Alexei Ivanovich Hegai (; 18 March 1908 – 2 July 1953), also known as Ho Ka-i (), was a

Soviet The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

political operative in North Korea (DPRK) and leader of the Soviet Korean faction within the early political structure of North Korea. He was the second vice-chairman of the DPRK Politburo from 1949 until he was purged. He allegedly killed himself in

Pyongyang Pyongyang () is the Capital city, capital and largest city of North Korea, where it is sometimes labeled as the "Capital of the Revolution" (). Pyongyang is located on the Taedong River about upstream from its mouth on the Yellow Sea. Accordi ...

and was replaced as leader by Pak Chang-ok.

Early life

Aleksei Ivanovich Hegai, also known as Ho Ka-i, was born on 18 March 1908 in

Khabarovsk Khabarovsk ( ) is the largest city and the administrative centre of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia,Law #109 located from the China–Russia border, at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers, about north of Vladivostok. As of the 2021 Russian c ...

in Russia. His father was a teacher at a Korean school in the Russian Empire. Ho Ka-i was never given a

Korean name Korean names are names that place their origin in, or are used in, Korea. A Korean name in the modern era typically consists of a surname followed by a given name, with no middle names. A number of Korean terms for names exist. For full names, ...

when he was born, unlike many Russian Koreans. His Korean name is assumed to be an adaptation of his Russian family name. He was

orphan An orphan is a child whose parents have died, are unknown, or have permanently abandoned them. It can also refer to a child who has lost only one parent, as the Hebrew language, Hebrew translation, for example, is "fatherless". In some languages ...

ed at a young age; his mother died in 1911 and a few months later his father died by suicide. Ho Ka-i and his younger brother were raised by their uncle, who worked as a digger in gold fields in Khabarovsk. In 1920, at the age of twelve, Ho Ka-i began working at a

tobacco Tobacco is the common name of several plants in the genus '' Nicotiana'' of the family Solanaceae, and the general term for any product prepared from the cured leaves of these plants. More than 70 species of tobacco are known, but the ...

factory in Khabarovsk to bring in some money to help support the family. Ho Ka-i started to get involved in communist politics, as a way for his family to try to get out of the lower class. Many citizens who were impoverished, found that by being actively involved in the Communist Party, their family would be elevated. Throughout the 1920s, Ho Ka-i attended conferences and meetings in the USSR and at the age of 22, he joined the Communist Party. Not long after Ho Ka-i joined the Communist Party, he became well known for his intelligence and remarkable organizational skills, soon becoming the secretary of the

Far Eastern The Far East is the geographical region that encompasses the easternmost portion of the Asian continent, including North, East and Southeast Asia. South Asia is sometimes also included in the definition of the term. In modern times, the term ''F ...

committee of the Soviet Communist Youth League. At the age of nineteen, he married a Soviet Korean, Anna Innokentevna Li, and they would eventually have five children, forcing him to abandon his studies in order to support his family. Working under the Communist Party, he served as secretary for many years, upgrading his family out of the lower class because of his dedication and his service to the party. In 1933, Ho Ka-i left for Moscow, studying at the Sverdlov All-Union Communist Agriculture University. However, on 10 July 1935, he left university due to "family reasons." In 1937, when

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Dzhugashvili; 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin, his death in 1953. He held power as General Secret ...

purges In history, religion and political science, a purge is a position removal or execution of people who are considered undesirable by those in power from a government, another, their team leaders, or society as a whole. A group undertaking such an ...

of upper- and middle-class party leaders became common; it was a miracle that he was not purged. The purges took place mainly because Stalin took the elites "relative independence and freedom of mind" as a threat to his own power. But towards the end of 1937, Ho Ka-i became very paranoid and had a bag ready at the door, for his impending arrest. Yet, Ho Ka-i was never arrested. During the years leading up to his departure to

Korea Korea is a peninsular region in East Asia consisting of the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, and smaller islands. Since the end of World War II in 1945, it has been politically Division of Korea, divided at or near the 38th parallel north, 3 ...

, Ho Ka-i took his family to Yangiyul,

Uzbekistan , image_flag = Flag of Uzbekistan.svg , image_coat = Emblem of Uzbekistan.svg , symbol_type = Emblem of Uzbekistan, Emblem , national_anthem = "State Anthem of Uzbekistan, State Anthem of the Republ ...

, while he was being cleared to be reinstated to full Party membership, after his and many others' expulsion due to the purges. Eventually, he was found innocent and reinstated, though it took a number of years for him to get back to his previous position in the Party. By 1945, he alongside a dozen other men, were sent by Soviet authorities to the Far East to serve as translators between Russia and Korea. Yet, when he arrived, he was instead placed in a leadership role within the

Workers' Party of North Korea The Workers' Party of North Korea () was a communist party in North Korea from 1946 to 1949 and was a predecessor of the current Workers' Party of Korea. It was founded at a congress on 28–30 August 1946, by the merger of the northern branc ...

