human mitochondrial genetics Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondri ...

, Haplogroup C is a

human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. Haplogroups are used to represent the major branch points on the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree. Understanding the evol ...

Origin

Haplogroup A haplotype is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent, and a haplogroup (haploid from the el, ἁπλοῦς, ''haploûs'', "onefold, simple" and en, group) is a group of similar haplotypes that share ...

C is believed to have arisen somewhere between the Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal some 24,000 years before present. It is a descendant of the haplogroup M. Haplogroup C shares six mutations downstream of the MRCA of haplogroup M with

haplogroup Z In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Z is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Origin Haplogroup Z is believed to have arisen in Central Asia, and is a descendant of haplogroup CZ. Distribution The greatest clade diversity of ha ...

and five mutations downstream of the MRCA of haplogroup M with other members of haplogroup M8. This macro-haplogroup is known as haplogroup M8'CZ or simply as haplogroup M8.

Distribution

Haplogroup C is found in Northeast AsiaHaplogroup C.
/ref> (including

Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive region, geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a ...

) and

the Americas The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World. Along with th ...

. In Eurasia, Haplogroup C is especially frequent among populations of arctic

, such as

Nganasans The Nganasans (; Nganasan: ''ŋənəhsa(nəh)'', ''ńæh'') are a Uralic people of the Samoyedic branch native to the Taymyr Peninsula in north Siberia. In the Russian Federation, they are recognized as one of the indigenous peoples of the Russ ...

Dolgans Dolgans (; Dolgan: , , (Sakha); Yakut: ) are an ethnic group who mostly inhabit Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. They are descended from several groups, particularly Evenks, one of the indigenous peoples of the Russian North. They adopted a Tur ...

Yakuts The Yakuts, or the Sakha ( sah, саха, ; , ), are a Turkic ethnic group who mainly live in the Republic of Sakha in the Russian Federation, with some extending to the Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin regions, and the Taymyr and Evenk Districts ...

Evenks The Evenks (also spelled Ewenki or Evenki based on their endonym )Autonym: (); russian: Эвенки (); (); formerly known as Tungus or Tunguz; mn, Хамниган () or Aiwenji () are a Tungusic people of North Asia. In Russia, the Eve ...

Evens The Evens ( eve, эвэн; pl. , in Even and , in Russian; formerly called ''Lamuts'') are a people in Siberia and the Russian Far East. They live in regions of the Magadan Oblast and Kamchatka Krai and northern parts of Sakha east of th ...

Yukaghirs The Yukaghirs, or Yukagirs ( (), russian: юкаги́ры) are a Siberian ethnic group people in the Russian Far East, living in the basin of the Kolyma River. Geographic distribution The Tundra Yukaghirs live in the Lower Kolyma region ...

, and

Koryaks Koryaks () are an indigenous people of the Russian Far East, who live immediately north of the Kamchatka Peninsula in Kamchatka Krai and inhabit the coastlands of the Bering Sea. The cultural borders of the Koryaks include Tigilsk in the south ...

. Haplogroup C is one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the

indigenous peoples of the Americas The Indigenous peoples of the Americas are the inhabitants of the Americas before the arrival of the European settlers in the 15th century, and the ethnic groups who now identify themselves with those peoples. Many Indigenous peoples of the A ...

, the others being A, B, D, and X. The subclades C1b, C1c, C1d, and C4c are found in the first people of the Americas. C1a is found only in Asia. In 2010, Icelandic researchers discovered C1e lineage in their home country, estimating an introduction date of year 1700 AD or earlier, indicating a possible introduction during the Viking expeditions to the Americas. A Native American origin for this C1e lineage is likely, but the researchers note that a European or Asian one cannot be ruled out. In 2014, a study discovered a new mtDNA subclade C1f from the remains of 3 people found in north-western Russia and dated to 7,500 years ago. It has not been detected in modern populations. The study proposed the hypothesis that the sister C1e and C1f subclades had split early from the most recent common ancestor of the C1 clade and had evolved independently. Subclade C1e had a northern European origin. Iceland was settled by the Vikings 1,130 years ago and they had raided heavily into western Russia, where the sister subclade C1f is now known to have resided. They proposed that both subclades were brought to Iceland through the Vikings, however C1e went extinct on mainland northern Europe due to population turnover and its small representation, and subclade C1f went extinct completely. In 2015, a study conducted in the

Aconcagua mummy The Aconcagua mummy is an Incan ''capacocha'' mummy of a seven-year-old boy, dated to around the year 1500. The mummy is well-preserved, due to the extreme cold and dry conditions of its high altitude burial location. The frozen mummy was discovere ...

identified its mtDNA lineage belongs to the subclade C1bi, which contains 10 distinct mutations from C1b.

