Guaraní (), specifically the primary variety known as Paraguayan Guarani ( "the people's language"), is a
South American language that belongs to the
Tupi–Guarani family of the
Tupian languages. It is one of the official languages of
Paraguay
Paraguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( es, República del Paraguay, links=no; gn, Tavakuairetã Paraguái, links=si), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to t ...
(along with
Spanish), where it is spoken by the majority of the population, and where half of the rural population are monolingual speakers of the language.
It is spoken by communities in neighboring countries, including parts of northeastern
Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest ...
, southeastern
Bolivia
, image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg
, flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center
, flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...
and southwestern
Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
, and is a second official language of the
Argentine province
Argentina is subdivided into twenty-three federated states called provinces ( es, provincias, singular ''provincia'') and one called the autonomous city (''ciudad autónoma'') of Buenos Aires, which is the federal capital of the republic ( es ...
of
Corrientes since 2004; it is also an official language of
Mercosur.
Guaraní is one of the most widely spoken
American languages, and remains commonly used among the Paraguayan people and neighboring communities. This is unique among American languages;
language shift
Language shift, also known as language transfer or language replacement or language assimilation, is the process whereby a speech community shifts to a different language, usually over an extended period of time. Often, languages that are percei ...
towards European colonial languages (in this case, the other
official language
An official language is a language given supreme status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction. Typically the term "official language" does not refer to the language used by a people or country, but by its government (e.g. judiciary, ...
of
Spanish) has otherwise been a nearly universal phenomenon in the
Western Hemisphere, but Paraguayans have maintained their traditional language while also adopting Spanish.
Jesuit priest
Antonio Ruiz de Montoya
Antonio Ruiz de Montoya (13 June 1585, in Lima, Peru – 11 April 1652, in Lima, Peru) was a Jesuit priest and missionary in the Paraguayan Reductions.
Life
Montoya entered the Society of Jesus on 1 November 1606. In the same year, he accompanied ...
, who in 1639 published the first written grammar of Guarani in a book called ''
Tesoro de la lengua guaraní'' (Treasure of the Guarani Language / The Guarani Language
Thesaurus), described it as a language "so copious and elegant that it can compete with the most famous
f languages.
The name "Guarani" is generally used for the official language of Paraguay. However, this is part of a
dialect chain, most of whose
components
Circuit Component may refer to:
•Are devices that perform functions when they are connected in a circuit.
In engineering, science, and technology Generic systems
*System components, an entity with discrete structure, such as an assemb ...
are also often called Guarani.
History
While Guarani, in its
Classical form, was the only language spoken in the expansive missionary territories, Paraguayan Guaraní has its roots outside of the
Jesuit Reductions.
Modern scholarship has shown that Guarani was always the primary language of colonial Paraguay, both inside and outside the reductions. Following the
expulsion of the Jesuits in the 18th century, the residents of the reductions gradually migrated north and west towards
Asunción
Asunción (, , , Guarani: Paraguay) is the capital and the largest city of Paraguay.
The city stands on the eastern bank of the Paraguay River, almost at the confluence of this river with the Pilcomayo River. The Paraguay River and the Bay of ...
, a demographic shift that brought about a decidedly one-sided shift away from the Jesuit dialect that the missionaries had curated in the southern and eastern territories of the colony.
By and large, the Guaraní of the Jesuits shied away from direct phonological loans from Spanish. Instead, the missionaries relied on the agglutinative nature of the language to formulate
calque
In linguistics, a calque () or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal word-for-word or root-for-root translation. When used as a verb, "to calque" means to borrow a word or phrase from another language ...
terms from native morphemes. This process often led the Jesuits to employ complicated, highly synthetic terms to convey Western concepts. By contrast, the Guarani spoken outside of the missions was characterized by a free, unregulated flow of Hispanicisms; frequently, Spanish words and phrases were simply incorporated into Guarani with minimal phonological adaptation.
A good example of that phenomenon is found in the word "communion". The Jesuits, using their agglutinative strategy, rendered this word "", a calque based on the word "", meaning God. In modern Paraguayan Guaraní, the same word is rendered "".
