county-level city in Northwestern Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China and is the location of the seat of the Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, bordering Sichuan to the northwest, north, and ea ...

Tibetan Tibetan may mean: * of, from, or related to Tibet * Tibetan people, an ethnic group * Tibetan language: ** Classical Tibetan, the classical language used also as a contemporary written standard ** Standard Tibetan, the most widely used spoken diale ...

, 175/256 = 68% northern

Kyūshū is the third-largest island of Japan's five main islands and the most southerly of the four largest islands ( i.e. excluding Okinawa). In the past, it has been known as , and . The historical regional name referred to Kyushu and its surround ...

, 38/56 = 68%

Qinghai Qinghai (; alternately romanized as Tsinghai, Ch'inghai), also known as Kokonor, is a landlocked province in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. It is the fourth largest province of China by area and has the third smallest po ...

, 16/24 = 67% Diqing

, 66/100 = 66% Miyazaki, 33/51 = 65%

Ainu Ainu or Aynu may refer to: *Ainu people, an East Asian ethnic group of Japan and the Russian Far East *Ainu languages, a family of languages **Ainu language of Hokkaido **Kuril Ainu language, extinct language of the Kuril Islands **Sakhalin Ainu la ...

, 214/336 = 64% Tōhoku, 75/118 = 64%

Tokyo Tokyo (; ja, 東京, , ), officially the Tokyo Metropolis ( ja, 東京都, label=none, ), is the capital and largest city of Japan. Formerly known as Edo, its metropolitan area () is the most populous in the world, with an estimated 37.46 ...

(JPT)) and is ubiquitous in India and

South Korea South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and sharing a Korean Demilitarized Zone, land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed ...

, where it has approximately 60% frequency. Among

Chinese people The Chinese people or simply Chinese, are people or ethnic groups identified with China, usually through ethnicity, nationality, citizenship, or other affiliation. Chinese people are known as Zhongguoren () or as Huaren () by speakers of sta ...

both inside and outside of China, haplogroup M accounts for approximately 50% of all mtDNA on average, but the frequency varies from approximately 40% in

Hans Hans may refer to: __NOTOC__ People * Hans (name), a masculine given name * Hans Raj Hans, Indian singer and politician ** Navraj Hans, Indian singer, actor, entrepreneur, cricket player and performer, son of Hans Raj Hans ** Yuvraj Hans, Punjab ...

from

Hunan Hunan (, ; ) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, part of the South Central China region. Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze watershed, it borders the province-level divisions of Hubei to the north, Jiangx ...

and

Fujian Fujian (; alternately romanized as Fukien or Hokkien) is a province on the southeastern coast of China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, Guangdong to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the east. Its ...

in southern China to approximately 60% in

Shenyang Shenyang (, ; ; Mandarin pronunciation: ), formerly known as Fengtian () or by its Manchu name Mukden, is a major Chinese sub-provincial city and the provincial capital of Liaoning province. Located in central-north Liaoning, it is the provi ...

Liaoning Liaoning () is a coastal province in Northeast China that is the smallest, southernmost, and most populous province in the region. With its capital at Shenyang, it is located on the northern shore of the Yellow Sea, and is the northernmo ...

in northeastern China. Haplogroup M accounts for approximately 42% of all mtDNA in

Filipinos Filipinos ( tl, Mga Pilipino) are the people who are citizens of or native to the Philippines. The majority of Filipinos today come from various Austronesian ethnolinguistic groups, all typically speaking either Filipino, English and/or other ...

, among whom it is represented mainly by M7c3c and E. In Vietnam, haplogroup M has been found in 37% (52/139) to 48% (20/42) of samples of Vietnamese and in 32% (54/168) of a sample of

Chams The Cham ( Cham: ''Čaṃ'') or Champa people ( Cham: , ''Urang Campa''; vi, Người Chăm or ; km, ជនជាតិចាម, ) are an Austronesian ethnic group. From the 2nd century to 1832 the Cham populated Champa, a contiguous territ ...

from Bình Thuận Province. Haplogroup M accounts for 43% (92/214) of all mtDNA in a sample of

Laotians This is a demography of the population of Laos including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. Laos' population was estimated at abou ...

, with its subclade M7 (M7b, M7c, and M7e) alone accounting for a full third of all haplogroup M, or 14.5% (31/214) of the total sample. In

Oceania Oceania (, , ) is a geographical region that includes Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Spanning the Eastern and Western hemispheres, Oceania is estimated to have a land area of and a population of around 44.5 million ...

, A 2008 study found Haplogroup M in 42% (60/144) of a pool of samples from nine language groups in the

Admiralty Islands The Admiralty Islands are an archipelago group of 18 islands in the Bismarck Archipelago, to the north of New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean. These are also sometimes called the Manus Islands, after the largest island. These rainforest-co ...

of Papua New Guinea., M has been found in 35% (17/48) of a sample of Papua New Guinea highlanders from the Bundi area and in 28% (9/32) of a sample of Aboriginal Australians from Kalumburu in northwestern Australia. In a study published in 2015, Haplogroup M was found in 21% (18/86) of a sample of

Fijians Fijians ( fj, iTaukei, lit=Owners (of the land)) are a nation and ethnic group native to Fiji, who speak Fijian and share a common history and culture. Fijians, or ''iTaukei'', are the major indigenous people of the Fiji Islands, and live i ...

, but it was not observed in a sample of 21 Rotumans. Haplogroup M is also relatively common in

Northeast Africa Northeast Africa, or ''Northeastern Africa'' or Northern East Africa as it was known in the past, is a geographic regional term used to refer to the countries of Africa situated in and around the Red Sea. The region is intermediate between North ...

, occurring especially among

Somalis The Somalis ( so, Soomaalida 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒆𐒖, ar, صوماليون) are an ethnic group native to the Horn of Africa who share a common ancestry, culture and history. The Lowland East Cushitic Somali language is the shared ...

Libya Libya (; ar, ليبيا, Lībiyā), officially the State of Libya ( ar, دولة ليبيا, Dawlat Lībiyā), is a country in the Maghreb region in North Africa. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Suda ...

ns and

Oromos The Oromo (pron. Oromo: ''Oromoo'') are a Cushitic ethnic group native to the Oromia region of Ethiopia and parts of Northern Kenya, who speak the Oromo language (also called ''Afaan Oromoo'' or ''Oromiffa''), which is part of the Cushitic b ...

at frequencies over 20%. Toward the northwest, the lineage is found at comparable frequencies among the

Tuareg The Tuareg people (; also spelled Twareg or Touareg; endonym: ''Imuhaɣ/Imušaɣ/Imašeɣăn/Imajeɣăn'') are a large Berber ethnic group that principally inhabit the Sahara in a vast area stretching from far southwestern Libya to southern Al ...

in Mali and Burkina Faso; particularly the M1a2 subclade (18.42%). Among the descendant lineages of haplogroup M are C, D, E, G, Q, and Z. Z and G are found in North Eurasian populations, C and D exists among North Eurasian and Native American populations, E is observed in Southeast Asian populations, and Q is common among Melanesian populations. The lineages M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M18 and M25 are exclusive to South Asia, with M2 reported to be the oldest lineage on the Indian sub-continent with an age estimation of 60,000—75,000 years, and with M5 reported to be the most prevalent in historically Turco-Persian enclaves. In 2013, four ancient specimens dated to around 2,500 BC-500 AD, which were excavated from the Tell Ashara (

Terqa Terqa is the name of an ancient city discovered at the site of Tell Ashara on the banks of the middle Euphrates in Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Syria, approximately from the modern border with Iraq and north of the ancient site of Mari, Syria. ...

) and Tell Masaikh (Kar-Assurnasirpal) archaeological sites in the Euphrates Valley, were found to belong to mtDNA haplotypes associated with the M4b1, M49 and/or M61 haplogroups. Since these clades are not found among the current inhabitants of the area, they are believed to have been brought at a more remote period from east of

Mesopotamia Mesopotamia ''Mesopotamíā''; ar, بِلَاد ٱلرَّافِدَيْن or ; syc, ܐܪܡ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ, or , ) is a historical region of Western Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the ...

; possibly by either merchants or the founders of the ancient Terqa population. In 2016, three Late Pleistocene European hunter-gatherers were also found to carry M lineages. Two of the specimens were from the Goyet archaeological site in Belgium and were dated to 34,000 and 35,000 years ago, respectively. The other ancient individual hailed from the La Rochette site in France, and was dated to 28,000 years ago. Ancient DNA analysis of

Iberomaurusian The Iberomaurusian is a backed bladelet lithic industry found near the coasts of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. It is also known from a single major site in Libya, the Haua Fteah, where the industry is locally known as the Eastern Oranian.The " ...

skeletal remains at the Taforalt site in Morocco, which have been dated to between 15,100 and 13,900 ybp, observed the M1b subclade in one of the fossils (1/7; ~14%). Ancient individuals belonging to the Late Iron Age settlement of Çemialo Sırtı in

Batman Batman is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger, and debuted in the 27th issue of the comic book ''Detective Comics'' on March 30, 1939. I ...

, southeast Turkey were found to carry haplogroup M; specifically the M1a1 subclade (1/12; ~8.3%). Haplogroup M was also detected in ancient specimens from Southeast Anatolia (0.4%). Additionally, M1 has been observed among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre- Ptolemaic/late

New Kingdom New is an adjective referring to something recently made, discovered, or created. New or NEW may refer to: Music * New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz Albums and EPs * ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013 * ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator ...

and

Roman Roman or Romans most often refers to: * Rome, the capital city of Italy * Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lett ...

periods. Fossils at the Early Neolithic site of

Ifri n'Amr or Moussa Ifri n'Amr Ou Moussa is an archaeological site discovered in 2005, located in the rural commune of Aït Siberne, Khémisset Province, in Western Morocco. This site has revealed burials associated with both Moroccan Early Neolithic and Bell Beaker ...

Morocco Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to A ...

, which have been dated to around 5,000 BCE, have also been found to carry the M1b subclade. These ancient individuals bore an autochthonous Maghrebi genomic component that peaks among modern

Berbers , image = File:Berber_flag.svg , caption = The Berber ethnic flag , population = 36 million , region1 = Morocco , pop1 = 14 million to 18 million , region2 = Algeria , pop2 ...

, indicating that they were ancestral to populations in the area. The ancient Egyptian aristocrats Nakht-Ankh and Khnum-Nakht were also found to belong to the M1a1 subclade. The half-brothers lived during the

12th Dynasty The Twelfth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (Dynasty XII) is considered to be the apex of the Middle Kingdom by Egyptologists. It often is combined with the Eleventh, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth dynasties under the group title, Middle Kingdom. Some ...

, with their

tomb A tomb ( grc-gre, τύμβος ''tumbos'') is a repository for the remains of the dead. It is generally any structurally enclosed interment space or burial chamber, of varying sizes. Placing a corpse into a tomb can be called ''immureme ...

located at the Deir Rifeh cemetery in Middle Egypt.

Subgroups distribution

**Haplogroup M

– found in the

Nile Valley The Nile, , Bohairic , lg, Kiira , Nobiin: Áman Dawū is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa. It flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile is the longest river in Africa and has historically been considered the longest riv ...

North Africa North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in ...

Sahara , photo = Sahara real color.jpg , photo_caption = The Sahara taken by Apollo 17 astronauts, 1972 , map = , map_image = , location = , country = , country1 = , ...

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on ...

, and

Middle East The Middle East ( ar, الشرق الأوسط, ISO 233: ) is a geopolitical region commonly encompassing Arabian Peninsula, Arabia (including the Arabian Peninsula and Bahrain), Anatolia, Asia Minor (Asian part of Turkey except Hatay Pro ...

**M20 – in China,Kong, Qing-Peng et al 2010
Large-Scale mtDNA Screening Reveals a Surprising Matrilineal Complexity in East Asia and Its Implications to the Peopling of the Region
/ref> Borneo (Bidayuh), Thailand, Laos, Indonesia, Vietnam ( Jarai, Lahu), Saudi Arabia ***M20a - Myanmar, Thailand ( Shan from

Mae Hong Son Province Mae Hong Son province ( Burmese: မဲဟောင်ဆောင်; th, แม่ฮ่องสอน, ; Northern Thai: ; Shan: ; formerly called ''Mae Rong Son''), also spelled ''Maehongson'', ''Mae Hong Sorn'' or ''Maehongsorn'', is one o ...