Table of Frequencies by ethnic group

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup C subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser ''Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation'' and subsequent published research. *CZ **C - Russia (

Bashkortostan The Republic of Bashkortostan or Bashkortostan ( ba, Башҡортостан Республикаһы, Bashqortostan Respublikahy; russian: Республика Башкортостан, Respublika Bashkortostan),; russian: Респу́блик� ...

), India ***C1 - Paraguay (Alto ParanaFilipa Simão, Christina Strobl, Carlos Vullo, ''et al.'', "The maternal inheritance of Alto Paraná revealed by full mitogenome sequences." ''FSI Genetics'' Volume 39, P66-72, March 01, 2019. Published online December 19, 2018. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.12.007), ancient DNA from specimen I0061 (from Yuzhniy Oleni Ostrov, Lake Onega, Russia, 7450 - 6950 ybp) ****C1a *****C1a* – Ulchi,Starikovskaya, E.B., Sukernik, R.I., Derbeneva, O.A., Volodko, N.V., Ruiz-Pesini, E., Torroni, A., Brown, M.D., Lott, M.T., Hosseini, S.H., Huoponen, K. and Wallace, D.C., "Mitochondrial DNA diversity in indigenous populations of the southern extent of Siberia, and the origins of Native American haplogroups." ''Annals of Human Genetics'' 69 (PT 1), 67-89 (2005). Nanai, Daur *****C1a1 – Buryat, Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan) *****C1a2 – Japan ****C1b *****C1b* *****C1b1 ******C1b1* ******C1b1a *******C1b1a* – Mexican American *******C1b1a1 – Mexican American ******C1b1b – Native American, Mexican American *****C1b2 ******C1b2* – Peru, Paraguay ******C1b2a – Peru ******C1b2b – Colombia ******C1b2c *******C1b2c* – USA, Puerto Rico, Paraguay, Spain *******C1b2c1 – Paraguay *****C1b3 ******C1b3* – Peru ******C1b3a - Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatera, Papua Nugini dan Sulawesi) *******C1b3a* – Peru *******C1b3a1 – Argentina *****C1b4 – Ecuador, Peru, USA *****C1b5 ****C1c *****C1c1 *****C1c2 ****C1d – Argentina (Buenos Aires), Colombia ( Boyacá), Mexico (

Tamaulipas Tamaulipas (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Tamaulipas ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Tamaulipas), is a state in the northeast region of Mexico; one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the 32 Federal Entiti ...

, Guanajuato, Chihuahua, ''etc.''), United States ( Mexican AmericansS. Kumar, C. Bellis, M. Zlojutro, ''et al.'', "Large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans suggests a reappraisal of Native American origins." ''BMC Evol. Biol.'' 11 (1), 293 (2011).), Canada ( ShuswapR.S. Malhi, J.S. Cybulski, R.Y. Tito, ''et al.'', "Brief communication: Mitochondrial haplotype C4c confirmed as a founding genome in the Americas." ''Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.'' 141 (3), 494-497 (2010).) *****C1d1 *****C1d2 – Colombia ( MestizoU.A. Perego, N. Angerhofer, M. Pala, ''et al.'', "The initial peopling of the Americas: a growing number of founding mitochondrial genomes from Beringia." ''Genome Res.'' 20 (9), 1174-1179 (2010).) ******C1d2a – Colombia (

Mestizos (; ; fem. ) is a term used for racial classification to refer to a person of mixed European and Indigenous American ancestry. In certain regions such as Latin America, it may also refer to people who are culturally European even though thei ...

