The Hadharem (; singular: Hadhrami, ) are an

Arabic Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns lang ...

-speaking

ethnographic group An ethnographic group or ethnocultural group is a group that has cultural traits that make it stand out from the larger ethnic group it is a part of. In other words, members of an ethnographic group will also consider themselves to be members of a ...

indigenous to the

Hadhramaut Hadhramaut ( ; ) is a geographic region in the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula which includes the Yemeni governorates of Hadhramaut, Shabwah and Mahrah, Dhofar in southwestern Oman, and Sharurah in the Najran Province of Saudi A ...

region in the

Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula (, , or , , ) or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated north-east of Africa on the Arabian plate. At , comparable in size to India, the Arabian Peninsula is the largest peninsula in the world. Geographically, the ...

, which is part of modern-day

Yemen Yemen, officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country in West Asia. Located in South Arabia, southern Arabia, it borders Saudi Arabia to Saudi Arabia–Yemen border, the north, Oman to Oman–Yemen border, the northeast, the south-eastern part ...

. The spoken language of the Hadharem is Hadhrami Arabic. Among the two million inhabitants of

, there are about 1,300 distinct tribes.

Society

Hadhramaut was under Muslim rule and converted to the faith during the time of

Prophet Muhammad In Islam, Muhammad () is venerated as the Seal of the Prophets who transmitted the Quran, eternal word of God () from the Angels in Islam, angel Gabriel () to humans and jinn. Muslims believe that the Quran, the central religious text of Isl ...

. A religious leader from Iraq introduced the Hadharem to

Ibadi Islam Ibadism (, ) is a school of Islam concentrated in Oman established from within the Kharijites. The followers of the Ibadi sect are known as the Ibadis or, as they call themselves, The People of Truth and Integrity (). Ibadism emerged around 60 ...

in the mid-eighth century until in 951 AD when Sunnis took Hadhramaut and put it under their domain. To this day the Hadharem follow

Sunni Islam Sunni Islam is the largest Islamic schools and branches, branch of Islam and the largest religious denomination in the world. It holds that Muhammad did not appoint any Succession to Muhammad, successor and that his closest companion Abu Bakr ...

, specifically the

Shafi'i school The Shafi'i school or Shafi'i Madhhab () or Shafi'i is one of the four major schools of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), belonging to the Ahl al-Hadith tradition within Sunni Islam. It was founded by the Muslim scholar, jurist, and traditionis ...

. Hadharem women have had more freedom and education than women in many other Arab countries.

Social hierarchy

Language

The Hadharem speak Hadhrami Arabic, a dialect of

, although Hadharem living in the diaspora that have acculturated mainly speak the local language of the region they live in.

Diaspora

The Hadharem have a long seafaring and trading tradition that predates Semitic cultures. Hadramite influence was later overshadowed by the rise of the

Sabaeans Sheba, or Saba, was an ancient South Arabian kingdom that existed in Yemen from to . Its inhabitants were the Sabaeans, who, as a people, were indissociable from the kingdom itself for much of the 1st millennium BCE. Modern historians agree th ...

, who became the ruling class. This prompted Hadhrami families to emigrate in large numbers around the

Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or approximately 20% of the water area of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia (continent), ...

basin, including the

Horn of Africa The Horn of Africa (HoA), also known as the Somali Peninsula, is a large peninsula and geopolitical region in East Africa.Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara, Second Edition: A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guilford Press; 2004), ...

, the

Swahili Coast The Swahili coast () is a coastal area of East Africa, bordered by the Indian Ocean and inhabited by the Swahili people. It includes Sofala (located in Mozambique); Mombasa, Gede, Kenya, Gede, Pate Island, Lamu, and Malindi (in Kenya); and Dar es ...

, the

Malabar Coast The Malabar Coast () is the southwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. It generally refers to the West Coast of India, western coastline of India stretching from Konkan to Kanyakumari. Geographically, it comprises one of the wettest regio ...

Hyderabad Hyderabad is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana. It occupies on the Deccan Plateau along the banks of the Musi River (India), Musi River, in the northern part of Southern India. With an average altitude of , much ...

South India South India, also known as Southern India or Peninsular India, is the southern part of the Deccan Peninsula in India encompassing the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana as well as the union territories of ...

