Hexis ( grc, ἕξις) is a relatively stable arrangement or disposition, for example a person's health or knowledge or character. It is an

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic p ...

word, important in the philosophy of

Aristotle Aristotle (; grc-gre, Ἀριστοτέλης ''Aristotélēs'', ; 384–322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical Greece, Classical period in Ancient Greece. Taught by Plato, he was the founder of the Peripatet ...

, and because of this it has become a traditional word of philosophy. It stems from a verb related to possession or "having", and Jacob Klein, for example, translates it as "possession". It is more typically translated in modern texts occasionally as "state" (e.g., H. Rackham), but more often as " disposition".

General description

Joe Sachs translates it as "active condition", in order to make sure that ''hexis'' is not confused with passive conditions of the soul, such as feelings and impulses or mere capacities that belong to us by nature. Sachs points to Aristotle's own distinction, explained for example in '' Categories'' 8b, which distinguishes the word ''diathesis'', normally uncontroversially translated as disposition. In this passage, ''diathesis'' only applies to passive and shallow dispositions that are easy to remove and change, such as being hot or cold, while ''hexis'' is reserved for deeper and more active dispositions, such as properly getting to know something in a way that it will not be easily forgotten. Another common example of a human ''hexis'' in Aristotle is health (, or sometimes , in Greek) and in cases where ''hexis'' is discussed in the context of health, it is sometimes translated as "constitution".

Humans

Apart from needing to be relatively stable or permanent, in contexts concerning humans (such as knowledge, health, and good character) ''hexis'' is also generally understood to be contrasted from other dispositions, conditions and habits, by being "acquired" by some sort of training or other habituation. According to

Plotinus Plotinus (; grc-gre, Πλωτῖνος, ''Plōtînos''; – 270 CE) was a philosopher in the Hellenistic philosophy, Hellenistic tradition, born and raised in Roman Egypt. Plotinus is regarded by modern scholarship as the founder of Neop ...

, virtue is a hexis of the soul that is not primarily related to

praxis Praxis may refer to: Philosophy and religion * Praxis (process), the process by which a theory, lesson, or skill is enacted, practised, embodied, or realised *Praxis model, a way of doing theology * Praxis (Byzantine Rite), the practice of fai ...

and habituation; hexis is a quality of being in an active state of possession that intellectualizes the soul in permanent contemplation of the intelligible world (Enn. VI.8.5.3–37). Other uses also occur, for example it is sometimes translated as "habit", based upon the classical translation from Greek to Latin "''

habitus Habitus may refer to: * Habitus (biology), a term commonly used in biology as being less ambiguous than "habit" * Habitus (sociology), embodied dispositions or tendencies that organize how people perceive and respond to the world around them * ' ...

''", which also comes from a verb indicating having. The Latin term is also used in English and as a result "''

''" is for example also a term used in sociology.

Aristotle

Being in a truly fixed state, as opposed to being stable, is not implied in the original Aristotelian usage of this word. He uses the example of "

health Health, according to the World Health Organization, is "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity".World Health Organization. (2006)''Constitution of the World Health Organiza ...

" being a ''hexis''. So according to Aristotle, a "''hexis''" is a type of "disposition" (diathesis) which he in turn describes in the same as follows... And specifically it is the type of disposition "in virtue of which (''kath' ho'') the thing which is disposed is disposed well or badly, and either independently or in relation to something else". The wording "in virtue of which" was also described in the same passage... In Aristotle then, a ''hexis'' is an arrangement of parts such that the arrangement might have excellence, being well arranged, or in contrast, might be badly arranged. Also see Aristotle's Categories viii where a hexis ("habit" in the translation of Edghill) is contrasted with a disposition (''diathesis'') in terms of it being more permanent and less easy to change. The example given is "knowledge" ('' epistemē''). In perhaps the most important case, Aristotle contrasted ''hexis'' with '' energeia'' (in the sense of activity or operation) at Nicomachean Ethics I.viii.1098b33 and Eudemian Ethics II.i.1218b. The subject here was ''

eudaimonia Eudaimonia (Greek: εὐδαιμονία ; sometimes anglicized as eudaemonia or eudemonia, ) is a Greek word literally translating to the state or condition of 'good spirit', and which is commonly translated as 'happiness' or ' welfare'. In w ...

'', the proper aim of human life, often translated as "happiness" and ''hexis'' is contrasted with ''energeia'' (ἐνέργεια) in order to show the correctness of a proposed definition of ''eudaimonia'' - "activity (ἐνέργεια) in conformity with virtue"

Happiness

Happiness then, is an , but virtue of character (often translated as "moral virtue") is made up of . Happiness is said to deserve honoring like the divine if it actually achieved, while virtue of character, being only a potential achievement, deserves praise but is lower.

New Testament

...and defined in the Strong's concordance...Strong, J. (1996). The exhaustive concordance of the Bible : Showing every word of the test of the common English version of the canonical books, and every occurrence of each word in regular order. (electronic ed.) (G1838). Ontario: Woodside Bible Fellowship.

References

Bibliography

* * * * {{Ancient Greek philosophical concepts Concepts in ancient Greek metaphysics Greek Muses Philosophy of Aristotle Theories in ancient Greek philosophy