) ****C1e – Iceland ****C1f – Pamiri Tajik ( Gorno-Badakhshan),YFull MTree 1.02.7045 (as of January 11, 2021)
/ref> India ( Marathi), Scotland, Italy, Mesolithic NW Russia ****C1g – Mesolithic NW Russia (Karelia) ***C4 – Upper Palaeolithic (14050 - 13770 ybp) Ust-Kyakhta (Buryatia), Late Neolithic-Bronze Age

Irkutsk Oblast Irkutsk Oblast (russian: Ирку́тская о́бласть, Irkutskaya oblast; bua, Эрхүү можо, Erkhüü mojo) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in southeastern Siberia in the basins of the Angara, Lena, and N ...

,Kilinc, G.M., Kashuba, N., Yaka, R., Sumer, A.P., Yuncu, E., Shergin, D., Ivanov, G.L., Kichigin, D., Pestereva, K., Volkov, D., Mandryka, P., Kharinskii, A., Tishkin, A., Ineshin, E., Kovychev, E., Stepanov, A., Alekseev, A., Fedoseeva, S.A., Somel, M., Jakobsson, M., Krzewinska, M., Stora, J., and Gotherstrom, A., "Investigating Holocene human population history in North Asia using ancient mitogenomes." ''Sci Rep'' 8 (1), 8969 (2018) Late Neolithic-Iron Age

Yakutia Sakha, officially the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia),, is the largest republic of Russia, located in the Russian Far East, along the Arctic Ocean, with a population of roughly 1 million. Sakha comprises half of the area of its governing Far E ...

, Tubalar (Ederbes), Todzhin (Toora-Hem, Iiy, Adir-Kezhig), Yukaghir (Andrushkino), Yukaghir/Chuvan (Markovo), Russian,Derenko,M., Malyarchuk,B., Grzybowski,T., Denisova,G., Rogalla,U., Perkova,M., Dambueva,I., and Zakharov,I., "Origin and post-glacial dispersal of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups C and D in northern Asia." ''PLoS ONE'' 5 (12), E15214 (2010). Myanmar ****C4a'b'c -

(6815 ybp), India (Jenu Kuruba) *****C4a – China (Guangdong, Han from Beijing) ******C4a1 –

Tashkurgan Tashkurgan ( ug, تاشقورغان بازىرى; zh, s=塔什库尔干镇, p=Tǎshíkù'ěrgān Zhèn; ) is a town in the far northwest of China, close to the country's border with Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. It is the principal tow ...

(Kyrgyz, Sarikoli, Wakhi), Czech Republic, Denmark *******C4a1a – Korea, China, Uyghur, Buryat (South Siberia), Denmark, Sweden, France, Scotland, Canada ********C4a1a1 *********C4a1a1a **********C4a1a1a1 - Lepcha, Sherpa (Nepal) **********C4a1a1a2 - Lachungpa **********C4a1a1a3 - Wancho *********C4a1a1b - Poland, Finland ( Hamina) ********C-T195C! – Ireland, Scotland, England, USA, Hungary (Szeged regionMalyarchuk,B., Derenko,M., Denisova,G., ''et al.'', "Whole mitochondrial genome diversity in two Hungarian populations." ''Mol. Genet. Genomics'' (2018).), Poland, Belarus, Russia (Russian, Buryat), Turkey, Pakistan ( Hazara), India (Jammu and Kashmir), China (Bargut and Mongol in Inner Mongolia, ''etc.''), Korea *********C4a1a2 – China **********C4a1a2a – China (Han from Ili, Han from Henan, ''etc.'') **********C4a1a2b ***********C4a1a2b1 - China ***********C4a1a2b2 - Uyghur *********C4a1a3 – Bronze Age

(Ust'-Belaya, Khaptsagai, Silinskij, Chastaja Padi), Russian (Kemerovo Oblast), Koryak, Yukaghir, Yakut, Evenk (Nyukzha, Chumikan, Nelkan/Dzhigda), Even (Sakkyryyr, Sebjan,

Tompo The Tompo (russian: Томпо) is a river in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia, a right tributary of the Aldan, part of the Lena basin. River Tompo gives its name to the Tompo District. It flows across desolate regions, Topolinoye being the ...