, Tai Yuan), China, Blang, Saudi Arabia, ****M20a1 - Thailand ( Lawa from southeastern

YFull MTree 1.01.14609
as of August 21, 2019), Myanmar ****M20a2 -

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...

( Phutai from

Kalasin Province Kalasin ( th, กาฬสินธุ์, ) is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces (''changwat''), located in upper northeastern Thailand, also called Isan. The province was established by the Act Establishing Changwat Kalasin, BE 2490 (194 ...

Nyaw The Lao Nyaw, Thai Nyaw or Tai Yo (Thai/Isan: ไทญ้อ, , Isan pronunciation: , Khmer: ឡាវញ៉) are an ethnic group of Thailand, Cambodia and Laos, scattered throughout the provinces of Isan such as Nong Khai, Sakon Nakhon, Nakho ...

from Nakhon Phanom Province, Bru from Sakon Nakhon Province, ''etc.'') ****M20a3 -

, USA (

New Jersey New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delawa ...

) **M51 – in

Cambodia Cambodia (; also Kampuchea ; km, កម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of , bordered by Thailand ...

and Indonesia *Haplogroup M

– found in South Asia, with highest concentrations in SE India and Bangladesh; oldest haplogroup M lineage on the Indian sub-continent. Also found with low frequency in Southwest China, southwestern China. **M2a'b ***M2a – India (Madhya Pradesh), Munda; most common in Bangladesh ****M2a1 – Malpaharia *****M2a1a – Uyghur, Sindhi, Hill Kolam, Thailand ******M2a1a1 – Katkari *******M2a1a1a – Nihal ********M2a1a1a1 – Katkari *******M2a1a1b – Nihal ********M2a1a1b1 – Nihal ******M2a1a2 – Madia *******M2a1a2a – Madia ********M2a1a2a1 – Kamar *********M2a1a2a1a – Kamar ******M2a1a3 – Mathakur *******M2a1a3a – Kathakur, Mathakur ********M2a1a3a1 – Kathakur *******M2a1a3b – Kathakur *****M2a1b – Dungri Bhil *****M2a1c – Andh ***M2b – Paudi Bhuiya; most common in SE India ****M2b1 – Korku *****M2b1a – Korku, Munda *****M2b1b – Malpaharia ****M2b2 – Hill Kolam, Jenu Kuruba ****M2b3 – Betta Kurumba *****M2b3a – Betta Kurumba ****M2b4 – Korku ***M2c – Myanmar, Thailand/Laos *Haplogroup M3 – Uyghur, Myanmar, New Delhi (Hindu), Paniy

– found mainly in South Asia, with highest concentrations in west and NW India **M3a ***M3a1 – Dongri Bhil, Kathodi, Katkari, Jammu and Kashmir, Pathan, Iran, Thailand/Laos ****M3a1a – Kamar of Chhattisgarh ****M3a1b *****M3a1b* – Tajiks in Xinjiang, Sarikolis and Wakhis in Taxkorgan, Pakistan (Balochi, Makrani), India *****M3a1b1 ******M3a1b1* –

Jammu and Kashmir Jammu and Kashmir may refer to: * Kashmir, the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent * Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), a region administered by India as a union territory * Jammu and Kashmir (state), a region administered ...

******M3a1b1a –

Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...

( Hazara) *****M3a1b2 –

( Brahui),

( Persian) ***M3a2 – Bangladesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Burusho, Qatar, Yemen ****M3a2a – Jenu Kuruba **M3b – Kamar of Chhattisgarh **M3c – Madia, Myanmar ***M3c1 ****M3c1a – Jammu and Kashmir, Nepal (Terai Hindu, Tharu), Andhra Pradesh (tribal) ****M3c1b – Hill Kolam *****M3c1b1 – Saudi Arabia ******M3c1b1a – Jenu Kuruba ******M3c1b1b – Jenu Kuruba ***M3c2 – Pakistan (Brahui), Jammu and Kashmir, Andh, Thailand **M3d – Nepal (Kathmandu), India, Italy (Salerno) ***M3d1 – New Delhi (Hindu) ****M3d1a – Nepal (Kathmandu), Cambodia ( Lao), United Kingdom *****M3d1a1 – Tibet (Sherpa) *M4'30 **Haplogroup M

– found mainly in South Asia but some sequences in Eastern Saudi Arabia ***Haplogroup M4a – found in

Gujarat Gujarat (, ) is a state along the western coast of India. Its coastline of about is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula. Gujarat is the fifth-largest Indian state by area, covering some ; and the ninth ...

, India ***Haplogroup M4b – found among ancient specimens in the Euphrates valley **Haplogroup M65 ***Haplogroup M65a – found in India, Pakistan (Balochi, Sindhi), Sarikoli in Taxkorgan, Xinjiang, China, Pamiri in Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan, Ladakh, Myanmar, China ***Haplogroup M65b – found in India and in Pakistan (Balochi) ** Haplogroup M30 – mainly in India; also found in Nepal, Pakistan, Central Asia (Kyrgyz, Wakhi, and Sarikoli in Taxkorgan, Xinjiang, China and Tajiks in Dushanbe, Tajikistan), the Middle East, and North Africa. ***Haplogroup M18'38 ****Haplogroup M18 – found among Tharus in southern

Nepal Nepal (; ne, नेपाल ), formerly the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( ne, सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल ), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is ma ...

and tribal people in

Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh (, abbr. AP) is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India. It is the seventh-largest state by area covering an area of and tenth-most populous state with 49,386,799 inhabitants. It is bordered by Telangana to the ...

Haplogroup M18a was also found in Mesolithic

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

. ****Haplogroup M38 – found with high frequency among Tharus from

Morang District Morang District ( ne, मोरङ जिल्ला ) is located in Province No. 1 in eastern Nepal. It is an Outer Terai district. It borders with Bihar, India to the South, Jhapa to the East, Dhankuta and Panchthar to the North, and Sunsa ...

of southeastern

and as singletons among Tharus from

Chitwan District Chitwan District (, , ) is one of 77 districts of Nepal, and takes up the southwestern corner of Bagmati Province. Bharatpur, largest city of Nepal after Kathmandu, is its administrative centre. It covers . In 2011 it had a population of 579 ...

of south-central Nepal and

Hindus Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...

from

New Delhi New Delhi (, , ''Naī Dillī'') is the capital of India and a part of the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). New Delhi is the seat of all three branches of the government of India, hosting the Rashtrapati Bhavan, Parliament Hous ...

**Haplogroup M37 ***Haplogroup M37a – found in Gujarat, India *Haplogroup M

– found in South Asia **Haplogroup M5a – found in

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area, the List of countries and dependencies by population, second-most populous ...

(Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Kathakur, Gadaba), Thailand (

Mon Mon, MON or Mon. may refer to: Places * Mon State, a subdivision of Myanmar * Mon, India, a town in Nagaland * Mon district, Nagaland * Mon, Raebareli, a village in Uttar Pradesh, India * Mon, Switzerland, a village in the Canton of Grisons * A ...

in Ratchaburi Province and Lopburi Province), Israel, Kyrgyz in Taxkorgan ***M5a1 ****M5a1a – India (incl. Jammu and Kashmir) ****M5a1b – India (Jammu and Kashmir, Dongri Bhil, Nihal, Andh), Pakistan (Burusho), Russia, Spain (Romani), USA (Georgia), USA (California) ***M5a2 – India ****M5a2a – Pakistan (Balochi), India ( Nihal), Thailand ( Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province) *****M5a2a1 – India (Hindus in New Delhi), Pakistan (Sindhi) ******M5a2a1a – Saudi Arabia, Iran (Persian), Kazakh, Pakistan (Balochi), India (Dongri

Bhil Bhil or Bheel is an ethnic group in western India. They speak the Bhil languages, a subgroup of the Western Zone of the Indo-Aryan languages. As of 2013, Bhils were the largest tribal group in India. Bhils are listed as tribal people of ...

, Korku, Lachungpa), Myanmar *****M5a2a2 – India ( Kamar of Chhattisgarh), Yemen *****M5a2a3 – India (Pauri Bhuiya, Munda) *****M5a2a4 – Iran (

Persians The Persians are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran. They share a common cultural system and are native speakers of the Persian language as well as of the languages that are closely related to Persian. ...

), Pakistan (Brahui, Makrani, Balochi) ***M5a3 ****M5a3a – India ( Kamar of Chhattisgarh) ****M5a3b – India (Dongri Bhil, Kathodi) ***M5a4 – India (Kathodi, Korku) ***M5a5 – India (Dongri Bhil, Andh), Yemen **Haplogroup M5b – found in India and Thailand ( Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province) ***Haplogroup M5b2b1a – found in Tibet, Ladakh, Nepal **Haplogroup M5c – found in India, Thailand (

in Lopburi Province and Nakhon Ratchasima Province), Tibet, Nepal ***Haplogroup M5c1 – India (Pauri Bhuiya, Kathodi, ''etc.''), Thailand ( Thai from

Phichit Province Phichit ( th, พิจิตร, , ) is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces (''changwat'') lies in lower northern Thailand and 330 km due north of Bangkok. Neighbouring provinces are (from north clockwise) Phitsanulok, Phetchabun, Nakh ...

Kutanan,W., Kampuansai,J., Brunelli,A., Ghirotto,S., Pittayaporn,P., Ruangchai,S., Schroder,R., Macholdt,E., Srikummool,M., Kangwanpong,D., Hubner,A., Arias,L. and Stoneking,M., "New insights from Thailand into the maternal genetic history of Mainland Southeast Asia." ''Eur. J. Hum. Genet.'' (2018).) ***Haplogroup M5c2 – Nepal (Tharu), Tibet (Sherpa), Thailand (

from Nakhon Ratchasima Province) *Haplogroup M

– found mainly in South Asia, with highest concentrations in mid-eastern India and Kashmir **Haplogroup M6b – found in

Kerala Kerala ( ; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile regions of Cochin, Malabar, South Ca ...

, India **Haplogroup M61 – found among ancient specimens in the Euphrates valley *Haplogroup M

– found in East Asia and Southeast Asia, especially in Japan, southern China,

Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making ...

Laos Laos (, ''Lāo'' )), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic ( Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, French: République démocratique populaire lao), is a socialist s ...

, and

; also found with low frequency in Central Asia and Siberia **Haplogroup M7a ***Haplogroup M7a* – Japan ***Haplogroup M7a1 ****Haplogroup M7a1* – Japan, Jiangsu, Shandong ****Haplogroup M7a1a *****Haplogroup M7a1a* – Japan, Korea, Beijing, Hebei, Henan, Sichuan, Shanghai, Shandong *****Haplogroup M7a1a1 ******Haplogroup M7a1a1* – Japan, Korea, Jiangsu, Shandong, Liaoning, Henan ******Haplogroup M7a1a1a – Japan *****Haplogroup M7a1a2 ******Haplogroup M7a1a2* – Japan, Jiangsu ******Haplogroup M7a1a2a – Japan *****Haplogroup M7a1a3 – Japan *****Haplogroup M7a1a4 ******Haplogroup M7a1a4* – Japan, Zhejiang ******Haplogroup M7a1a4a – Japan *****Haplogroup M7a1a5 ******Haplogroup M7a1a5* – Japan ******Haplogroup M7a1a5a – Japan, Korea, Tianjin *****Haplogroup M7a1a6 ******Haplogroup M7a1a6* – Japan, Philippines, Jiangsu, Shanxi, Shandong ******Haplogroup M7a1a6a – Japan *****Haplogroup M7a1a7 ******Haplogroup M7a1a7* – Japan, Korea ******Haplogroup M7a1a7a – Uyghur *****Haplogroup M7a1a8 – Japan, Jiangsu *****Haplogroup M7a1a9 – Japan, Korea, Tianjin *****Haplogroup M7a1a10 – Japan ****Haplogroup M7a1b *****Haplogroup M7a1b1 ******Haplogroup M7a1b1* – Japan, China (Minnan Han) ******Haplogroup M7a1b1a – Japan *****Haplogroup M7a1b2 – Japan ***Haplogroup M7a2 ****Haplogroup M7a2* – Japan ****Haplogroup M7a2a – Japan, Ulchi, Yakut *****Haplogroup M7a2a1 – Japan *****Haplogroup M7a2a2 ******Haplogroup M7a2a2* – Japan ******Haplogroup M7a2a2a *******Haplogroup M7a2a2a* – Japan (

Gunma is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Gunma Prefecture has a population of 1,937,626 (1 October 2019) and has a geographic area of 6,362 km2 (2,456 sq mi). Gunma Prefecture borders Niigata Prefecture and Fukushima P ...