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, also known historically as Ceylon, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, separated from the Indian subcontinent, ...

, and

Maritime Southeast Asia Maritime Southeast Asia comprises the Southeast Asian countries of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and East Timor. The terms Island Southeast Asia and Insular Southeast Asia are sometimes given the same meaning as ...

. In the mid 1930s the Hadhrami Diaspora numbered at 110,000, amounting to a third of the total Hadhrami population.

Hadharem in the Arabian Peninsula

Hadharami communities exist in western Yemen, the trading ports of the

Arab states of the Persian Gulf The Arab states of the Persian Gulf, also known as the Gulf Arab states (), refers to a group of Arab states bordering the Persian Gulf. There are seven member states of the Arab League in the region: Bahrain, Kuwait, Iraq, Oman, Qatar, Saudi ...

, and on the coast of the

Red Sea The Red Sea is a sea inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. Its connection to the ocean is in the south, through the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait and the Gulf of Aden. To its north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and th ...

. The money changers in

Jeddah Jeddah ( ), alternatively transliterated as Jedda, Jiddah or Jidda ( ; , ), is a List of governorates of Saudi Arabia, governorate and the largest city in Mecca Province, Saudi Arabia, and the country's second largest city after Riyadh, located ...

Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia. Located in the centre of the Middle East, it covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula and has a land area of about , making it the List of Asian countries ...

have historically been of Hadhrami origin.

Hadhrami East Africans

The Hadharem have long had a presence in the Horn of Africa (

Djibouti Djibouti, officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Horn of Africa, bordered by Somalia to the south, Ethiopia to the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden to the east. The country has an area ...

Ethiopia Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Ken ...

and

Somalia Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is the easternmost country in continental Africa. The country is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, th ...

), and also comprise a notable part of the Harari population. Hadhrami settlers were instrumental in helping to consolidate the

Muslim Muslims () are people who adhere to Islam, a Monotheism, monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God ...

community in the coastal Benadir province of Somalia, in particular. During the colonial period, disgruntled Hadharem from the tribal wars settled in various Somali towns. They were also frequently recruited into the armies of the Somali Sultanates. Some Hadhrami communities also reportedly exist in

Mozambique Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country located in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Afr ...

Comoros The Comoros, officially the Union of the Comoros, is an archipelagic country made up of three islands in Southeastern Africa, located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city is Moroni, ...

, and

Madagascar Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, is an island country that includes the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Lying off the southeastern coast of Africa, it is the world's List of islands by area, f ...

Hadhrami Jews

The vast majority of the Hadhrami Jews now live in Israel.

List of Hadhrami Diaspora

Sri Lankan Moors Sri Lankan Moors (; Arwi: ; ; formerly Ceylon Moors; colloquially referred to as Sri Lankan Muslims) are an ethnic minority group in Sri Lanka, comprising 9.3% of the country's total population. Most of them are native speakers of the Tamil langua ...

* Arab Filipino * Arab Indonesian * Arab Malaysian * Arab Singaporean * Chaush,

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

* Sodagar (Gujarati Shaikh) *

Konkani Muslims Konkani Muslims (or ''Kokani'' Muslims) are an ethnoreligious subgroup of the Konkani people of the Konkani region along the west coast of India, who practice Islam. '' Nawayath'' and " Nakhuda" Muslims from the North Canara district of Karn ...

of the Konkani division of

Maharashtra Maharashtra () is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. It is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south, Telangana to th ...

(partially) * Nawayath, of

, Goa and

Karnataka Karnataka ( ) is a States and union territories of India, state in the southwestern region of India. It was Unification of Karnataka, formed as Mysore State on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, States Re ...

, India;

Barkas, Hyderabad Barkas is a neighborhood in Hyderabad, India, located in the old city area of Hyderabad. The name "Barkas" is believed to be derived from the English word "Barracks". The old Arabs pronounced Barracks as Barkas in their Arabic flow. Barkas serv ...

, India * Mappila of

Kerala Kerala ( , ) is a States and union territories of India, state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile ...