, Markovo, Kamchatka), Udinsk Buryat (Kushun), Todzhin (Toora-Hem, Adir-Kezhig), Altai Kizhi, Iran (Qashqai), Sweden **********C4a1a3a – Yakut, Buryat (Buryat Republic, Irkutsk Oblast), Bargut, Nentsi ***********C4a1a3a1 – Yakut, Nganasan (Vadei of Taimyr Peninsula) ************C4a1a3a1a - Evenk (Taimyr, Stony Tunguska) ************C4a1a3a1b - TofalarM. V. Derenko, T. Grzybowski, B. A. Malyarchuk, ''et al.'', "Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in South Siberia." ''Annals of Human Genetics'' (2003) 67,391–411.Dryomov, S.V., Starikovskaya, E.B., Nazhmidenova, A.M. ''et al.'' Genetic legacy of cultures indigenous to the Northeast Asian coast in mitochondrial genomes of nearly extinct maritime tribes. ''BMC Evol Biol'' 20, 83 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-020-01652-1 **********C4a1a3b – Bargut, Uyghur ***********C4a1a3b1 - Chelkan, Tubalar **********C4a1a3c – Evenk (Taimyr Peninsula, Stony Tunguska) **********C4a1a3d – Yakut *********C4a1a4 – Buryat, Kazakhstan **********C4a1a4a – Evenk (Okhotsk region), Shor ********C4a1a5 – Teleut, Ladakh ********C4a1a6 *********C4a1a6a - Russia (Bashkortostan, Khamnigan), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz), Inner Mongolia ( Bargut, Buryat) *********C4a1a6b - Buryat (South Siberia, Inner Mongolia), Uyghur ********C4a1a7 - DenmarkKlunk, J., Duggan, A.T., Redfern, R., ''et al.'', "Genetic resiliency and the Black Death: No apparent loss of mitogenomic diversity due to the Black Death in medieval London and Denmark." ''Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.'' (2019). *******C4a1b – China, Thailand ( Palaung) *******C4a1c - Russia (Bashkortostan, Adygei), Iran ( Azerbaijanian), China (Xibo) ******C4a2 *******C4a2a – Yakut, Evenk ( Chumikan) ********C4a2a1 – Bronze Age (2275 - 2040 cal BC)

(specimen irk076 from burial 3 at the Shamanka 2 site, South Baikal), Shor, Chelkan, Teleut, Altai Kizhi, Yakut, Kazakh, Ket,O. A. Derbeneva, E. B. Starikovskaya, N. V. Volodko, D. C. Wallace, and R. I. Sukernik, "Mitochondrial DNA Variation in the Kets and Nganasans and Its Implications for the Initial Peopling of Northern Eurasia." ''Russian Journal of Genetics'', Vol. 38, No. 11, 2002, pp. 1316–1321. Translated from ''Genetika'', Vol. 38, No. 11, 2002, pp. 1554–1560.Kristiina Tambets, Bayazit Yunusbayev, Georgi Hudjashov, ''et al.'', "Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations." ''Genome Biology'' (2018) 19:139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1Dryomov SV, Nazhmidenova AM, Starikovskaya EB, Shalaurova SA, Rohland N, Mallick S, ''et al.'' (2021), "Mitochondrial genome diversity on the Central Siberian Plateau with particular reference to the prehistory of northernmost Eurasia." ''PLoS ONE'' 16(1):e0244228.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244228 Evenk (Stony Tunguska, Taimyr), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast, Inner Mongolia), China, Korea *********C4a2a1a – Yukaghir, Yakut, Evenk (

Nyukzha The Nyukzha (russian: Нюкжа) is a river in Amur Oblast and Transbaikalia, East Siberia, Russian Federation. It is the second largest tributary of the Olyokma river in terms of length and area of its basin. The Nyukzha is long and has a drai ...

, Iyengra, Nelkan/Dzhigda), Even (

) *********C4a2a1b – Evenk (Nyukzha), Yakut **********C4a2a1b1 - Evenk (Nyukzha) *********C4a2a1c - China (

Zhejiang Zhejiang ( or , ; , Chinese postal romanization, also romanized as Chekiang) is an East China, eastern, coastal Provinces of China, province of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Hangzhou, and other notable citie ...