) *******Haplogroup M7a2a2a1 – Japan (

Aichi is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū. Aichi Prefecture has a population of 7,552,873 () and a geographic area of with a population density of . Aichi Prefecture borders Mie Prefecture to the west, Gifu Prefecture ...

) *****Haplogroup M7a2a3 ******Haplogroup M7a2a3a *******Haplogroup M7a2a3a* – Udihe *******Haplogroup M7a2a3a1 – Udihe ******Haplogroup M7a2a3b – Evenk (

Nyukzha The Nyukzha (russian: Нюкжа) is a river in Amur Oblast and Transbaikalia, East Siberia, Russian Federation. It is the second largest tributary of the Olyokma river in terms of length and area of its basin. The Nyukzha is long and has a dr ...

River basin), Buryat *****Haplogroup M7a2a4 – Japan **Haplogroup M7b'c ***Haplogroup M7b ****Haplogroup M7b1a *****Haplogroup M7b1a1 – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, China, Karakalpak, Kyrgyz, Mongush, Khamnigan ******Haplogroup M7b1a1a – Thailand, Uyghur, Korea *******Haplogroup M7b1a1a1 – Japan, Korea, China, Tajikistan, Thailand, Laos ********Haplogroup M7b1a1a1a – Japan ********Haplogroup M7b1a1a1b – Japan, Korea, China, Russia, Kyrgyzstan ********Haplogroup M7b1a1a1c – Japan ********Haplogroup M7b1a1a1d – Japan *******Haplogroup M7b1a1a2 – Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, China *******Haplogroup M7b1a1a3 – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China ******Haplogroup M7b1a1b – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China (Hunan, Uyghur, Kyrgyz from

Artux Artux, Artush ( ug, ئاتۇش شەھىرى; ky, ارتىش, Артыш, Artysh), and officially rendered as Atuş ( zh, s=阿图什市, p=Ātúshí Shì),The official spelling according to is a county-level city and the capital of the Kyrgyz au ...

), England ******Haplogroup M7b1a1c – Han Chinese, Uyghurs, Kyrgyz *******Haplogroup M7b1a1c1 – Chinese,

Bama Yao Autonomous County Bama Yao Autonomous County ( Zhuang: ,) is a county in Guangxi, China. It is under the administration of Hechi City. The residents of Bama County have a reputation for longevity, and Bama has been the focus of studies from geriatricians nationwid ...

******Haplogroup M7b1a1d – Thailand, Laos, Tatar (Buinsk) ******Haplogroup M7b1a1e – Thailand *******Haplogroup M7b1a1e1 – Thailand, Vietnam, China *******Haplogroup M7b1a1e2 – China ******Haplogroup M7b1a1f – Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, China ******Haplogroup M7b1a1g – Thailand ******Haplogroup M7b1a1h – Thailand, Chinese ( Han from

Lanzhou Lanzhou (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. Located on the banks of the Yellow River, it is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. H ...

, ''etc.''), Vietnam, Korea, Japan ******Haplogroup M7b1a1i – Taiwan ( Amis), Philippines, Malaysia *****Haplogroup M7b1a2 ******Haplogroup M7b1a2a – China (Uyghurs, Kyrgyzes in Taxkorgan, Han, Mongol in Inner Mongolia) *******Haplogroup M7b1a2a1 – Taiwan Aboriginal peoples, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia ********Haplogroup M7b1a2a1a – Atayal, Saisiyat ********Haplogroup M7b1a2a1b – Atayal *********Haplogroup M7b1a2a1b1 – Atayal, Saisiyat ****Haplogroup M7b1b – Khamnigan, China, Kyrgyz ***Haplogroup M7c ****Haplogroup M7c1 – China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Mongolia, Sarikoli, Kazakhstan *****Haplogroup M7c1a – China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia ******Haplogroup M7c1a1 *******Haplogroup M7c1a1a – China, Mongolia *******Haplogroup M7c1a1b – Azeri ********Haplogroup M7c1a1b1 –

Even Even may refer to: General * Even (given name), a Norwegian male personal name * Even (surname) * Even (people), an ethnic group from Siberia and Russian Far East **Even language, a language spoken by the Evens * Odd and Even, a solitaire game wh ...

( Sakkyryyr), Yakut (

Vilyuy The Vilyuy ( rus, Вилю́й, p=vʲɪˈlʲʉj; sah, Бүлүү, ''Bülüü'', ) is a river in Russia, the longest tributary of the Lena. About long, it flows mostly within the Sakha Republic. Its basin covers about . History The river is fir ...

basin) ******Haplogroup M7c1a2 – China *******Haplogroup M7c1a2a –

She She most commonly refers to: *She (pronoun), the third person singular, feminine, nominative case pronoun in modern English. She or S.H.E. may also refer to: Literature and films *'' She: A History of Adventure'', an 1887 novel by H. Rider Hagga ...

, Uyghur ********Haplogroup M7c1a2a1 – Japan, Korea, Uyghur ******Haplogroup M7c1a3 – China, Japan, Vietnam *******Haplogroup M7c1a3a – Korea ******Haplogroup M7c1a4 *******Haplogroup M7c1a4a – China *******Haplogroup M7c1a4b – China ******Haplogroup M7c1a5 – Japan, Korea *****Haplogroup M7c1b – Chinese ******Haplogroup M7c1b1 – Buryats ******Haplogroup M7c1b2 *******Haplogroup M7c1b2a – Khamnigan, Korea *******Haplogroup M7c1b2b – China, Thailand, Laos, Malaysia *****Haplogroup M7c1c – China, Thailand/Laos ******Haplogroup M7c1c1 – China *******Haplogroup M7c1c1a – China ********Haplogroup M7c1c1a1 – Philippines ******Haplogroup M7c1c2 – Thailand, China (Han) ******Haplogroup M7c1c3 – Taiwan, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, Kiribati, Nauru, Saudi Arabia, Madagascar ****Haplogroup M7c2 – Taiwan, Hainan, Thailand/Laos *****Haplogroup M7c2a – Thailand/Laos, China (incl. Hainan) *****Haplogroup M7c2b – Thailand, Taiwan (Han), Czech ****Haplogroup M7c3 – China (incl. Amis) *Haplogroup M8 - China,

Northern Thailand Northern Thailand, or more specifically Lanna, is geographically characterised by several mountain ranges, which continue from the Shan Hills in bordering Myanmar to Laos, and the river valleys which cut through them. Though like most of Thail ...

(

Lisu Lisu may refer to: *Lisu people, an ethnic group of Southeast Asia *Lisu language, spoken by the Lisu people * Old Lisu Alphabet or Fraser Alphabet *Lisu syllabary * Lisu (Unicode block), the block of Unicode characters for the Lisu language. *Lisu ...

), India **Haplogroup M8a

– found in East Asia, Central Asia, and Siberia ***Haplogroup M8a1 ****Haplogroup M8a1a –

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the n ...

****Haplogroup M8a1b – southeastern Siberia (

Udegey Udege (russian: Удэгейцы; ude, удиэ or , or Udihe, Udekhe, and Udeghe correspondingly) are a native people of the Primorsky Krai and Khabarovsk Krai regions in Russia. They live along the tributaries of the Ussuri, Amur, Khungar ...

) ***Haplogroup M8a2'3 ****Haplogroup M8a2'3* – Japan ****Haplogroup M8a2 – found in

Koryaks Koryaks () are an indigenous people of the Russian Far East, who live immediately north of the Kamchatka Peninsula in Kamchatka Krai and inhabit the coastlands of the Bering Sea. The cultural borders of the Koryaks include Tigilsk in the south ...

Itelmens The Itelmens (Itelmen: Итәнмән, russian: Ительмены) are an indigenous ethnic group of the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia. The Itelmen language is distantly related to Chukchi and Koryak, forming the Chukotko-Kamchatkan langua ...

Chukchis The Chukchi, or Chukchee ( ckt, Ԓыгъоравэтԓьэт, О'равэтԓьэт, ''Ḷygʺoravètḷʹèt, O'ravètḷʹèt''), are a Siberian indigenous people native to the Chukchi Peninsula, the shores of the Chukchi Sea and the Berin ...

Tuvans The Tuvans ( tyv, Тывалар, Tıvalar) are a TurkicOtto Maenchen-Helfen, Journey to Tuva, p. 169 ethnic group indigenous to Siberia who live in Russia ( Tuva), Mongolia, and China. They speak Tuvan, a Siberian Turkic language. They are a ...

, Khakassians, Altayans,

Mongolians The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal member of ...

, China (including

Uyghurs The Uyghurs; ; ; ; zh, s=, t=, p=Wéiwú'ěr, IPA: ( ), alternatively spelled Uighurs, Uygurs or Uigurs, are a Turkic peoples, Turkic ethnic group originating from and culturally affiliated with the general region of Central Asia, Cent ...

Koreans Koreans ( South Korean: , , North Korean: , ; see names of Korea) are an East Asian ethnic group native to the Korean Peninsula. Koreans mainly live in the two Korean nation states: North Korea and South Korea (collectively and simply r ...

, Japan, Thailand/Laos *****Haplogroup M8a2* – China (Hakka) *****Haplogroup M8a2-T152C!!! ******Haplogroup M8a2-T152C!!!* – China, Japan (Chiba) ******Haplogroup M8a2a *******Haplogroup M8a2a1 – found in Thailand, China, Japan ********Haplogroup M8a2a1a *********Haplogroup M8a2a1a* –

Northeast Thailand Northeast Thailand or Isan (Isan/ th, อีสาน, ; lo, ອີສານ; also written as Isaan, Isarn, Issarn, Issan, Esan, or Esarn; from Pali ''īsānna'' or Sanskrit ईशान्य ''īśānya'' "northeast") consists of 20 provin ...

( Saek) *********Haplogroup M8a2a1a1 **********Haplogroup M8a2a1a1* – China ( Han from

Wuhan Wuhan (, ; ; ) is the capital of Hubei Province in the People's Republic of China. It is the largest city in Hubei and the most populous city in Central China, with a population of over eleven million, the ninth-most populous Chinese city a ...

) **********Haplogroup M8a2a1a1a – Central Thailand (Tai Yuan),

( Palaung) ********Haplogroup M8a2a1b *********Haplogroup M8a2a1b* –

Chiang Mai Province Chiang Mai ( th, เชียงใหม่, ; nod, , ) is the largest Province ('' changwat'') of Thailand. It lies in upper northern Thailand and has a population of 1.78 million people. It is bordered by Chiang Rai to the northeast, ...

( Khon Mueang) *********Haplogroup M8a2a1b1 –

Lamphun Province Lamphun ( th, ลำพูน, ; Northern Thai: ) is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces (''changwat''), lies in upper northern Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from north clockwise) Chiang Mai, Lampang, and Tak. Geography Lamphun is ...

( Khon Mueang) ********Haplogroup M8a2a1c – China, Japan (

) *******Haplogroup M8a2a2 – China ******Haplogroup M8a2-A12530G/G14364A/T16297C – Uyghur ******Haplogroup M8a2b – found in Japan, China,

Ulchi Ulchsky District (russian: У́льчский райо́н) is an administrativeResolution #143-pr and municipalLaw #194 district (raion), one of the administrative divisions of Khabarovsk Krai, seventeen in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is locat ...