Following the out-migration from the reductions, these two distinct dialects of Guarani came into extensive
contact
Contact may refer to:
Interaction Physical interaction
* Contact (geology), a common geological feature
* Contact lens or contact, a lens placed on the eye
* Contact sport, a sport in which players make contact with other players or objects
* C ...
for the first time. The vast majority of speakers abandoned the less colloquial, highly regulated Jesuit variant in favor of the variety that evolved from actual use by speakers in Paraguay. This contemporary form of spoken Guaraní is known as
Jopará, meaning "mixture" in Guarani.
Political status
Widely spoken, Paraguayan Guaraní has nevertheless been repressed by Paraguayan governments throughout most of its history since independence. It was prohibited in state schools for over 100 years. However, populists often used pride in the language to excite nationalistic fervor and promote a narrative of social unity.
During the autocratic regime of
Alfredo Stroessner, his Colorado Party used the language to appeal to common Paraguayans although Stroessner himself never gave an address in Guaraní. Upon
the advent of Paraguayan democracy in 1992, Guarani was established in the new constitution as a language equal to Spanish.
Jopará, the mixture of Spanish and Guaraní, is spoken by an estimated 90% of the population of Paraguay.
Code-switching between the two languages takes place on a spectrum in which more Spanish is used for official and business-related matters, and more Guarani is used in art and in everyday life.
Guarani is also an official language of Bolivia and of
Corrientes Province in Argentina.
Writing system
Guarani became a written language relatively recently. Its modern alphabet is basically a subset of the
Latin script
The Latin script, also known as Roman script, is an alphabetic writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae, in southern ...
(with "J", "K" and "Y" but not "W"), complemented with two diacritics and six
digraphs. Its
orthography is largely phonemic, with letter values mostly similar to those of
Spanish. The
tilde is used with many letters that are considered part of the alphabet. In the case of Ñ/ñ, it differentiates the palatal nasal from the alveolar nasal (as in Spanish), whereas it marks stressed
nasalisation when used over a vowel (as in
Portuguese): ã, ẽ, ĩ, õ, ũ, ỹ. (Nasal vowels have been written with several other diacritics: ä, ā, â, ã.) The tilde also marks nasality in the case of G̃/g̃, used to represent the
nasalized velar approximant
In phonetics, nasalization (or nasalisation) is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the mouth. An archetypal nasal sound is .
In the Internatio ...
by combining the
velar approximant "G" with the
nasalising tilde. The letter G̃/g̃, which is unique to this language, was introduced into the orthography relatively recently during the mid-20th century and there is disagreement over its use. It is not a
precomposed character in
Unicode
Unicode, formally The Unicode Standard,The formal version reference is is an information technology standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems. The standard, ...
, which can cause typographic inconveniences – such as needing to press "delete" twice – or imperfect rendering when using computers and fonts that do not properly support the complex layout feature of glyph composition.
Only stressed nasal vowels are written as nasal. If an oral vowel is stressed, and it is not the final syllable, it is marked with an acute accent: á, é, í, ó, ú, ý. That is, stress falls on the vowel marked as nasalized, if any, else on the accent-marked syllable, and if neither appears, then on the final syllable.
For
blind people there is also a
Guarani Braille
Guarani Braille is the braille alphabet of the Paraguayan Guarani language.UNESCO (2013World Braille Usage 3rd edition. Letter assignments are those of Spanish Braille (except for the accented vowels): that is, the basic braille alphabet plus ...
.
Phonology
Guarani syllables consist of a consonant plus a vowel or a vowel alone; syllables ending in a consonant or two or more consonants together do not occur. This is represented as ''(C)V''.
In the below table, the IPA value is shown. The orthography is shown in angle brackets below, if different.
Consonants
The
voiced consonants have oral
allophone
In phonology, an allophone (; from the Greek , , 'other' and , , 'voice, sound') is a set of multiple possible spoken soundsor ''phones''or signs used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language. For example, in English, (as in '' ...
s (left) before oral vowels, and
nasal
Nasal is an adjective referring to the nose, part of human or animal anatomy. It may also be shorthand for the following uses in combination:
* With reference to the human nose:
** Nasal administration, a method of pharmaceutical drug delivery
* ...
allophones (right) before
nasal vowels. The oral allophones of the voiced stops are
prenasalized.
There is also a sequence (written ). A trill (written ), and the consonants , , and (written ) are not native to Guarani, but come from Spanish.