, Uyghurs), Buryat, Todzhin (Iiy), Karanogay ( Dagestan) **********C4a2a1c1 - Tofalar (Alygdzher, Nerkha, V. Gutara), Khamnigan **********C4a2a1c2 - Uyghurs *********C4a2a1d - Uyghurs **********C4a2a1d1 - Udinsk Buryat (Kushun), Tofalar (V. Gutara), Evenk (Central Siberia) **********C4a2a1d2 - Evenk (Nelkan/Dzhigda), Evenk/Nivkh (Val) *********C4a2a1e - Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast) *********C4a2a1f - Buryat (South Siberia, Irkutsk Oblast) *********C4a2a1g - Ket *******C4a2b – Tibet, Korea ********C4a2b1 – Wancho ********C4a2b2 – China (Han from Beijing) *********C4a2b2a – Tibet (Sherpa) *******C4a2c – Bargut (Inner Mongolia) ********C4a2c1 – India (Jenu Kuruba) ********C4a2c2 – Lepcha *********C4a2c2a – Ladakh *****C4b – Yukaghir, Altai Kizhi, Ukraine, Slovakia ******C4b1 – Yukaghir, Buryat *******C4b1a – Bargut (Inner Mongolia) *******C4b1b – Evenk (Stony Tunguska), Buryat ******C4b2 – Koryak *******C4b2a – Koryak, Chukchi ******C4b3 – Yakut, Altai Kizhi *******C4b3a – Yukaghir, Even (Berezovka) ********C4b3a1 – Yukaghir *******C4b3b – Buryat, Evenk (Stony Tunguska) ******C4b5 – Khamnigan, Buryat ******C4b6 – Altai Kizhi, Tubalar ******C4b7 – Yukaghir ******C4b8 – Yakut *******C4b8a – Nganasan *****C4c – Ijka ******C4c1 – Sioux (Carson County of South Dakota), Shuswap, Canada, USA, France, Spain *******C4c1a – Cherokee (Flint District of Oklahoma) *******C4c1b – Chippewa (Trempealeau in Wisconsin), Ottawa or Chippewa (Sault Saint Marie, Chippewa County, Michigan), Canada ******C4c2 – Métis (Red River, Manitoba), USA ****C4-T152C! – Russia (Bashkortostan), England *****C4-T152C!-A12780G - Uyghur ******C4d – Turkey, Tibet (Chamdo, Nyingchi, Shannan, Lhoba), Thailand ( Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province), Han from Beijing *****C4-T152C!-T4742C - Altai Republic (ancient DNA), Uyghur ******C4-T152C!-T4742C-T16093C - Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan), Tibet (

Nyingchi Nyingchi (), also known as Linzhi and as Nyingtri, is a prefecture-level city in the southeast of the Tibet Autonomous Region in China. The administrative seat of Nyingchi is Bayi District. Nyingchi is the location of Buchu Monastery. Economy ...

) ******C4-T152C!-T4742C-T8602C - Sarikoli (

), Burusho (Pakistan) ******C4-T152C!-T4742C-T8602C-G11176A - Pamiri (

Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region Gorno-Badakhshan, officially the Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region,, abbr. / is an autonomous region in eastern Tajikistan, in the Pamir Mountains. It makes up nearly forty-five percent of the country's land area, but only two percen ...

of Tajikistan) *****C4e – Teleut, Shor ***C5 – India ****C5a – Azeri *****C5a1 – Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast), Xibo (HGDP), Kazakhstan ******C5a1a -

Khanty The Khanty ( Khanty: ханти, ''hanti''), also known in older literature as Ostyaks (russian: остяки) are a Ugric indigenous people, living in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a region historically known as "Yugra" in Russia, togethe ...

, Altai Kizhi ******C5a1b - Even ( Severo-Evensk district),

Ulchi Ulchsky District (russian: У́льчский райо́н) is an administrativeResolution #143-pr and municipalLaw #194 district (raion), one of the administrative divisions of Khabarovsk Krai, seventeen in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is locat ...