*****Haplogroup M8a2c – found in Japan and China *****Haplogroup M8a2d – found in China (Shantou, Qingdao) *****Haplogroup M8a2e – found in Taiwan ( Ami, ''etc.'') and in a Han Chinese living in the Denver, Colorado metropolitan area *****Haplogroup M8a2f – China ****Haplogroup M8a3 *****Haplogroup M8a3* – China (

Guangdong Guangdong (, ), alternatively romanized as Canton or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.01 million (as of 2020 ...

, ''etc.''), Kyrgyz (

), Russia (Verkhnyaya Gutara, Nerkha, and Kushun villages of

Irkutsk Oblast Irkutsk Oblast (russian: Ирку́тская о́бласть, Irkutskaya oblast; bua, Эрхүү можо, Erkhüü mojo) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in southeastern Siberia in the basins of the Angara, Lena, and N ...

) *****Haplogroup M8a3a ******Haplogroup M8a3a* – China, Russia (

Ket Kentucky Educational Television (KET) is a state network of PBS member television stations serving the U.S. Commonwealth of Kentucky. It is operated by the Kentucky Authority for Educational Television, an agency of the Kentucky state governme ...

from

Turukhansk Turukhansk (russian: Туруха́нск) is a rural locality (a '' selo'') and the administrative center of Turukhansky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located north of Krasnoyarsk, at the confluence of the Yenisey and Nizhnyaya Tu ...

) ******Haplogroup M8a3a1 *******Haplogroup M8a3a1* – China *******Haplogroup M8a3a1a – China ******Haplogroup M8a3a2 – China, Indonesia (Jawa Timur) ** Haplogroup CZ -

(

Hmong Hmong may refer to: * Hmong people, an ethnic group living mainly in Southwest China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand * Hmong cuisine * Hmong customs and culture ** Hmong music ** Hmong textile art * Hmong language, a continuum of closely related to ...

) *** Haplogroup Cbr>
– found especially in Siberia ****Haplogroup C

– found in Asia and America ( Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Native Americans and Hispanics in particular) ****Haplogroup C4 ****Haplogroup C

– found in China and Ukraine

*** Haplogroup Z (mtDNA), Haplogroup Zbr>
– found in Northeast Europe, Siberia, Central Asia, and East Asia, including among

Swedes Swedes ( sv, svenskar) are a North Germanic ethnic group native to the Nordic region, primarily their nation state of Sweden, who share a common ancestry, culture, history and language. They mostly inhabit Sweden and the other Nordic countr ...

Sami Acronyms * SAMI, ''Synchronized Accessible Media Interchange'', a closed-captioning format developed by Microsoft * Saudi Arabian Military Industries, a government-owned defence company * South African Malaria Initiative, a virtual expertise ...

Finns Finns or Finnish people ( fi, suomalaiset, ) are a Baltic Finnic ethnic group native to Finland. Finns are traditionally divided into smaller regional groups that span several countries adjacent to Finland, both those who are native to these ...

Russians , native_name_lang = ru , image = , caption = , population = , popplace = 118 million Russians in the Russian Federation (2002 '' Winkler Prins'' estimate) , region1 = , pop1 ...

, Ukrainians, Nogais, Abazins, Cherkessians, North Ossetians, Turks, Udmurts, Komi, Kets, Kalmyks, Hazara, Pashtuns, Tajiks, Turkmens, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Uyghurs,

Evens The Evens ( eve, эвэн; pl. , in Even and , in Russian; formerly called ''Lamuts'') are a people in Siberia and the Russian Far East. They live in regions of the Magadan Oblast and Kamchatka Krai and northern parts of Sakha east of th ...

Evenks The Evenks (also spelled Ewenki or Evenki based on their endonym )Autonym: (); russian: Эвенки (); (); formerly known as Tungus or Tunguz; mn, Хамниган () or Aiwenji () are a Tungusic people of North Asia. In Russia, the Eve ...

Dolgans Dolgans (; Dolgan: , , (Sakha); Yakut: ) are an ethnic group who mostly inhabit Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. They are descended from several groups, particularly Evenks, one of the indigenous peoples of the Russian North. They adopted a Tur ...

Yakuts The Yakuts, or the Sakha ( sah, саха, ; , ), are a Turkic ethnic group who mainly live in the Republic of Sakha in the Russian Federation, with some extending to the Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin regions, and the Taymyr and Evenk Districts ...

Yukaghirs The Yukaghirs, or Yukagirs ( (), russian: юкаги́ры) are a Siberian ethnic group people in the Russian Far East, living in the basin of the Kolyma River. Geographic distribution The Tundra Yukaghirs live in the Lower Kolyma region ...

Khakas The Khakas (also spelled Khakass; Khakas: , ''khakas'', , ''tadar'', , ''khakastar'', , ''tadarlar'') are a Turkic indigenous people of Siberia, who live in the republic of Khakassia, Russia. They speak the Khakas language. The Khakhassi ...

Altaians The Altai people ( alt, Алтай-кижи, Altai-kizhi), also the Altaians ( alt, Алтайлар, Altailar), are a Turkic ethnic group of indigenous peoples of Siberia mainly living in the Altai Republic, Russia. Several thousand of the Alta ...

, Altai Kizhi, Buryats, Nganasans, Koryaks, Itelmens, Ulchi,

, Chinese, and

Tibeto-Burman The Tibeto-Burman languages are the non- Sinitic members of the Sino-Tibetan language family, over 400 of which are spoken throughout the Southeast Asian Massif ("Zomia") as well as parts of East Asia and South Asia. Around 60 million people spea ...

peoples *Haplogroup M

– found in East Asia and Central Asia, especially in Xizang, Tibet. In the Nepalese populations, it is prevalent mainly in Sherpa (27.4%), Tharu-CI (19.6%), Tamang (15.5%), Magar (13.5%), and Tharu-CII. Haplogroup M9* has additionallly been found in ancient remains from the Red Deer Cave people in present-day

Yunnan Yunnan , () is a landlocked province in the southwest of the People's Republic of China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 48.3 million (as of 2018). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the ...

. **Haplogroup M9a'b ***Haplogroup M9a – Han (Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Hunan, Taiwan, Anhui, Shaanxi, Shandong, Hebei), Korean (South Korea), Tujia (Hunan), Kinh (Hue), Mongol (Hohhot), Japanese, Lhoba .html" ;"title="MRCA 23,000 (95% CI 18,100 <-> 28,800) ybp">MRCA 23,000 (95% CI 18,100 <-> 28,800) ybp****Haplogroup M9a1 – Han (Hunan) .html" ;"title="MRCA 19,500 (95% CI 13,800 <-> 26,700) ybp">MRCA 19,500 (95% CI 13,800 <-> 26,700) ybp*****Haplogroup M9a1a – Han (Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hunan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Taiwan), Manchu (Jilin), Korean (South Korea), Hui (Qinghai), Kazakh (Ili), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan), Nepal .html" ;"title="MRCA 16,500 (95% CI 12,800 <-> 20,900) ybp">MRCA 16,500 (95% CI 12,800 <-> 20,900) ybp******Haplogroup M9a1a1 – Han (Henan, Shaanxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan, Thailand/Laos, Hui (

Yuxi Yuxi () is a prefecture-level city in the central part of Yunnan province of the People's Republic of China. The administrative center of Yuxi is Hongta District. Yuxi is approximately south of Kunming. Geography Yuxi is located in the center ...

), Tibetan (Nyingchi), Uyghur, Japanese (Hokkaido) .html" ;"title="MRCA 13,900 (95% CI 10,800 <-> 17,600) ybp">MRCA 13,900 (95% CI 10,800 <-> 17,600) ybp*******Haplogroup M9a1a1a – Japanese, Korean (Seoul), Chinese (incl. a Henan Han), Khamnigan (Buryat Republic), Udege, Nivkh, Tibetan (Qinghai) *******Haplogroup M9a1a1b – Japanese, Korean (South Korea), Mongol (Inner Mongolia), Han (Hunan) *******Haplogroup M9a1a1c – Han (Gansu, Shaanxi, Henan, Liaoning, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan), Ainu, Japanese, Korean, Mongol (Hohhot), Uyghur (Ürümqi), Altaian, Tuvinian, Hui (Xinjiang, Kyrgyzstan), Tujia (Hunan), Bai (Yunnan), Yi (Yunnan) ********Haplogroup M9a1a1c1 – Han (Henan) *********Haplogroup M9a1a1c1a – Han (Henan, Anhui, Shandong, Liaoning, Sichuan, Yunnan, Xinjiang,

), Korea, Japanese, Mongol (New Barga Left Banner), Tibetan (Liangshan), Hui (Ili) *********Haplogroup M9a1a1c1b – Tibetan (Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, Chamdo, Lhasa, Nagqu, Ngari, Nyingchi, Shannan, Shigatse), Monpa (Nyingchi), Dirang Monpa (Arunachal Pradesh), Lachungpa (Sikkim), Tu (Huzhu Tu Autonomous County), Dongxiang (Gansu), Buryat (Inner Mongolia, Buryat Republic), Han (Qinghai), Hui (Qinghai), Nepalese *******Haplogroup M9a1a1d – Salar (Qinghai), Han ( Yanting), Bai (Dali) ******Haplogroup M9a1a2 – Tharu (Chitwan District, Uttar Pradesh), Tibetan (Nagqu, Yunnan, Qinghai, Shigatse), Lhoba (Nyingchi), Dhimal (West Bengal), Chin (Myanmar), Adi (Assam), Tu (Qinghai), Uyghur (Ürümqi), Mongol (Ili), Han (Hunan, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shandong, Ili), Yi (Yunnan), Bai (Dali), Nepalese Behar_et_al.,_2012b.html" ;"title="MRCA 6,153.9 ± 5,443.2 ybp; CI=95%Behar et al., 2012b">MRCA 6,153.9 ± 5,443.2 ybp; CI=95%Behar et al., 2012b*****Haplogroup M9a1b – Tibetan (Nyingchi, Nagqu, Lhasa, Chamdo, Ngari, Shannan, Shigatse, Sichuan, Yunnan, Qinghai, Gansu), Monba (Nyingchi), Lhoba (Shannan), Uzbekistan (Fergana), Dongxiang (Linxia), Naga (Sagaing), Burman (Bago), Chin (Chin State), Han (Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Liaoning), Yi (Shuangbai) .html" ;"title="MRCA 9,416.6 ± 3,984.0 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 9,416.6 ± 3,984.0 ybp; CI=95%******Haplogroup M9a1b1 – Tibetan, Lhoba, Arunachal Pradesh (Sonowal Kachari, Wanchoo, Gallong), Assam (Adi), Sikkim (Lepcha, Lachung), Qinghai (Salar, Tu), Mongol (Mongolia, Inner Mongolia), Guangxi (Gelao, Palyu), Thailand, Bengal, Pakistan (Karachi), Meghalaya (Khasi, Garo), Bodo (West Bengal), Rabha (West Bengal), Rajbanshi (West Bengal), Indonesia, Han (Shaanxi, Henan, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan), Hui (Gansu, Qinghai), Burman (Ayeyarwady, Magway, Sagaing), Rakhine (Rakhine, Magway), Chin (Chin State), Naga (Sagaing), Mech (Jhapa district, Nepal), Nepalese, Mosuo (Yunnan), Yi (Yunnan), She (Guizhou), Hani (Yunnan), Pumi (Yunnan), Bai (Dali), Va (Yunnan) .html" ;"title="MRCA 6,557.4 ± 2,102.4 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 6,557.4 ± 2,102.4 ybp; CI=95%******Haplogroup M9a1b2 – Tibetan (Diqing), Han (Dujiangyan), Kazakh (Altai Republic), Kalmyk .html" ;"title="MRCA 3,225.9 ± 3,494.4 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 3,225.9 ± 3,494.4 ybp; CI=95%****Haplogroup M9a4 *****Haplogroup M9a4a – Kinh (Hanoi), Han (Shaanxi, Shandong, Zhejiang, Taiwan, Sichuan, Guangdong), Li (Hainan), Mulam (Guangxi), Jino (Xishuangbanna), Dai (Xishuangbanna), Chiang Mai *****Haplogroup M9a4b – Kinh (Hanoi), South Korea ****Haplogroup M9a5 – Han (Hunan, Hong Kong), Thailand, Pubiao (

Malipo Malipo County (, vi, Ma Lật Pha) is under the administration of the Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, in the southeast of Yunnan province, China, bordering Ha Giang Province to the southeast. Administrative divisions In the presen ...