Oral is often pronounced , depending on the dialect, but the nasal allophone is always .
The dorsal fricative is in free variation between and .
, are approximants, not fricatives, but are sometimes transcribed , as is conventional for Spanish. is also transcribed , which is essentially identical to .
All syllables are open, viz. CV or V, ending in a vowel.
Glottal stop
The
glottal stop, called 'puso' in Guarani, is only written between vowels, but occurs phonetically before vowel-initial words. Because of this, Ayala (2000:19) shows that some words have several glottal stops near each other, which consequently undergo a number of different
dissimilation
In phonology, particularly within historical linguistics, dissimilation is a phenomenon whereby similar consonants or vowels in a word become less similar. In English, dissimilation is particularly common with liquid consonants such as /r ...
techniques. For example, "I drink water" ''ayu'' is pronounced ''hayu''. This suggests that irregularity in verb forms derives from regular sound change processes in the history of Guarani. There also seems to be some degree of variation between how much the glottal stop is dropped (for example ''aruuka'' > ''aruuka'' > ''aruka'' for "I bring"). It is possible that word-internal glottal stops may have been retained from fossilized compounds where the second component was a vowel-initial (and therefore glottal stop–initial) root.
[Ayala, Valentín (2000). ''Gramática Guaraní''. Asunción: Centro Editorial Paraguayo S.R.L.]
Vowels
correspond more or less to the Spanish and IPA equivalents, although sometimes the open-mid allophones , are used more frequently. The grapheme represents the vowel (as in
Polish).
Nasal harmony
Guarani displays an unusual degree of
nasal harmony
Consonant harmony is a type of "long-distance" phonological assimilation, akin to the similar assimilatory process involving vowels, i.e. vowel harmony.
Examples
In Athabaskan languages
One of the more common harmony processes is ''coronal harm ...
. A nasal syllable consists of a nasal vowel, and if the consonant is voiced, it takes its nasal allophone. If a stressed syllable is nasal, the nasality spreads in ''both'' directions until it bumps up against a stressed syllable that is oral. This includes
affixes,
postpositions, and compounding. Voiceless consonants do not have nasal allophones, but they do not interrupt the spread of nasality.
For example,
: →
: →
However, a second stressed syllable, with an oral vowel, will not become nasalized:
: →
: →
That is, for a word with a single stressed vowel, all voiced segments will be either oral or nasal, while voiceless consonants are unaffected, as in oral vs nasal .
Grammar
Guaraní is a highly
agglutinative language
An agglutinative language is a type of synthetic language with morphology that primarily uses agglutination. Words may contain different morphemes to determine their meanings, but all of these morphemes (including stems and affixes) tend to rem ...
, often classified as
polysynthetic. It is a fluid-S type
active language, and it has been classified as a 6th class language in
Milewski's typology. It uses
subject–verb–object (SVO) word order usually, but
object–verb when the subject is not specified.
The language lacks
gender
Gender is the range of characteristics pertaining to femininity and masculinity and differentiating between them. Depending on the context, this may include sex-based social structures (i.e. gender roles) and gender identity. Most culture ...
and has no native
definite article but, due to influence from Spanish, ''la'' is used as a definite article for singular reference and ''lo'' for plural reference. These are not found in Classical Guarani (''Guaraniete'').
Nouns
Guarani exhibits nominal tense: past, expressed with ''-kue'', and future, expressed with ''-rã''. For example, ''tetã ruvichakue'' translates to "ex-president" while ''tetã ruvicharã'' translates to "president-elect." The past morpheme ''-kue'' is often translated as "ex-", "former", "abandoned", "what was once", or "one-time". These morphemes can even be combined to express the idea of something that was going to be but didn't end up happening. So for example, ''pairãgue'' is "a person who studied to be a priest but didn't actually finish", or rather, "the ex-future priest". Note that some nouns use ''-re'' instead of ''-kue'' and others use ''-guã'' instead of ''-rã''.
Pronouns
Guarani distinguishes between
inclusive and exclusive pronouns of the first person plural.