, India * Hadhrami Jews in

Israel Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in West Asia. It Borders of Israel, shares borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the north-east, Jordan to the east, Egypt to the south-west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Isr ...

and abroad * The Surti Sunni Vohra Community in

Gujarat Gujarat () is a States of India, state along the Western India, western coast of India. Its coastline of about is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula. Gujarat is the List of states and union territories ...

that are partially of Hadhrami descent * Lemba people (Sena) who are of paternal Yemeni ancestry via Hadhramautic settlers in South East Africa; These Hadhrami settlers were primarily from the city of Sana.

Notable people

Yemen

* Mohammed A. Al-Hadhrami, former Foreign Minister of the Republic of Yemen (2019-2020) *

Abd Al-Rahman Ali Al-Jifri As-Sayyid Abd Al-Rahman Ali Al-Jifri (born in November 1943) is a Yemeni opposition leader. He was the vice-president of the Presidency Council of the short-lived Government of the Democratic Republic of Yemen that was established on May 21, 1994. ...

, politician * Abdulaziz Al-Saqqaf, human-rights activist * Faisal Bin Shamlan, politician * Habib Ali al-Jifri, Islamic scholar * Habib Umar bin Hafiz, Islamic scholar * Habib Abdullah bin Alwi al-Haddad,

Sufi Sufism ( or ) is a mysticism, mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic Tazkiyah, purification, spirituality, ritualism, and Asceticism#Islam, asceticism. Practitioners of Sufism are r ...

saint * Imam Muhammad al-Faqih Muqaddam, founder of Ba'alawi Sufi order * Sayyid Abu Bakr Al-Aidarus (saint)

Swahili Coast

* Awadh Saleh Sherman,

Kenya Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country located in East Africa. With an estimated population of more than 52.4 million as of mid-2024, Kenya is the 27th-most-populous country in the world and the 7th most populous in Africa. ...

, businessman * Najib Balala,

, former Minister of Tourism * Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi, former President of Comoros * Habib Salih, Lamu, Kenya, religious scholar * Khadija Abdalla Bajaber,

Mombasa Mombasa ( ; ) is a coastal city in southeastern Kenya along the Indian Ocean. It was the first capital of British East Africa, before Nairobi was elevated to capital status in 1907. It now serves as the capital of Mombasa County. The town is ...

, Kenya, poet and novelist

North Africa

* Artega tribe,

Sudan Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopi ...

Horn of Africa

* Mohammed Al Amoudi,

, businessman

Indonesia

* Abdurrahman Baswedan, Journalist * Abdurrahman Shihab, Academic and Politician * Najwa Shihab, Journalist and tv presenter * Abu Bakar Bashir, founder of Jamaah Islamiyah * Ali Alatas, former Foreign Minister * Ahmad bin Abdullah Al Saqqaf, novelist and poet * Alwi Shihab, former Foreign Minister, special envoy to

Middle East The Middle East (term originally coined in English language) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq. The term came into widespread usage by the United Kingdom and western Eur ...

and OIC * Anies Baswedan, scholar, former Education Minister, Governor of

Jakarta Jakarta (; , Betawi language, Betawi: ''Jakartè''), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (; ''DKI Jakarta'') and formerly known as Batavia, Dutch East Indies, Batavia until 1949, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia and ...

(2017-2022) * Nadiem Anwar Makarim, Minister of Education and Culture and former CEO of

Gojek PT Gojek Indonesia (stylized in all lower case and stylized ''j'' as goȷek, formerly styled as GO-JEK) is an Indonesian on-demand multi-service platform and digital payment technology group based in Jakarta. Gojek was first established in Ind ...

* Fadel Muhammad al-Haddar, former Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries * Fuad Hassan, Minister of Education and Culture * Hamid Algadri, a figure in Indonesian National Revolution and member of parliament * Sultan Hamid II, Pontianak Sultanate * Habib Abdoe'r Rahman Alzahier, religious leader * Habib Ali al-Habshi of Kwitang, religious leader * Habib Munzir Al-Musawa, Islamic cleric * Habib Rizieq Shihab, founder of

FPI FPI may refer to: Government and politics * Federal Prison Industries, a US government corporation which employs Penal labor in the United States, prison labor * Foreign Policy Initiative, an American think tank * Foreign Policy Institute, a Turk ...