), Li (Hainan), Mulam ( Luocheng), Zhuang (

), Kinh (Hanoi) ***Haplogroup M9b – Han (Luocheng, Dujiangyan, Shaanxi), Cham (Binh Thuan), Mulam (Luocheng), Bouyei (Guizhou), Yi (Hezhang), Bunu (Dahua), Hui (Ili), Thailand ( Phuan from Sukhothai Province) ** Haplogroup E – a subclade of M9 – found especially in Taiwan (Aboriginal peoples), Maritime Southeast Asia, and the

Mariana Islands The Mariana Islands (; also the Marianas; in Chamorro: ''Manislan Mariånas'') are a crescent-shaped archipelago comprising the summits of fifteen longitudinally oriented, mostly dormant volcanic mountains in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, betw ...

.html" ;"title="MRCA 23,695.4 ± 6,902.4 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 23,695.4 ± 6,902.4 ybp; CI=95%*Haplogroup M1

– small clade found in East Asia, Southeast Asia, Bangladesh, Central Asia, Saudi Arabia, southern Siberia, Russia, Belarus, and Poland .html" ;"title="MRCA 23,600 (95% CI 17,100 <-> 31,700) ybp">MRCA 23,600 (95% CI 17,100 <-> 31,700) ybp**M10-514C!/A15218G/C16362T! ***M10-514C!/A15218G/C16362T!* – Poland ***M10-T3167C/C4140T/T8793C/C12549T/A13152G/T14502C/C15040T/T15071C ****M10a .html" ;"title="MRCA 16,700 (95% CI 11,800 <-> 22,800) ybp">MRCA 16,700 (95% CI 11,800 <-> 22,800) ybp*****M10a* – Myanmar *****M10a1 – China, Thailand, Myanmar, Japan, Shor, Daur .html" ;"title="MRCA 14,400 (95% CI 11,100 <-> 18,400) ybp">MRCA 14,400 (95% CI 11,100 <-> 18,400) ybp******M10a1* – Myanmar, Central Thailand (

), Japan (Aichi) ******M10a1-G16129A!!! *******M10a1-A13105G!/T16362C – Shor, Daur *******M10a1a ********M10a1a* – China, Saudi Arabia ********M10a1a1 *********M10a1a1a – Mongolia, Korea, Japan, China (Han from Kunming, ''etc.''), Iron Age Black Sea Scythian *********M10a1a1b – Altai, Korea, Japan, China **********M10a1a1b* – Chinese Uyghur **********M10a1a1b1 ***********M10a1a1b1* – Japan, China ***********M10a1a1b1a – China ***********M10a1a1b1b – China ***********M10a1a1b1c – Uyghur, Altai-Kizhi **********M10a1a1b2 ***********M10a1a1b2* – Taiwan (Hakka) ***********M10a1a1b2a – Japan ********M10a1a2 – Northern Thailand (Khon Mueang from Lamphun Province) ********M10a1a3 – Taiwan *******M10a1b ********M10a1b* – South Korea, China (Han from Tai'an, ''etc.''), India ( Gallong, ''etc.'') ********M10a1b1 – China ( Makatao) ********M10a1b2 – China (

Tingri County Tingri County or ''Dhringgri County'' (; ), is a county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Xigazê in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. The county comprises the upper valley of the Bum-chu or Arun River, with the vall ...

) *******M10a1c – China *****M10a2 – Japan (Aichi), Kalmyk, Russian (northwestern Russia) **M10b – China ( Shui), Vietnam ( Cờ Lao) *Haplogroup M1

– small clade found especially among the Han Chinese, Chinese and also in some

, Oroqen, Yi,

Tibetans The Tibetan people (; ) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Tibet. Their current population is estimated to be around 6.7 million. In addition to the majority living in Tibet Autonomous Region of China, significant numbers of Tibetans liv ...

, Tajiks in Dushanbe, Tajikistan,Min-Sheng Peng, Weifang Xu, Jiao-Jiao Song, ''et al.'' (2017), "Mitochondrial genomes uncover the maternal history of the Pamir populations." ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-017-0028-8 and Bangladeshis .html" ;"title="MRCA 20,987.7 ± 5,740.8 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 20,987.7 ± 5,740.8 ybp; CI=95%**Haplogroup M11* – Myanmar **Haplogroup M11a'b'd ***Haplogroup M11a'b .html" ;"title="MRCA 16,209.0 ± 4,396.8 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 16,209.0 ± 4,396.8 ybp; CI=95%****Haplogroup M11a – Korea, Turkey .html" ;"title="MRCA 11,972.3 ± 3,523.2 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 11,972.3 ± 3,523.2 ybp; CI=95%*****Haplogroup M11a-C198T ******Haplogroup M11a-C198T* – Wancho,

Miao Miao may refer to: * Miao people, linguistically and culturally related group of people, recognized as such by the government of the People's Republic of China * Miao script or Pollard script, writing system used for Miao languages * Miao (Unicode ...

(from Fenghuang, Hunan) ******Haplogroup M11a1 – Gallong, Tibet .html" ;"title="MRCA 8,668.6 ± 4,041.6 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 8,668.6 ± 4,041.6 ybp; CI=95%*****Haplogroup M11a2 – Tibet, Han (Zhanjiang) .html" ;"title="MRCA 8,776.3 ± 3,715.2 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 8,776.3 ± 3,715.2 ybp; CI=95%*****Haplogroup M11a3 – Uyghur, Buryat, Oroqen ****Haplogroup M11b .html" ;"title="MRCA 12,962.0 ± 4,819.2 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 12,962.0 ± 4,819.2 ybp; CI=95%*****Haplogroup M11b1 – Taiwan (Minnan) ******Haplogroup M11b1a – Japan *******Haplogroup M11b1a1 – Japan, Han (Tai'an) *****Haplogroup M11b2 – Japanese (Hokkaido), China, Altai-Kizhi, Tajik (Dushanbe) ***Haplogroup M11d – China, Teleut, Kyrgyz, Iran **Haplogroup M11c – Japan, Korea *Haplogroup M12'G **Haplogroup M1

– small clade found especially among the Li people, aborigines of Hainan Island as well as in other populations of China, Japan, Korea,

Pashtuns Pashtuns (, , ; ps, پښتانه, ), also known as Pakhtuns or Pathans, are an Iranian ethnic group who are native to the geographic region of Pashtunistan in the present-day countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan. They were historically r ...

, Tibet, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam .html" ;"title="MRCA 31,287.5 ± 5,731.2 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 31,287.5 ± 5,731.2 ybp; CI=95%***Haplogroup M12a .html" ;"title="MRCA 26,020.6 ± 5,808.0 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 26,020.6 ± 5,808.0 ybp; CI=95%****Haplogroup M12a1 – Thailand/Laos *****Haplogroup M12a1a – Thailand ( Htin in Phayao Province, Black Tai in Kanchanaburi Province,

in Kanchanaburi Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province), Laos ( Lao in Luang Prabang), Hainan ******Haplogroup M12a1a1 – China (esp. Hainan) ******Haplogroup M12a1a2 – Hainan, Tu *****Haplogroup M12a1b – Tibet, Thailand ( Blang in Chiang Rai Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Palaung in Chiang Mai Province,

in Kanchanaburi Province), Hainan, Vietnam ****Haplogroup M12a2 – Thailand, Hainan, Myanmar ***Haplogroup M12b – Thailand ( Khmu in Nan Province) ****Haplogroup M12b1 – Vietnam, Myanmar *****Haplogroup M12b1a – Laos ( Lao in Vientiane) ******Haplogroup M12b1a1 ******Haplogroup M12b1a2 – Thailand (Soa in Sakon Nakhon Province) *******Haplogroup M12b1a2a – Cambodia, Malaysia *******Haplogroup M12b1a2b – Cambodia *****Haplogroup M12b1b – Thailand (

Suay Kuy, also known as Kui, Suay or Kuay ( th, ภาษากูย; km, ភាសាកួយ), is a Katuic language, part of the larger Austroasiatic family spoken by the Kuy people of Southeast Asia. Kuy is one of the Katuic languages with ...

in Surin Province, Khmer in Surin Province, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province, Black Tai in Loei Province), Cambodia ****Haplogroup M12b2 – Thailand, Hainan *****Haplogroup M12b2a – Cambodia ** Haplogroup Gbr>
– found especially in Japan, Mongolia, and Tibet and in indigenous peoples of Kamchatka Peninsula, Kamchatka (

, Alyutors,

), with some isolated instances in diverse places of Asia .html" ;"title="MRCA 31,614.8 ± 5,193.6 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 31,614.8 ± 5,193.6 ybp; CI=95%***Haplogroup G1 – Japan .html" ;"title="MRCA 21,492.9 ± 5,414.4 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 21,492.9 ± 5,414.4 ybp; CI=95%****Haplogroup G1a – China (Uyghurs), Thailand ( Black Lahu in

Wibhu Kutanan, Rasmi Shoocongdej, Metawee Srikummool, ''et al.'' (2020), "Cultural variation impacts paternal and maternal genetic lineages of the Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan groups from Thailand." ''European Journal of Human Genetics''. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-020-0693-x) .html" ;"title="MRCA 18,139.1 ± 5,462.4 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 18,139.1 ± 5,462.4 ybp; CI=95%(TMRCA 18,800 5% CI 12,600 <-> 26,900ybp) *****Haplogroup G1a1 – Korea, Vietnam ( Dao), China (Sarikolis, Uyghurs, ''etc.''), Tajikistan (Pamiris), Russia ( Todzhin) MRCA 12,200 (95% CI 10,100 <-> 14,600) ybpref name = "YFull" /> ******Haplogroup G1a1a – Japan, Korea, Taiwan MRCA 5,200 (95% CI 3,800 <-> 7,000) ybpref name = "YFull" /> *******Haplogroup G1a1a1 – Japan, Korea, China ( Daur,

Korean Korean may refer to: People and culture * Koreans, ethnic group originating in the Korean Peninsula * Korean cuisine * Korean culture * Korean language **Korean alphabet, known as Hangul or Chosŏn'gŭl **Korean dialects and the Jeju language ** ...

Arun Banner Arun Banner ( Mongolian: ''Arun qosiɣu'', Mongolian Cyrillic: Арун хошуу; ) is a banner A banner can be a flag or another piece of cloth bearing a symbol, logo, slogan or another message. A flag whose design is the same as the shi ...

) (TMRCA 3,100 5% CI 1,250 <-> 6,300ybp) *******Haplogroup G1a1a2 – Japan *******Haplogroup G1a1a3 – Japan *******Haplogroup G1a1a4 – Japan, Korea ******Haplogroup G1a1b – Taiwan ( Makatao), Russia ( Altai-Kizhi) *****Haplogroup G1a2'3 ******Haplogroup G1a2 – Manchu, Han (Beijing), Tibet, Miao ******Haplogroup G1a3 – Japan, KoreaHwan Young Lee, Ji-Eun Yoo, Myung Jin Park, Ukhee Chung, Chong-Youl Kim, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis." ''Electrophoresis'' (2006). DOI 10.1002/elps.200600151. .html" ;"title="MRCA 6,451.1 ± 4,521.6 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 6,451.1 ± 4,521.6 ybp; CI=95%****Haplogroup G1b .html" ;"title="MRCA 7,246.3 ± 5,088.0 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 7,246.3 ± 5,088.0 ybp; CI=95%(TMRCA 10,300 5% CI 7,000 <-> 14,700ybp) *****Haplogroup G1b1 – (TMRCA 8,400 5% CI 6,200 <-> 11,100ybp) Koryaks (

Magadan Oblast Magadan Oblast ( rus, Магаданская область, r=Magadanskaya oblast, p=məgɐˈdanskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. It is geographically located in the Far East region of the country, and is admini ...