*Hikuái is a Post-verbal pronoun (oHecha hikuái – they see )
Reflexive pronoun: ''je'': ''ahecha'' ("I look"), ''ajehecha'' ("I look at myself")
Conjugation
Guarani stems can be divided into a number of conjugation classes, which are called ''areal'' (with the subclass ''aireal'') and ''chendal''. The names for these classes stem from the names of the prefixes for 1st and 2nd person singular.
The ''areal'' conjugation is used to convey that the participant is
actively involved, whereas the ''chendal'' conjugation is used to convey that the participant is the
undergoer. However, the ''areal'' conjugation is also used if an intransitive verb expresses
an event as opposed to a state, for example ''manó'' 'die', and even with a verb such as ''ké'' 'sleep'. In addition, all borrowed Spanish verbs are adopted as ''areal'' as opposed to borrowed adjectives, which take ''chendal''. Note that intransitive verbs can take either conjugation, transitive verbs normally take ''areal'', but can take ''chendal'' for
habitual readings. Nouns can also be conjugated, but only as ''chendal''. This conveys a predicative possessive reading.
[Caralho, Jao de(1993) Peixes de Ámérica do Sul, Universidade de Rio de Janeiro]
Furthermore, the conjugations vary slightly according to the stem being oral or nasal.
Negation
Negation is indicated by a
circumfix
A circumfix (abbreviated ) (also confix or ambifix) is an affix which has two parts, one placed at the start of a word, and the other at the end. Circumfixes contrast with prefixes, attached to the beginnings of words; suffixes, attached at the ...
''n(d)(V)-...-(r)i'' in Guarani. The preverbal portion of the circumfix is ''nd-'' for oral bases and'' n-'' for nasal bases. For 2nd person singular, an
epenthetic ''e'' is inserted before the base, for 1st person plural inclusive, an epenthetic ''a'' is inserted.
The postverbal portion is ''-ri'' for bases ending in ''-i'', and ''-i'' for all others. However, in spoken Guarani, the ''-ri'' portion of the circumfix is frequently omitted for bases ending in ''-i''.
The negation can be used in all tenses, but for future or irrealis reference, the normal tense marking is replaced by ''moã'', resulting in ''n(d)''(V)''-base-moã-i'' as in ''Ndajapomoãi'', "I won't do it".
There are also other negatives, such as: ''ani'', ''ỹhỹ'', ''nahániri'', ''naumbre'', ''naanga''.
Tense and aspect morphemes
* -ramo: marks extreme proximity of the action, often translating to "just barely": ''Oguahẽramo'', "He just barely arrived".
* -kuri: marks proximity of the action. ''Haukuri'', "I just ate" (''ha'u'' irregular first person singular form of ''u'', "to eat"). It can also be used after a pronoun, ''ha che kuri, che poa'', "and about what happened to me, I was lucky".
* -vaekue: indicates a fact that occurred long ago and asserts that it's really truth. ''Okañyvaekue'', "he/she went missing a long time ago".
* -rae: tells that the speaker was doubtful before but he's sure at the moment he speaks. ''Nde rejoguarae peteĩ taangambyry pyahu'', "so then you bought a new television after all".
* -rakae: expresses the uncertainty of a perfect-aspect fact. ''Peẽ peikorakae Asunción-pe'', "I think you lived in Asunción for a while". Nevertheless, nowadays this morpheme has lost some of its meaning, having a correspondence with ''rae'' and ''vaekue''.
The verb form without suffixes at all is a
present somewhat
aorist: ''Upe ára resẽ reho mombyry'', "that day you got out and you went far".
* -ta: is a
future of immediate happening, it's also used as authoritarian
imperative. ''Oujeýta ag̃aite'', "he/she'll come back soon".
* -ma: has the meaning of "already". ''Ajapóma'', "I already did it".
These two suffixes can be added together: ''ahátama'', "I'm already going".
* -vaerã: indicates something not imminent or something that must be done for social or moral reasons, in this case corresponding to the
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ge ...
modal verb ''sollen''. ''Péa ojejapovaerã'', "that must be done".
* -ne: indicates something that probably will happen or something the speaker imagines that is happening. It correlates in a certain way with the
subjunctive of
Spanish. ''Mitãnguéra ág̃a og̃uahéne hógape'', "the children are probably coming home now".
* -hína, ''ína'' after nasal words: continual action at the moment of speaking, present and pluperfect continuous or emphatic. ''Rojatapyhína'', "we're making fire"; ''che haehína'', "it's ME!".