* Habib Usman bin Yahya, Mufti of Batavia * Jafar Umar Thalib, founder of Laskar Jihad * Sultan Badaruddin II, Sultan of Palembang * Munir Said Thalib Al-Kathiri, human rights activist * Nuruddin ar-Raniri, Islamic scholar * Quraish Shihab, Islamic scholar * Raden Saleh, Artist/painter * Said Naum, a philanthropist * Sayyid Abdullah Al-Aidarus, religious leader * Andi Soraya, Actress * Ahmad Albar, Musician

East Timor

* Mari Alkatiri, former Prime Minister

Malaysia

* Habib Alwi bin Thahir al-Haddad, former Mufti of Johor Bahru *

Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas Syed Muhammad al Naquib bin Ali al-Attas ( ; born 5 September 1931) is a Malaysian Muslim philosopher. He is one of the few contemporary scholars who is thoroughly rooted in the traditional Islamic sciences and studied theology, philosophy, me ...

, philosopher * Syed Hussein Alatas, politician and sociologist * Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir, writer * Syed Hamid Albar, politician * Syed Jaafar Albar, politician *

Syed Sheh Hassan Barakbah Malay titles#Tun, Tun Syed Sheh Al-Haj bin Syed Hassan Barakbah (10 November 1906 – 8 October 1975) was a prominent Malaysian judge. He was the second Lord President of the Federal Court, and the first Malaysian to hold that office. After his ...

, judge *

Syarif Masahor Syarif Masahor bin Syarif Hassan (1800, Bruneian Empire - February 1890, Colony of Singapore), also written as Sharif Masahor, was a Malays (ethnic group), Malay rebel of Hadhrami people, Hadhrami descent in Sarikei in the Raj of Sarawak. Bac ...

, warrior * Syed Mokhtar Al-Bukhary businessman * Syed Nasir Ismail, politician * Tun Habib Abdul Majid, Grand Vizier * Zeti Akhtar Aziz, former governor of Central Bank * House of Jamalullail (Perak) * House of Jamalullail (Perlis) *

Syed Saddiq Syed Saddiq bin Syed Abdul Rahman (; born 6 December 1992) is a Malaysian politician and convicted criminal who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Muar since May 2018. He served as the Minister of Youth and Sports in the Pakat ...

, politician

Singapore

The Hadharem presence in Singapore came from encouragement of

Stamford Raffles Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles (5 July 1781 – 5 July 1826) was a British Colonial Office, colonial official who served as the List of governors of the Dutch East Indies, governor of the Dutch East Indies between 1811 and 1816 and lieut ...

to trade in his newly established

colony of Singapore The Colony of Singapore was a Crown colony of the United Kingdom that encompassed what is modern-day Singapore from 1946 to 1959. During this period, Christmas Island, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Crown Colony of Labuan, Labuan were also ...

. * Alsagoff family * Syed Abdul Rahman Alsagoff, merchant * Syed Mohamed Alsagoff, military leader * Syed Sharif Omar bin Ali Al Junied, merchant and namesake of Aljunied Road

South Asia

* Ahmed Bin Abdullah Balala, Indian politician * Ahmed Abdullah Masdoosi, Indian activist and lawyer * Nuruddin ar-Raniri, Indian Islamic scholar * Shah Jalal, Sufi saint in Bengal * Shah Paran, Sufi saint in Bengal * Subhani ba Yunus, Pakistani actor * Syed Ahmed El Edroos, Indian Army general of Hyderabad * Sulaiman Areeb, Indian poet *

Awaz Sayeed Awaz Bin Sayeed, also spelt Evaz Saeed (3 March 1934 – 2 July 1995) () (pen name: Chaand, ), was a modern short-story writer, poet, playwright, Khaka-naveez and humorist from Hyderabad, India. Early life and family Awaz Sayeed was b ...