, Severo-Evensk District of Magadan Oblast), Nivkhs, Evens (Kamchatka), Yakut (HGDP) *****Haplogroup G1b2'3'4 (G1b-G16129A!) – (TMRCA 7,700 5% CI 5,000 <-> 11,400ybp) Evenks ( Iengra),

(

Magadan region Magadan Oblast ( rus, Магаданская область, r=Magadanskaya oblast, p=məgɐˈdanskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. It is geographically located in the Far East region of the country, and is admini ...

), Orok, Nivkhs, Koryaks (

, Severo-Evensk District of Magadan Oblast, Kamchatka) ******Haplogroup G1b2 – (TMRCA 2,600 5% CI 375 <-> 9,300ybp) Koryaks (

, Severo-Evensk District of Magadan Region), Chukchi ******Haplogroup G1b3 – (TMRCA 4,700 5% CI 1,000 <-> 13,500ybp) Chukchi (Anadyr), Evens (Kamchatka) ******Haplogroup G1b4 – (TMRCA 1,450 5% CI 225 <-> 5,100ybp) Yukaghirs, Even ( Tompo) ****Haplogroup G1c – Korea (Seoul), China ( Han from

,Hongbin Yao, Mengge Wang, Xing Zou, ''et al.'', "New insights into the fine-scale history of western-eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome-wide genetic legacy." ''Mol Genet Genomics'' 2021 Mar 1. doi: 10.1007/s00438-021-01767-0. ''etc.''), Thailand ( Black and Red Lahu in

), Malaysia (

Seletar Seletar is an area located in the north-east of Singapore. Its name can also refer to the Seletar Planning Area (as defined by the Urban Redevelopment Authority), situated in the North-East Region of Singapore. The place name was derived from th ...

) .html" ;"title="MRCA 12,910.6 ± 6,009.6 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 12,910.6 ± 6,009.6 ybp; CI=95%(TMRCA 17,200 5% CI 11,600 <-> 24,600ybp) *****Haplogroup G1c1 – Han (

Sichuan Sichuan (; zh, c=, labels=no, ; zh, p=Sìchuān; alternatively romanized as Szechuan or Szechwan; formerly also referred to as "West China" or "Western China" by Protestant missions) is a province in Southwest China occupying most of t ...

Tai'an Tai'an () is a prefecture-level city in Western Shandong Province of the People's Republic of China. Centered on Mount Tai, the city borders the provincial capital of Jinan to the north, Zibo to the east, Linyi to the southeast, Liaocheng to ...

) *****Haplogroup G1c2 – China (including at least one Han from Beijing) ***Haplogroup G2 – Cambodia .html" ;"title="MRCA 26,787.5 ± 4,617.6 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 26,787.5 ± 4,617.6 ybp; CI=95%****Haplogroup G2a'c – China, USA *****Haplogroup G2a .html" ;"title="MRCA 17,145.5 ± 5,270.4 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 17,145.5 ± 5,270.4 ybp; CI=95%******Haplogroup G2a1 – Korea, ChinaDandan Yu, Xiaoyun Jia, A-Mei Zhang, Shiqiang Li, Yang Zou, Qingjiong Zhang, and Yong-Gang Yao (2010), "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Haplogroup Distribution in Chinese Patients with LHON and m.14484T.C." ''PLoS ONE'' 5(10): e13426. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013426 (

Hebei Hebei or , (; alternately Hopeh) is a northern province of China. Hebei is China's sixth most populous province, with over 75 million people. Shijiazhuang is the capital city. The province is 96% Han Chinese, 3% Manchu, 0.8% Hui, and ...

,Yanli Ji, A-Mei Zhang, Xiaoyun Jia, ''et al.'' (2008), "Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups M7b102 and M8a Affect Clinical Expression of Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy in Chinese Families with the m.11778G/A Mutation." ''The American Journal of Human Genetics'' 83, 760–768, December 12, 2008. DOI 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.002. Eastern China), Tibetans (

Chamdo Chamdo, officially Qamdo () and also known in Chinese as Changdu, is a prefecture-level city in the eastern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Its seat is the town of Chengguan in Karuo District. Chamdo is Tibet's third largest city ...

,Dongsheng Lu, Haiyi Lou, Kai Yuan, ''et al.'' (2016), "Ancestral Origins and Genetic History of Tibetan Highlanders." ''The American Journal of Human Genetics'' 99, 580–594, September 1, 2016.

Lhasa Lhasa (; Lhasa dialect: ; bo, text=ལྷ་ས, translation=Place of Gods) is the urban center of the prefecture-level Lhasa City and the administrative capital of Tibet Autonomous Region in Southwest China. The inner urban area of Lhasa ...

, TingriLongli Kang, Hong-Xiang Zheng, Menghan Zhang, ''et al.'' (2016), "MtDNA analysis reveals enriched pathogenic mutations in Tibetan highlanders." ''Scientific Reports'' , 6:31083 , DOI: 10.1038/srep31083.), Uyghur (

), Daur, India (Ladakh, Punjabi Hindu), Myanmar (

Bamar The Bamar (, ; also known as the Burmans) are a Sino-Tibetan ethnic group native to Myanmar (formerly Burma) in Southeast Asia. With approximately 35 million people, the Bamar make up the largest ethnic group in Myanmar, constituting 68% of th ...

from

Kayin State Kayin State ( my, ကရင်ပြည်နယ်, ; kjp, ဖၠုံခါန်ႋကၞင့်, italics=no; ksw, ကညီကီၢ်စဲၣ်, ), also known by the endonyms Kawthoolei and Karen State, is a state of Myanmar. The ...

Monika Summerer, Jürgen Horst, Gertraud Erhart, ''et al.'' (2014), "Large-scale mitochondrial DNA analysis in Southeast Asia reveals evolutionary effects of cultural isolation in the multi-ethnic population of Myanmar." ''BMC Evolutionary Biology'' 2014, 14:17. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/14/17), Thailand, Singapore, Kyrgyz, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan (Balkh), Israel ( haMerkaz), Saudi Arabia, Russia (

Chelyabinsk Oblast Chelyabinsk Oblast (russian: Челя́бинская о́бласть, ''Chelyabinskaya oblast'') is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia in the Ural Mountains region, on the border of Europe and Asia. Its administrative center is the ...

, Taimyr Evenk, TuvinianMax Ingman and Ulf Gyllensten (2007), "Rate variation between mitochondrial domains and adaptive evolution in humans." ''Human Molecular Genetics'', 2007, Vol. 16, No. 19, 2281–2287. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddm180), Belarus (

Lipka Tatars The Lipka Tatars (Lipka – refers to ''Lithuania'', also known as Lithuanian Tatars; later also – Polish Tatars, Polish-Lithuanian Tatars, ''Lipkowie'', ''Lipcani'', ''Muślimi'', ''Lietuvos totoriai'') are a Turkic ethnic group who origina ...

), Norway, USA ("caucasian"Rebecca S. Just, Melissa K. Scheible, Spence A. Fast, ''et al.'' (2015), "Full mtGenome reference data: Development and characterization of 588 forensic-quality haplotypes representing three U.S. populations." ''Forensic Science International: Genetics'' 14 (2015) 141–155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.09.021) .html" ;"title="MRCA 14,045.7 ± 4,742.4 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 14,045.7 ± 4,742.4 ybp; CI=95%*******Haplogroup G2a1a (C12525T) - Georgia ( Abkhaz),

Karachay The Karachays ( krc, Къарачайлыла, Qaraçaylıla or таулула, , 'Mountaineers') are an indigenous Caucasian Turkic ethnic group in the North Caucasus. They speak Karachay-Balkar, a Turkic language. They are mostly situat ...

(

Karachay-Cherkess Republic The Karachay-Cherkess Republic (russian: Карача́ево-Черке́сская Респу́блика, ''Karachayevo-Cherkesskaya Respublika''; krc, Къарачай-Черкес Республика, ''Qaraçay-Çerkes Respublika''; Cir ...

(Central), Buryat (

Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Its border includes most of the length of China's border with the country of Mongolia. Inner Mongolia also accounts for a ...

) *******Haplogroup G2a1b (A12753G) ********Haplogroup G2a1b1 (T146C! * G207A * T8063C * G9266A * A15758G) - Japan ********Haplogroup G2a1b2 (A8832C) - Thailand (

from

Central Thailand Central Thailand (Central plain) or more specifically Siam (also known as Suvarnabhumi and Dvaravati) is one of the regions of Thailand, covering the broad alluvial plain of the Chao Phraya River. It is separated from northeast Thailand (Isan) ...

) ********Haplogroup G2a1b3 (T16126C) - Thailand (

Tai Khuen Tai or TAI may refer to: Arts and entertainment *Tai (comics) a fictional Marvel Comics supervillain *Tai Fraiser, a fictional character in the 1995 film ''Clueless'' * Tai Kamiya, a fictional character in ''Digimon'' Businesses and organisation ...

from North Thailand) *********Haplogroup G2a1b3a (A7606G) - Thailand ( Thai from

) *******Haplogroup G2a1-T16189C! - China (Han from Yili,Qing-Peng Kong, Yong-Gang Yao, Chang Sun, ''et al.'' (2003), "Phylogeny of East Asian Mitochondrial DNA Lineages Inferred from Complete Sequences." ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' 73:671–676, 2003. Tibetan from Shigatse), Korea, Japan, Vietnam ( Nung), Georgian ********Haplogroup G2a1-T16189C!-A16194G - Japan (

) *********Haplogroup G2a1c – Japan, Korea **********Haplogroup G2a1c1 – Japan **********Haplogroup G2a1c2 – Japan ********Haplogroup G2a1-T16189C!-C3654T - Eastern China ********Haplogroup G2a1-T16189C!-G16526A - Uyghurs ********Haplogroup G2a1-T16189C!-T15784C - Korea *********Haplogroup G2a1-T16189C!-T15784C-T7609C - China,Yang Zou, Xiaoyun Jia, A-Mei Zhang, ''et al.'' (2010), "The MT-ND1 and MT-ND5 genes are mutational hotspots for Chinese families with clinical features of LHON but lacking the three primary mutations." ''Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications'' Volume 399, Issue 2, 20 August 2010, Pages 179-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.07.051 India (Lachungpa) ********Haplogroup G2a1d – Kyrgyz (

), Uzbek (Uzbekistan), Poland .html" ;"title="MRCA 7,303.3 ± 3,657.6 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 7,303.3 ± 3,657.6 ybp; CI=95%*********Haplogroup G2a1d1 – Japan, Hong Kong **********Haplogroup G2a1d1a – Japan *********Haplogroup G2a1d2 – Thailand ( Thai from Ratchaburi ProvinceWibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Andrea Brunelli, ''et al.'' (2018), "New insights from Thailand into the maternal genetic history of Mainland Southeast Asia." ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2018) 26:898–911. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-018-0113-7), China (Shandong), India, England **********Haplogroup G2a1d2a – Thailand ( Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province and Chiang Mai Province, Palaung from Chiang Mai Province,

from

), China ( Yao,Kong QP, Sun C, Wang HW, Zhao M, Wang WZ, Zhong L, Hao XD, Pan H, Wang SY, Cheng YT, Zhu CL, Wu SF, Liu LN, Jin JQ, Yao YG, Zhang YP. "Large-scale mtDNA screening reveals a surprising matrilineal complexity in east Asia and its implications to the peopling of the region." ''Mol Biol Evol.'' 2011 Jan;28(1):513-22. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msq219. Epub 2010 Aug 16. PMID 20713468. Eastern China) **********Haplogroup G2a1d2c - China (Eastern China), Thailand ( Thai from

) *******Haplogroup G2a1e – Japan, Korea *******Haplogroup G2a1f - China (Taihang area in Henan province) *******Haplogroup G2a1g – China, Mongols, Karakalpak *******Haplogroup G2a1-G13194A - Tibetan ( Tingri) ********Haplogroup G2a1h - India (Ladakh, Wancho), China (

) *******Haplogroup G2a1i - Lhoba ********Haplogroup G2a1i1 (C3417T) - Yakut (

), Buryat (Eastern Buryat from Buryat Republic) *******Haplogroup G2a1j (C5840T) - Thailand ( Tai Yuan from North Thailand), China *******Haplogroup G2a1k (A8521G) - Poland *******Haplogroup G2a1l (C10043T) - Russia (

Pskov Oblast Pskov Oblast (russian: Пско́вская о́бласть, ') is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in the west of the country. Its administrative center is the city of Pskov. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 673, ...