******C5a1c - Yakut, Khamnigan (South Siberia) ******C5a1d - Buryat (South Siberia, Inner Mongolia) ******C5a1e - Uyghur ******C5a1f - Uyghur *****C5a2 ******C5a2a – Buryat (South Siberia, Buryat Republic), Turkey *******C5a2a1 - Evenk (Nyukzha, Iyengra) ******C5a2b – Yukaghir ( Nelemnoye), Koryak, Chukchi, Evenk (Nelkan/Dzhigda), Even (Kamchatka) *******C5a2b1 – Koryak ****C5b – PolandMalyarchuk,B., Litvinov,A., Derenko,M., Skonieczna,K., Grzybowski,T., Grosheva,A., Shneider,Y., Rychkov,S. and Zhukova,O., "Mitogenomic diversity in Russians and Poles." ''Forensic Sci Int Genet'' 30, 51-56 (2017). *****C5b1 – Buryat (South Siberia), Tofalar, Todjin, Tuvan, Sojot, Ladakh, Japan ******C5b1a – Evenk (Central Siberia) *******C5b1a1 – Nganasan, Yakut, Buryat (South Siberia), Khamnigan (South Siberia), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan) ********C5b1a1a - Tofalar (Nerkha, Alygdzher, V. Gutara), Todzhi-Tuva (Alygdzher), Buryat (South Siberia) *******C5b1a2 - Altai Kizhi (South Siberia), Irtysh-Barabinsk Tatar (

Novosibirsk Oblast Novosibirsk Oblast (russian: Новосиби́рская о́бласть, ''Novosibirskaya oblast'') is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) located in southwestern Siberia. Its administrative and economic center is the city of Novosibir ...

) ******C5b1b –

Khakas The Khakas (also spelled Khakass; Khakas: , ''khakas'', , ''tadar'', , ''khakastar'', , ''tadarlar'') are a Turkic indigenous people of Siberia, who live in the republic of Khakassia, Russia. They speak the Khakas language. The Khakhassian ...

*******C5b1b* – Buryat (South Siberia), Russia (

Chechen Republic Chechnya ( rus, Чечня́, Chechnyá, p=tɕɪtɕˈnʲa; ce, Нохчийчоь, Noxçiyçö), officially the Chechen Republic,; ce, Нохчийн Республика, Noxçiyn Respublika is a republic of Russia. It is situated in the ...

), Bulgaria ( Turk in Dobrich) *******C5b1b1 – Yakut ********C5b1b1a - Yakut, Even ( Sebjan), Evenk ( Stony Tunguska),

Russian Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: *Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...

*******C5b1b2 - Uyghur ****C5-T16093C – Japan (Aichi), Han (Beijing) *****C5c – Tubalar, Teleut, Afghanistan, Persian (Iran), Czech Republic ******C5c-C16234T – Kurd (Iran), Armenia, Turkey, Kuwait *******C5c1 – Poland, Sweden, Greece ********C5c1a – Russian (Uzbekistan), Ukraine, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Austria, Germany, England, Scotland, Ireland, Italy, USA, Canada *****C5d – China, Vietnam (Hmong) ******C5d1 – Altai Kizhi, Tuvan, Evenk (Stony Tunguska), Yukaghir ******C5d2 – Khamnigan, China ***C7 – South Korea (Seoul), China,Jiang,C., Cui,J., Liu,F., Gao,L., Luo,Y., Li,P., Guan,L. and Gao,Y., "Mitochondrial DNA 10609T Promotes Hypoxia-Induced Increase of Intracellular ROS and Is a Risk Factor of High Altitude Polycythemia." ''PLoS ONE'' 9 (1), E87775 (2014). Taiwan (Hakka), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Chiang Mai Province, and Lamphun Province), Vietnam (Kinh, Tay, Jarai) ****C7a – Han (Beijing, Yunnan, Denver, ''etc.''),Fuyun Ji, Mark S. Sharpley, Olga Derbeneva, ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial DNA variant associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and high-altitude Tibetans." ''PNAS'' May 8, 2012 109 (19) 7391-7396; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1202484109. Uyghur, Taiwan (Paiwan, Minnan), Lahu, Thailand (incl. Urak Lawoi, Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province, Khon Mueang in Lamphun Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province, Kaleun in Nakhon Phanom Province, Black Tai in Loei Province, Phuan in Suphan Buri Province), Vietnam (Hani, Yao, Gelao) *****C7a1 – China, Taiwan (Makatao), USA (Han Chinese in Denver), Korea ******C7a1a – Thailand (Mon in Lopburi Province) *******C7a1a1 – Wancho *******C7a1a2 – Dirang Monpa ******C7a1b – Northern Thailand ( Tai Lue), Vietnam ( Nung) ******C7a1c –