, Indian writer and poet * Sayed Farooq Rahman, Bangladeshi politician and army officer

Qatar

* Bawazir family chromeextension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://sunypress.edu/content/download/450918/5482403/version/1/file/9780791452172_imported2_excerpt.pdf * Bayazid family * Bin Hilabi family * Bahantoush Al-Kindi family * Abu Futtaim family * Belgaith family * Bakhamees family * Al Attas family * Al Kathiri family * Baharoon family https://sunypress.edu/content/download/450918/5482403/version/1/file/9780791452172_imported2_excerpt.pdf * Bin Shahbal family * Al Jeenadi/Junaidi * Al Amoodi

Saudi Arabia

Bin Laden family The bin Laden family (), also spelled bin Ladin, is a wealthy Hadharem, Hadhrami family intimately connected with the innermost circles of the House of Saud, Saudi royal family. It is the namesake and controlling shareholder of the Saudi Binladi ...

* Mohammed Al Amoudi, businessman * Khalid bin Mahfouz * Omar Al Saqqaf, Diplomat

United Kingdom

* Shatha Altowai, visual artist, painter * Saber Bamatraf, Yemeni pianist, composer, and cultural activist.

References

{{reflist, refs= *{{Source-attribution, {{Cite book , last=India Office , url=https://archive.org/details/20201031_20201031_1145/page/727/mode/2up , title=Gazetteer of Arabia Vol. I (Qatar Digital Library) , date=1917 , pages=727–729, pl=n, inline=y

*{{Cite book, title=Southeast Asia and the Middle East: Islam, Movement, and the Longue Durée, last=Abaza, first=Mona, publisher=NUS Press, year=2009, isbn=9789971694241, editor-last=Tagliacozzo, editor-first=Eric, pages=250–274, language=en, chapter=M. Asad Shahab: A Portrait of an Indonesian Hadrami Who Bridged the Two Worlds, oclc=260294282, chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3nlvRJyjUEC&pg=PA250 *{{Cite book, title=The Hadhrami diaspora in Southeast Asia: Identity maintenance or assimilation?, publisher=

Brill Brill may refer to: Places * Brielle (sometimes "Den Briel"), a town in the western Netherlands * Brill, Buckinghamshire, a village in England * Brill, Cornwall, a small village to the west of Constantine, Cornwall, UK * Brill, Wisconsin, an un ...