Boris Malyarchuk, Andrey Litvinov, Miroslava Derenko, ''et al.'' (2017), "Mitogenomic diversity in Russians and Poles." ''FSI Genetics'' Volume 30, p51-56, September 01, 2017. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.06.003), Norway (

Buskerud Buskerud () is a former county and a current electoral district in Norway, bordering Akershus, Oslo, Oppland, Sogn og Fjordane, Hordaland, Telemark and Vestfold. The region extends from the Oslofjord and Drammensfjorden in the southeast to Ha ...

) *******Haplogroup G2a1m (C8766T) - Buryat (Inner Mongolia) ********Haplogroup G2a1m1 (C7229T) - Daur, Barga (Inner Mongolia), Buryat (Buryat Republic), Khamnigan ( Zabaikal Region) *********Haplogroup G2a1m1a (A4395G) - Kyrgyzstan (

Kyrgyz Kyrgyz, Kirghiz or Kyrgyzstani may refer to: * Someone or something related to Kyrgyzstan *Kyrgyz people *Kyrgyz national games *Kyrgyz language *Kyrgyz culture *Kyrgyz cuisine *Yenisei Kirghiz *The Fuyü Gïrgïs language in Northeastern China ...

Marchi N, Hegay T, Mennecier P, ''et al.'' (2017), "Sex-specific genetic diversity is shaped by cultural factors in Inner Asian human populations." ''American Journal of Physical Anthropology'' 2017 Apr;162(4):627-640. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23151.) *******Haplogroup G2a1n (T14180C) - Kyrgyzstan (

) *******Haplogroup G2a1o (T173C) - China (

Henan Province Henan (; or ; ; alternatively Honan) is a landlocked province of China, in the central part of the country. Henan is often referred to as Zhongyuan or Zhongzhou (), which literally means "central plain" or "midland", although the name is al ...

Hua-Wei Wang, Xiaoyun Jia, Yanli Ji, ''et al.'' (2008), "Strikingly different penetrance of LHON in two Chinese families with primary mutation G11778A is independent of mtDNA haplogroup background and secondary mutation G13708A." ''Mutation Research'' 643 (2008) 48–53. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2008.06.004) *******Haplogroup G2a1p (A374G) - Ladakh *******Haplogroup G2a1q (T16356C) -

Deng Deng may refer to: * Deng (company), is a Danish engineering, electrical, solar power and sales company in Accra, Ghana * Deng (state), an ancient Chinese state * Deng (Chinese surname), originated from the state ** Deng Xiaoping, paramount leader ...

, China (

) ******Haplogroup G2a-T152C! - China (Eastern China), Thai (

Chanthaburi Chanthaburi ( th, จันทบุรี, ) is a town ('' thesaban mueang'') in the east of Thailand, on the banks of the Chanthaburi River. It is the capital of the Chanthaburi Province and the Mueang Chanthaburi District. The town covers ...

) *******Haplogroup G2a2 – China, Uyghur, Kyrgyz (Artux, Tashkurgan), Kazakhstan, Chelkan (Turochak, Biyka, Kurmach-Baigol), Nogai (Karachay-Cherkess RepublicPankratov, V., Litvinov, S., Kassian, A., ''et al.'', "East Eurasian ancestry in the middle of Europe: genetic footprints of Steppe nomads in the genomes of Belarusian Lipka Tatars." ''Sci Rep'' 6, 30197 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep30197), Yakut (

, Northeast, Central), Buryat (

Kizhinginsky District Kizhinginsky District (russian: Кижингинский райо́н; bua, Хэжэнгын аймаг, ''Khejengyn aimag'') is an administrativeResolution #431 and municipalLaw #985-III district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Republic o ...

, Olkhonsky District,

Tunkinsky District Tunkinsky District (russian: Тунки́нский райо́н; bua, Түнхэнэй аймаг, ''Tünkhenei aimag'') is an administrativeResolution #431 and municipalLaw #985-III district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Republic of Bu ...

Bokhansky District Bokhansky District (russian: Боханский райо́н; bua, Боохоной аймаг, ''Bookhonoi aimag'') is an administrative district of Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia, one of the thirty-three in the oblast.Charter ...

), Hazara (Pakistan), Volga Tatar (Republic of Tatarstan), Hungary, Finland ********Haplogroup G2a2a – China, Uyghur, Buryat (Bulagad from

Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, Boris Malyarchuk, Irina Dambueva, and Boris Bazarov, "Mitogenomic diversity and differentiation of the Buryats." ''Journal of Human Genetics'' (2018) 63:71–81. https://doi.org/10.1038/s10038-017-0370-2),

Soyot The Soyot are ethnic group of Turkic origin live mainly in the Oka region in the Okinsky District in the Buryatia, Russia. According to the 2010 census, there were 3,608 Soyots in Russia. Their extinct language (partly revitalized) was of a T ...

, Turkey, Bashkortostan, PolandMielnik-Sikorska M, Daca P, Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Skonieczna K, ''et al.'' (2013), "The History of Slavs Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences." ''PLoS ONE'' 8(1): e54360. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054360 ********Haplogroup G2a2b (G12007A) – Buryat (

Ekhirit-Bulagatsky District Ekhirit-Bulagatsky District (russian: Эхири́т-Булага́тский райо́н; bua, Эхирэд Булагадай аймаг, ''Ekhired Bulagadai aimag'') is an administrative district of Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug of Irkutsk Oblast, Ru ...

) ********Haplogroup G2a2c (T16136C) – Uyghur ********Haplogroup G2a2d (C5456T) - Uyghur *********Haplogroup G2a2d1 (T8978C) - Uyghur ********Haplogroup G2a2e (T4772C) - Buryat (Ekhirid from

Kurumkansky District Kurumkansky District (russian: Курумка́нский райо́н; bua, Хурамхаанай аймаг, ''Khuramkhaanai aimag'') is an administrativeResolution #431 and municipalLaw #985-III district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the ...

, Bulagad/Ekhirid from

) *******Haplogroup G2a-T152C!-C16262T - ancient DNA from

(Irk067 from the Novyj Kachug site at the left bank of the upper Lena River, cal BC 3755 to cal BC 3640Gülşah Merve Kılınç, Natalija Kashuba, Reyhan Yaka, ''et al.'' (2018), "Investigating Holocene human population history in North Asia using ancient mitogenomes." ''Scientific Reports'' (2018) 8:8969 , DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-27325-0) ********Haplogroup G2a3 – Russia (Tatarstan), Azerbaijanian (Iran), Uyghur (Artux) *********Haplogroup G2a3a – Russia (

Tyumen Oblast Tyumen Oblast (russian: Тюме́нская о́бласть, ''Tyumenskaya oblast'') is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. It is geographically located in the Western Siberia region of Siberia, and is administratively part of the Urals ...

Tatar The Tatars ()Tatar
in the Collins English Dictionary is an umbrella term for different

from

Buinsk Buinsk (russian: Буинск) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia. ;Urban localities *Buinsk, Republic of Tatarstan, a town of republic significance in the Republic of Tatarstan * Buinsk, Ibresinsky District, Chuvash Republic, ...

Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, and Olga Kravtsova (2010), "Mitogenomic Diversity in Tatars from the Volga-Ural Region of Russia." ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 27(10):2220–2226. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq065), Sweden, Germany *******Haplogroup G2a4 – China (Taihang area in Henan provinceJia Liu, Li-Dong Wang, Yan-Bo Sun, ''et al.'' (2012), "Deciphering the Signature of Selective Constraints on Cancerous Mitochondrial Genome." ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 29(4):1255–1261. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr290), Taiwan ( TaitungJun-Hun Loo, Jean A Trejaut, Ju-Chen Yen, ''et al.'' (2014), "Mitochondrial DNA association study of type 2 diabetes with or without ischemic stroke in Taiwan." ''BMC Res Notes'' 2014; 7: 223. Published online 2014 Apr 9. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-223), Ukraine ********Haplogroup G2a4b (T6707C) - China (

Tianjin Tianjin (; ; Mandarin: ), alternately romanized as Tientsin (), is a municipality and a coastal metropolis in Northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea. It is one of the nine national central cities in Mainland China, with a total popu ...

, Eastern ChinaDan Zhao, Yingying Ding, Haijiang Lin, Xiaoxiao Chen, Weiwei Shen, Meiyang Gao, Qian Wei, Sujuan Zhou, Xing Liu, and Na He (2019), "Mitochondrial Haplogroups N9 and G Are Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients in China." ''AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses'', Jun 2019, 536-543. http://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2018.0151) *******Haplogroup G2a5 – Japan, Korea, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Karakalpak, Telengit, Tubalar, Yakut, Balkar (

Kabardino-Balkaria The Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (russian: Кабарди́но-Балка́рская Респу́блика, ''Kabardino-Balkarskaya Respublika''; kbd, Къэбэрдей-Балъкъэр Республикэ, ''Ķêbêrdej-Baĺķêr Respublik� ...

), Buryat (

Selenginsky District Selenginsky District (russian: Селенги́нский райо́н; bua, Сэлэнгын аймаг, ''Selengyn aimag'') is an administrativeResolution #431 and municipalLaw #985-III district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Republic o ...

) ********Haplogroup G2a5a – Buryat (

Barguzinsky District Barguzinsky District (russian: Баргузи́нский райо́н; bua, Баргажанай аймаг, ''Bargajanai aimag'') is an administrativeResolution #431 and municipalLaw #985-III district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Repu ...

) *******Haplogroup G2a-T152C!-T1189C - Uyghur ********Haplogroup G2a-T152C!-T1189C-A10804G - Buryat (Bulagad/Ekhirid from

, Bulagad/Ekhirid from

) ********Haplogroup G2a-T152C!-T1189C-C6101T -

Daurs The Daur people (Khalkha Mongolian: Дагуур, ''Daguur''; ) are a Mongolic people in Northeast China. The Daur form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognised in the People's Republic of China. They numbered 131,992 according to the la ...

********Haplogroup G2a-T152C!-T1189C-T16271C - China (

), Nivkh (

Nogliki Nogliki (russian: Ноглики) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Nogliksky District of Sakhalin Oblast, Russia, located near the eastern coast of Sakhalin Island, about inland from the Sea of O ...

Dryomov SV, Nazhmidenova AM, Starikovskaya EB, Shalaurova SA, Rohland N, Mallick S, ''et al.'' (2021), "Mitochondrial genome diversity on the Central Siberian Plateau with particular reference to the prehistory of northernmost Eurasia." ''PLoS ONE'' 16(1):e0244228. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0244228) *******Haplogroup G2a-T152C!-C3351T - China (

Jiangxi Province Jiangxi (; ; formerly romanized as Kiangsi or Chianghsi) is a landlocked province in the east of the People's Republic of China. Its major cities include Nanchang and Jiujiang. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze river in the north into h ...

, Eastern China), Buryat (Ekhirid/Bulagad from Olkhonsky District) *******Haplogroup G2a-T152C!-C10834T - China (

Jilin Jilin (; Postal romanization, alternately romanized as Kirin or Chilin) is one of the three Provinces of China, provinces of Northeast China. Its capital and largest city is Changchun. Jilin borders North Korea (Rasŏn, North Hamgyong, R ...