Uyghurs The Uyghurs; ; ; ; zh, s=, t=, p=Wéiwú'ěr, IPA: ( ), alternatively spelled Uighurs, Uygurs or Uigurs, are a Turkic ethnic group originating from and culturally affiliated with the general region of Central and East Asia. The Uyghur ...

, Chinese ( Fengcheng, Shandong, Fujian, Taixing, ''etc.''), Taiwan, Korea, Vietnam *******C7a1c1 – Evenk (Central Siberia, Nyukzha River basin, Okhotsk region), Uyghur ******C7a1d – Wancho ******C7a1f – Thailand ( Karen) *******C7a1f1 – Thailand ( Karen, Shan, Khon Mueang from

Mae Hong Son Province Mae Hong Son province ( Burmese: မဲဟောင်ဆောင်; th, แม่ฮ่องสอน, ; Northern Thai: ; Shan: ; formerly called ''Mae Rong Son''), also spelled ''Maehongson'', ''Mae Hong Sorn'' or ''Maehongsorn'', is one of ...

, Mon from Kanchanaburi Province) ********C7a1f1a – Thailand ( S'gaw Karen, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province) *****C7a2 – China,Zhang,A.M., Bandelt,H.J., Jia,X., Zhang,W., Li,S., Yu,D., Wang,D., Zhuang,X.Y., Zhang,Q., and Yao,Y.G., "Is Mitochondrial tRNA Variant m.593T>C a Synergistically Pathogenic Mutation in Chinese LHON Families with m.11778G>A?" ''PLoS ONE'' 6 (10), E26511 (2011). Dai, Laos (Lao in Luang Prabang), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Mon in Nakhon Ratchasima Province), Myanmar (Yangon) ******C7a2a – China ( Shantou, ''etc.''), Taiwan (Hakka, Makatao, ''etc.'') *****C7a3 *****C7a4 *****C7a5 *****C7a6 ****C7-A16051G – Bargut (Inner Mongolia) *****C7b – Gallong, Naxi, Ukraine, Moldova, Austria ****C7c – Korea ****C7d – Taiwan (Hakka), Vietnam (

Vietnamese Vietnamese may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Vietnam, a country in Southeast Asia ** A citizen of Vietnam. See Demographics of Vietnam. * Vietnamese people, or Kinh people, a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to Vietnam ** Overse ...

), Thailand ( Khon Mueang in

, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province), Cambodia ( Kampong Cham) ****C7e – Cambodia ( Takéo), Thailand ( Khmer in Surin Province)

Popular culture

In his popular book ''

The Seven Daughters of Eve ''The Seven Daughters of Eve'' is a 2001 semi-fictional book by Bryan Sykes that presents the science of human origin in Africa and their dispersion to a general audience. Sykes explains the principles of genetics and human evolution, the part ...

'',

Bryan Sykes Bryan Clifford Sykes (9 September 1947 – 10 December 2020) was a British geneticist and science writer who was a Fellow of Wolfson College and Emeritus Professor of human genetics at the University of Oxford.Genealogical DNA test A genealogical DNA test is a DNA-based test used in genetic genealogy that looks at specific locations of a person's genome in order to find or verify ancestral genealogical relationships, or (with lower reliability) to estimate the ethnic mixt ...

* Genetic genealogy *

Human mitochondrial genetics Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondri ...

Population genetics Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology. Studies in this branch of biology examine such phenomena as Adaptation (biology), adaptation, ...

Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, culture, ...

* Indigenous American genetic studies

References

Bibliography

* {{Refend

External links

*General **Ian Logan'
Mitochondrial DNA Site
**Mannis van Oven'
Phylotree
*Haplogroup C

from '' National Geographic'' C