Haneef Akhtar Fatmi (1933-1995) was a Pakistani engineer specializing in cybernetics. He was born in

Bhopal State Bhopal State (pronounced ) was founded by the Maharaja of Parmar Rajputs. In the beginning of the 18th-century, Bhopal State was converted into an Islamic principality, in the invasion of the Afghan Mughal noble Dost Muhammad Khan. It was ...

and took a degree in Electrical Engineering at Karachi University (1951). While studying with

Dennis Gabor Dennis Gabor ( ; ; 5 June 1900 – 9 February 1979) was a Hungarian-British physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1971 for his invention of holography. He obtained British citizenship in 1946 and spent most of his life in Engla ...

and

Abdus Salam Mohammad Abdus Salam Salam adopted the forename "Mohammad" in 1974 in response to the anti-Ahmadiyya decrees in Pakistan, similarly he grew his beard. (; ; 29 January 192621 November 1996) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist. He shared the 1 ...

Imperial College Imperial College London, also known as Imperial, is a public research university in London, England. Its history began with Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria, who envisioned a cultural district in South Kensington that included museums ...

he wrote his doctorate on ionized gases. Whilst at the

London University The University of London (UoL; abbreviated as Lond or more rarely Londin in post-nominals) is a federal public research university located in London, England, United Kingdom. The university was established by royal charter in 1836 as a degr ...

, he helped found the

Cybernetics Society The Cybernetics Society is a UK-based learned society that exists to promote the understanding of Cybernetics. The core activity of the Cybernetics Society is the organization and facilitation of scientific meetings, conferences, and social events ...

. In 1970 Fatmi, with Young, published a definition of intelligence in the journal ''

Nature Nature is an inherent character or constitution, particularly of the Ecosphere (planetary), ecosphere or the universe as a whole. In this general sense nature refers to the Scientific law, laws, elements and phenomenon, phenomena of the physic ...

'', that subject to widespread comments and notability being listed by the

Institute of Physics The Institute of Physics (IOP) is a UK-based not-for-profit learned society and professional body that works to advance physics education, physics research, research and applied physics, application. It was founded in 1874 and has a worldwide ...

as "one of the 2000 leading quotations of all times". A.P. Zeleznikar 1995 Profile Haneef Fatmi, An International Journal of Computing and Informatics https://informatica.si/index.php/informatica/issue/viewFile/74/65#page=3 That definition is that: ''"Intelligence is that faculty, of mind, by which order is perceived in a situation previously considered disordered". '' (H. A. Fatmi & R. W. Young, "A Definition of Intelligence", Nature 228, 97 (1970)) This definition is addressed directly in the ''Oxford Companion to the Mind''.

Selected publications

* Gabor, D. and Fatmi, H.A., "A thermionic generator," Nature, London, 1961, 868. * Gabor, D. and Fatmi, H.A., "The theory of gas discharges with extraneous ion supply," Advanced Energy Conversion, IEE, London, 1964, 307. * Fatmi, H.A. and Young, R.W., "A definition of intelligence," Nature, London, 1970, 97. * Fatmi, H.A., "The concept of a creative society," Electronics and power, IEE London, 1974 * Fatmi, H.A., Resconi, G. A new computing principle. Nuov Cim B 101, 239–242 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02828704

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fatmi, Haneef Cyberneticists 1933 births 1995 deaths