), Thailand ( Iu Mien from Nan Province) *****Haplogroup G2-A3397G ******Haplogroup G2-A3397G-T15262C - China,

Mongol The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal member ...

(

Hulunbuir Hulunbuir or Hulun Buir ( mn, , ''Kölün buyir'', Mongolian Cyrillic: Хөлөнбуйр, ''Khölönbuir''; zh, s=呼伦贝尔, ''Hūlúnbèi'ěr'') is a region that is governed as a prefecture-level city in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China ...

) ******Haplogroup G2-A3397G-C6623T - Uyghurs *****Haplogroup G2c – China (Taihang area in Henan province), Uyghurs ****Haplogroup G2b .html" ;"title="MRCA 22,776.4 ± 5,059.2 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 22,776.4 ± 5,059.2 ybp; CI=95%*****Haplogroup G2b1 –

( Shannan), Cambodia .html" ;"title="MRCA 16,830.4 ± 5,616.0 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 16,830.4 ± 5,616.0 ybp; CI=95%******Haplogroup G2b1a – China (

Chongqing Chongqing ( or ; ; Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ), alternately romanized as Chungking (), is a municipality in Southwest China. The official abbreviation of the city, "" (), was approved by the State Co ...

Shaanxi Shaanxi (alternatively Shensi, see § Name) is a landlocked province of China. Officially part of Northwest China, it borders the province-level divisions of Shanxi (NE, E), Henan (E), Hubei (SE), Chongqing (S), Sichuan (SW), Gansu (W), N ...

), Thailand (

from Nakhon Phanom Province), Kyrgyzstan, Spain .html" ;"title="MRCA 13,366.8 ± 5,443.2 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 13,366.8 ± 5,443.2 ybp; CI=95%*******Haplogroup G2b1a1 – Thailand ( Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province, Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province,

Karen Karen may refer to: * Karen (name), a given name and surname * Karen (slang), a term and meme for a demanding woman displaying certain behaviors People * Karen people, an ethnic group in Myanmar and Thailand ** Karen languages or Karenic la ...

from

), Myanmar (

from

and

Bago Division Bago Region ( my, ပဲခူးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး, ; formerly Pegu Division and Bago Division) is an administrative region of Myanmar, located in the southern central part of the country. It is bordered by Magway Region a ...

) ********Haplogroup G2b1a1a (C16239T) - Thailand ( Skaw Karen from southern

, Skaw Karen from northern

), Myanmar (

from

) *******Haplogroup G2b1a2 – Ewenki from

********Haplogroup G2b1a2a (G2120A) - ChinaWang, C. Y., Li, H., Hao, X. D., Liu, J., Wang, J. X., Wang, W. Z., Kong, Q. P., & Zhang, Y. P. (2011). "Uncovering the profile of somatic mtDNA mutations in Chinese colorectal cancer patients." ''PloS one'', 6(6), e21613. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021613 *******Haplogroup G2b1a3 (A4562T) - Taiwan (

Hakka The Hakka (), sometimes also referred to as Hakka Han, or Hakka Chinese, or Hakkas are a Han Chinese subgroup whose ancestral homes are chiefly in the Hakka-speaking provincial areas of Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Zhej ...

) *******Haplogroup G2b1a4 (C4599T) - Thailand (

from

, Tai Lue from Chiang Rai Province) *******Haplogroup G2b1a5 (T11353C) - China (Hebei ProvinceA-Mei Zhang, Xiaoyun Jia, Yong-Gang Yao, and Qingjiong Zhang (2008), "Co-occurrence of A1555G and G11778A in a Chinese family with high penetrance of Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy." ''Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications'' 376 (2008) 221–224. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.08.128),

Dungan Dungan may refer to: * Donegan, an Irish surname, sometimes spelled Dungan * Dungan people, a group of Muslim people of Hui origin ** Dungan language ** Dungan, sometimes used to refer to Hui Chinese people generally * Dungan Mountains in Sibi Di ...

******Haplogroup G2b1b – Uyghurs,

( Shannan), India (Lachungpa) .html" ;"title="MRCA 4,662.1 ± 4,492.8 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 4,662.1 ± 4,492.8 ybp; CI=95%*****Haplogroup G2b2 – Late Medieval eastern Mongolia (SHU001Choongwon Jeong, Ke Wang, Shevan Wilkin, William Timothy Treal Taylor, Bryan K. Miller, Jan H. Bemmann, Raphaela Stahl, Chelsea Chiovelli, Florian Knolle, Sodnom Ulziibayar, Dorjpurev Khatanbaatar, Diimaajav Erdenebaatar, Ulambayar Erdenebat, Ayudai Ochir, Ganbold Ankhsanaa, Chuluunkhuu Vanchigdash, Battuga Ochir, Chuluunbat Munkhbayar, Dashzeveg Tumen, Alexey Kovalev, Nikolay Kradin, Bilikto A. Bazarov, Denis A. Miyagashev, Prokopiy B. Konovalov, Elena Zhambaltarova, Alicia Ventresca Miller, Wolfgang Haak, Stephan Schiffels, Johannes Krause, Nicole Boivin, Myagmar Erdene, Jessica Hendy, and Christina Warinner, "A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia’s Eastern Steppe." ''Cell'', Volume 183, Issue 4, 2020, Pages 890-904.e29, ISSN 0092-8674, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015.), Sweden, Russia, Scotland, Iraq, Japan .html" ;"title="MRCA 20,476.0 ± 5,481.6 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 20,476.0 ± 5,481.6 ybp; CI=95%******Haplogroup G2b2a – India ( Gallong, Katkari people, Kathodi) [TMRCA 15,328.9 ± 6,057.6 ybp; CI=95%] ******Haplogroup G2b2b – China, Japan (Chiba) ******Haplogroup G2b2c – China (Taihang area in Henan province),

Tatar The Tatars ()Tatar
in the Collins English Dictionary is an umbrella term for different

(Buinsk) ******Haplogroup G2b2d (T5641C) – Japan (Tokyo), Kyrgyz (Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County, Tashkurgan) *******Haplogroup G2b2d1 (A6647T) - Uyghur, Kumandin (Soltonsky District), Tozhu Tuvans, Todzhi (Adir-Kezhig), Buryat (Bulagad/Ekhirid from

) ****Haplogroup G2d (A11443G) - Thailand ( Tai Yuan in

, Iu Mien in Phayao Province) *****Haplogroup G2d1 (A328G) - Thailand ( Tai Yuan in

) ***Haplogroup G3 [TMRCA 23,919.9 ± 6,931.2 ybp; CI=95%] ****Haplogroup G3a *****Haplogroup G3a1'2 – Pakistan (Azad Kashmir) ******Haplogroup G3a1 [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 3,700 <-> 13,000) ybp] *******Haplogroup G3a1a –

(Shigatse), Sherpa,Longli Kang, Hong-Xiang Zheng, Feng Chen, ''et al.'' (2013), "mtDNA Lineage Expansions in Sherpa Population Suggest Adaptive Evolution in Tibetan Highlands." ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'', Volume 30, Issue 12, December 2013, Pages 2579–2587, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst147. Naxi, Hani *******Haplogroup G3a1b – Tibet (NagquMian Zhao, Qing-Peng Kong, Hua-Wei Wang, ''et al.'' (2009), "Mitochondrial genome evidence reveals successful Late Paleolithic settlement on the Tibetan Plateau." ''PNAS'', vol. 106, no. 50, 21230–21235. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0907844106), Sarikoli (Tashkurgan) *******Haplogroup G3a1c (C2389A) - skeletal remains of Bo people (China), Bo people from Chang'an Township, Weixin County, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China and similar people from Yangxu Town, Youjiang District, Baise, Guangxi, China and Tham Lod rockshelter, Pang Mapha District, Mae Hong Son Province, ThailandXiaoming Zhang, Chunmei Li, Yanan Zhou, ''et al.'' (2020), "A Matrilineal Genetic Perspective of Hanging Coffin Custom in Southern China and Northern Thailand." ''iScience'' 23, 101032, April 24, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101032 ******Haplogroup G3a1'2-A12661G - Uyghur ******Haplogroup G3a2 [TMRCA 12,600 (95% CI 3,900 <-> 30,200) ybp] *******Haplogroup G3a2* – Taiwan (Minnan) *******Haplogroup G3a2-T152C!!! ********Haplogroup G3a2-T152C!!!* –

(AgzuDryomov, S.V., Starikovskaya, E.B., Nazhmidenova, A.M. ''et al.'' Genetic legacy of cultures indigenous to the Northeast Asian coast in mitochondrial genomes of nearly extinct maritime tribes. ''BMC Evol Biol'' 20, 83 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-020-01652-1), Korea, Japan ********Haplogroup G3a2a – Japan, Korean, Uzbek ********Haplogroup G3a2b (C13209T) - Uyghur *********Haplogroup G3a2b1 (G13718C) - China (Eastern China, ShandongCheng-Ye Wang and Zhong-Bao Zhao (2012), "Somatic mtDNA mutations in lung tissues of pesticide-exposed fruit growers." ''Toxicology'' 291 (2012) 51– 55. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2011.10.018) *****Haplogroup G3a3 [TMRCA 12,900 (95% CI 6,000 <-> 24,200) ybp] – China, Buryat (Khori from Khorinsky District), Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia, Albania, United Kingdom ******Haplogroup G3a3a (G16156A) - China, Uyghur (

) *******Haplogroup G3a3a1 (A390G) - Inner Mongolia ********Haplogroup G3a3a1a (C2263A) - Uyghur *********Haplogroup G3a3a1a1 (A3523G) - Bashkortostan ****Haplogroup G3b [TMRCA 17,800 (95% CI 12,800 <-> 24,100) ybp] - India (Lachungpa),

(

), Lhoba *****Haplogroup G3b1 – Tibet (

from Nyingchi,

from Tingri, Monpa people, Monpa, Mishmi people, Deng), IndiaMtDNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA
/ref> (Monpa people, Dirang Monpa) *****Haplogroup G3b2 - China,Jiang,C., Cui,J., Liu,F., Gao,L., Luo,Y., Li,P., Guan,L. and Gao,Y., "Mitochondrial DNA 10609T Promotes Hypoxia-Induced Increase of Intracellular ROS and Is a Risk Factor of High Altitude Polycythemia." ''PLoS ONE'' 9 (1), E87775 (2014). Tibet (Monpa people, Monpa, Qinghai), Thailand ( Lawa from the southwest of

,Kutanan,W., Kampuansai,J., Srikummool,M., Kangwanpong,D., Ghirotto,S., Brunelli,A. and Stoneking,M., "Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai-Kadai languages." ''Hum. Genet.'' (2016). Tai Yuan from

) ***Haplogroup G4 – Japan [TMRCA 7,500 (95% CI 3,100 <-> 15,500) ybp] ***Haplogroup G5 – Vietnam ( Dao), Thailand ( Lao Isan from Nakhon Ratchasima Province) [TMRCA 7,900 (95% CI 5,400 <-> 11,200) ybp] *Haplogroup M13'46'61 **Haplogroup M13 – small clade found among

, Oirats, Oirat Mongols in Xinjiang, Barga Mongols, Barghuts in

, and

and

in central Siberia [TMRCA 43,169.4 ± 4,944.0 ybp; CI=95%] ***M13a [TMRCA 19,266.4 ± 6,720.0 ybp; CI=95%] ****M13a1 – China [Uyghurs, Mongol, Tibetan (Chamdo, Nagqu)], India [TMRCA 9,539.2 ± 6,249.6 ybp; CI=95%] *****M13a1a – Japan *****M13a1b – China (Tibet, Uyghurs) ******M13a1b1 – Buryat, Barghut, Yakut (Central), Evenk (Taimyr Peninsula, Taimyr) ****M13a2 – Tibet, Thailand [TMRCA 8,726.0 ± 4,828.8 ybp; CI=95%] ***M13b [TMRCA 31,191.8 ± 6,873.6 ybp; CI=95%

Origins

Haplogroup M1

Haplogroup M23

Asian origin hypothesis

African origin hypothesis

Dispersal

Distribution

Subgroups distribution

Subclades

Tree

See also

References

External links