Pre-Korean War

Ho Ka-i was sent to Korea to help create the Communist Party there. In 1946, Ho Ka-i, alongside

Kim Il Sung Kim Il Sung (born Kim Song Ju; 15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was a North Korean politician and the founder of North Korea, which he led as its first Supreme Leader (North Korean title), supreme leader from North Korea#Founding, its establishm ...

, Kim Tu-bong, Chu Yong-ha, and Choe Chang-ik made up the Political Committee, which was formed to decide the new leader of the government. Ho Ka-i was elected to represent the Soviet Occupation Authorities. At a Second Party Congress Session from March 27 to 30, 1948, Ho Ka-i delivered an unscheduled speech, condemning some officials, who had previously apologized, for not admitting their mistakes. Ho Ka-i accused O Ki-sŏp and Ch'oe Young-dal for being prideful and defending themselves at the cost of party progress, going so far as to accuse O Ki Sŏp of his attitude and individual heroism. Being accused of individual heroism was dishonorable because being part of a communist regime; the emphasis was on the whole, and not on the individual person. By not admitting their mistakes, Ho Ka-i said their apologies were not valid and just empty words. Ho Ka-i claimed that because they had apologized without admitting that they were wrong, the men were just doing what they were supposed to and not really sorry and thus, would make the same decisions again. In Korea, Ho Ka-i rapidly moved up the ranks of the North Korean communist leadership. At the third plenum of the Second Central Committee from September 24 to 25, 1948, Ho Kai replaced Chu Yong-ha as the vice-chairman of the party as well as the chairman of the inspection committee, where Kim Il Sung was the chairman. On 24 June 1949, the first joint plenum of the two central committees of the Workers' Party of North and

South Korea South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the southern half of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and borders North Korea along the Korean Demilitarized Zone, with the Yellow Sea to the west and t ...

occurred as Kim Il Sung was formally elected chairman of the Workers' Party and Ho Ka-i as second vice-chairman as well as first secretary. The Soviet authorities thought Ho Ka-i to be an expert in organization, causing him to move up in party ranks. Ho Ka-i was third in ranking, only behind the chairman and Pak Hon-yong, the vice-chairman. During this time, Ho Ka-i married his second wife, after his first wife died in Pyongyang in 1947 of tuberculosis. Nina Tsoi and Ho Ka-i were married on 1 January 1949. Nina Tsoi was the daughter of Piotr Invanovich (Ch'oe Pyo-dok), a Korean officer in the

Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union. The army was established in January 1918 by a decree of the Council of People ...

who "survived the mass terror of 1937-9."

Ho Ka-i and Kim Il Sung's confrontation

In September 1951, Kim Il Sung and Ho Ka-i had a dispute over how to reorganize the tattered party and how to handle party members who were not completely loyal. The party was split on how they should set up its government and what sort of actions they should take in doing so. Kim Il Sung said that the Korean war had helped to distinguish between the loyal and disloyal members of the party and those who went against the party should be punished via legal channels, avoiding any indiscriminate purges. Ho Ka-i, who was the chair of the inspection committee, did the exact opposite, conducting indiscriminate purges of low-ranking party members to check their loyalty to the Party. Numbers from North Korea suggest that Ho Ka-i expelled and punished over 450,000 of the party's 600,000 members during the war. Kim Il Sung felt that Ho Ka-i was using harsh measures, punishing any member who failed to show the newly issued membership card, but Ho Ka-i failed to cooperate. The main issue between the two men was whether to build an elite communist party that takes after the Soviet Union or a mass party which the Soviet occupation authorities had suggested. Ho Ka-i opted to follow the Soviet Union model while Kim Il Sung wanted the mass party which the Soviet occupation authorities suggested. Ho Ka-i, according to Kim Il Sung at a later date, had desired an elite communist party while Kim wanted a strong mass party that built up all of the country's unique features. Later, Kim Il Sung reinstated all the expelled members and Ho Ka-i, instead was purged. Kim Il Sung took advantage of Ho Ka-i's misfortune, ridiculing Ho Ka-i about party matters as well as accusing him of being secretive and acting on personal heroism. In November 1951, Ho Ka-i was removed from his posts. This act greatly weakened the influence of Soviet Koreans, men who were sent from the USSR to help implement their power into the new Korean country, which was part of the goal of Kim Il Sung, in order to transition into power. But Kim Il Sung did not completely remove Ho Ka-i from political influence, appointing Ho Ka-i as deputy prime minister. Kim Il Sung and his followers wanted Ho Ka-i out of that position, accusing him of many dishonorable actions such as Ho Ka-i's secret desire to become dictator, his individual heroism and ignoring the needs of Korea but concerned only with his own gain. At the sixth joint plenum of the Central Committee on 4 August 1953, it was reported that Ho Ka-i had killed himself. Official reports show that he was reported dead on 2 July 1953 at 9:30pm.

References

Bibliography

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Early life

Pre-Korean War

Ho Ka-i and Kim Il Sung's confrontation

See also

References

Bibliography

Further reading