, year=2009, isbn=9789004172319, editor-last=Abushouk, editor-first=Ahmed Ibrahim, issn=1385-3376, oclc=568619869, editor-last2=Ibrahim, editor-first2=Hassan Ahmed * AHMED BIN SALAM BAHIYAL who came from hadramaut to MAHABUBNAGAR (HYDERABAD) INDIA, 1821 *{{Cite book, title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times, last=Ali, first=Shanti Sadiq, publisher= Orient Blackswan, year=1996, isbn=9788125004851, pages=193–202, language=en, chapter=Chapter 9: The Importation of Arabs and Africans into Hyderabad, chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA193 *{{Cite journal, last=Aljunied, first=Syed Muhd Khairudin, date=2007, title=The Role of Hadramis in Post-Second World War Singapore – A Reinterpretation, journal=Immigrants & Minorities, volume=25, issue=2, pages=163–183, doi=10.1080/02619280802018165, s2cid=144316388, issn=0261-9288 *{{Cite journal, last=Al-Saqqaf, first=Abdullah Hassan, date=2008, title=The Linguistics of Loanwords in Hadrami Arabic, journal=International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, volume=9, issue=1, pages=75–93, doi=10.1080/13670050608668631, s2cid=145299220, issn=1367-0050 *{{Cite book, chapter-url=http://universitypublishingonline.org/ref/id/foundation/CBO9788175969346A024, title=Quest of a Discipline: New Academic Directions for Comparative Literature, last=Al-Saqqaf, first=Abdullah Hassan, publisher=Foundation Books, year=2012, isbn=9788175969339, editor-last=Raj, editor-first=Rizio Yohannan, location=India, pages=191–212, language=en, chapter=Arabic Literature in Diaspora: An Example from South Asia, doi=10.1017/cbo9788175969346.018 *{{Cite book, title=Sufis and scholars of the sea: Family networks in East Africa, 1860-1925, last=Bang, first=Anne K., publisher=Routledge, year=2003, isbn=9780415317634, oclc=51879622 *{{Cite book, title=On the edge of empire: Hadhramawt, emigration, and the Indian Ocean, 1880s-1930s, last=Boxberger, first=Linda, publisher=SUNY Press, year=2002, isbn=9780791452172, issn=2472-954X, oclc=53226033 *{{Cite journal, last=Freitag, first=Ulrike, date=1999, title=Hadhramaut: A Religious Centre for the Indian Ocean in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries?, jstor=1596090, journal=Studia Islamica, issue=89, pages=165–183, doi=10.2307/1596090 *{{Cite book, title=Southeast Asia and the Middle East: Islam, movement, and the Longue Durée, last=Freitag, first=Ulrike, date=2009, publisher=NUS Press, isbn=9789971694241, editor-last=Tagliacozzo, editor-first=Eric, pages=235–249, chapter=From Golden Youth in Arabia to Business Leaders in Singapore: Instructions of a Hadrami Patriarch, oclc=260294282, chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3nlvRJyjUEC&pg=PA235 *{{Cite book, title=Hadrami Arabs in present-day Indonesia: An Indonesia-oriented group with an Arab signature, last=Jacobsen, first=Frode F., publisher=Routledge, year=2008, isbn=9780203884614, oclc=310362117 *{{Cite book, chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_WNqSH4ByQC&pg=PA52, title=Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi, last=Khalidi, first=Omar, publisher=Popular Prakashan, year=1996, isbn=9788171545797, editor-last=Kulakarṇī, editor-first=A. Rā, location=Bombay, India, language=en, chapter=The Arabs of Hadramawt in Hyderabad: Mystics, Mercenaries and Money-lenders, editor-last2=Nayeem, editor-first2=M. A., editor-last3=Souza, editor-first3=Teotonio R. De *{{Cite book , url=https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nai:diva-502 , title=Diasporas within and without Africa: Dynamism, heterogeneity, variation , publisher=Stylus Pub Llc, Nordiska Afrikainstitutet , year=2006 , isbn=9789171065636 , editor-last=Manger , editor-first=Leif , pages=61 , chapter=A Hadrami Diaspora in the Sudan , oclc=74650767 , editor-last2=Assal , editor-first2=Munzoul A. M. *{{Cite journal, last=Manger, first=Leif, date=2007, title=Hadramis in Hyderabad: From Winners to Losers, journal=Asian Journal of Social Science, volume=35, issue=4, pages=405–433, doi=10.1163/156853107x240279, issn=1568-5314 *{{Cite book, title=The Hadrami diaspora: Community-building on the Indian Ocean rim, last=Manger, first=Leif, publisher=Berghahn Books, year=2010, isbn=9781845459789, oclc=732958389 *{{Cite journal, last=Miran, first=Jonathan, date=2012, title=Red Sea Translocals: Hadrami Migration, Entrepreneurship, and Strategies of Integration in Eritrea, 1840s–1970s, journal=Northeast African Studies, volume=12, issue=1, pages=129–167, doi=10.1353/nas.2012.0035, s2cid=143621961, issn=1535-6574 *{{Cite book, title=The Hadrami awakening: Community and identity in the Netherlands East Indies, 1900-1942, last=Mobini-Kesheh, first=Natalie, publisher= SEAP Publications, year=1999, isbn=9780877277279, oclc=43269837 *{{Cite book, title=Lamu: History, society, and family in an East African port city, last=Romero, first=Patricia W., date=1997, publisher=Markus Wiener, isbn=9781558761070, pages=93–108, 167–184, oclc=35919259 *{{Cite journal, last=Talib, first=Ameen Ali, date=1997, title=Hadramis in Singapore, journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, volume=17, issue=1, pages=89–96, doi=10.1080/13602009708716360, issn=1360-2004 *{{Cite journal, last=Walker, first=Iain, date=2008, title=Hadramis, Shimalis and Muwalladin: Negotiating Cosmopolitan Identities between the Swahili Coast and Southern Yemen, journal=Journal of Eastern African Studies, volume=2, issue=1, pages=44–59, doi=10.1080/17531050701846724, s2cid=143463975, issn=1753-1055 *{{Cite book, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C&pg=PA201, title=An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change, last=Yimene, first=Ababu Minda, publisher=Cuvillier Verlag, year=2004, isbn=9783865372062, pages=204, language=en {{Yemeni diaspora Arab ethnic groups Yemeni diaspora Ethnic groups in the Middle East Ethnic groups in Yemen Hadhramaut