* -vo: it has a subtle difference with ''hína'' in which ''vo'' indicates not necessarily what's being done at the moment of speaking. ''ambaapóvo'', "I'm working (not necessarily now)".
* -pota: indicates proximity immediately before the start of the process. ''Ajukapota'', "I'm near the point at which I will start to kill" or "I'm just about to kill". (A particular sandhi rule is applied here: if the verbs ends in "po", the suffix changes to ''mbota''; ''ajapombota'', "I'll do it right now").
* -pa: indicates emphatically that a process has all finished. ''Amboparapa pe ogyke'', "I painted the wall completely".
This suffix can be joined with ''ma'', making up ''páma'': ''ñande jaikuaapáma nde remimoã'', "now we came to know all your thought".
* -mi: customary action in the past: ''Oumi'', "He used to come a lot".
These are unstressed suffixes: ''ta'', ''ma'', ''ne'', ''vo'', "mi"; so the stress goes upon the last syllable of the verb or the last stressed syllable.
Other verbal morphemes
* -se: desiderative suffix: ''(Che) añemoaranduse'', "I want to study".
* te-: desiderative prefix: ''Ahasa'', "I pass", ''Tahasa'', "I would like to pass." Note that ''te-'' is the underlying form. It is similar to the negative in that it has the same vowel alternations and deletions, depending on the person marker on the verb.
Determiners
Spanish loans in Guarani
The close and prolonged contact Spanish and Guarani have experienced has resulted in many Guarani words of Spanish origin. Many of these loans were for things or concepts unknown to the
New World prior to
Spanish colonization. Examples are seen below:
Guarani loans in English
English has adopted a small number of words from Guarani (or perhaps the related
Tupi) via Portuguese, mostly the names of animals or plants. "
Jaguar" comes from ''jaguarete'' and "
piraña
A piranha or piraña (, , or ; or , ) is one of a number of freshwater fish in the family Serrasalmidae, or the subfamily Serrasalminae within the tetra family, Characidae in order Characiformes. These fish inhabit South American rivers, f ...
" comes from ''pira aña'' ("tooth fish" Tupi: pirá = fish, aña = tooth). Other words are: "
agouti
The agouti (, ) or common agouti is any of several rodent species of the genus ''Dasyprocta''. They are native to Middle America, northern and central South America, and the southern Lesser Antilles. Some species have also been introduced ...
" from ''akuti'', "
tapir
Tapirs ( ) are large, herbivorous mammals belonging to the family Tapiridae. They are similar in shape to a pig, with a short, prehensile nose trunk. Tapirs inhabit jungle and forest regions of South and Central America, with one species inh ...
" from ''tapira'', "
açaí" from ''ĩwasai'' ("
ruit thatcries or expels water"), "
warrah" from ''aguará'' meaning "fox", "
margay
The margay (''Leopardus wiedii'') is a small wild cat native to Central and South America. A solitary and nocturnal cat, it lives mainly in primary evergreen and deciduous forest.
Until the 1990s, margays were hunted illegally for the wild ...
" from ''
mbarakaja'y'' meaning "small cat" and "
common water boa" from ''
mbói'' meaning "snake".
Jacaranda,
guarana
Guaraná ( from the Portuguese ''guaraná'' ), ''Paullinia cupana'', syns. ''P. crysan, P. sorbilis'') is a climbing plant in the family Sapindaceae, native to the Amazon basin and especially common in Brazil. Guaraná has large leaves and cl ...
and
mandioca are words of Guarani or Tupi–Guarani origin.
Ipecacuanha (the name of a medicinal drug) comes from a homonymous Tupi–Guaraní name that can be rendered as ''ipe-ka'a-guene'', meaning a creeping plant that makes one vomit.
The name of Paraguay is itself a Guarani word, as is the name of
Uruguay. However, the exact meaning of either placename is up to varied interpretations. (''See'':
List of country-name etymologies.)
"
Cougar" is borrowed from the archaic Portuguese çuçuarana; the term was either originally derived from the
Tupi language ''susuarana'', meaning "similar to deer (in hair color)" or from the Guaraní language term ''guasu ara'' while ''puma'' comes from the Peruvian
Quechua language
Quechua (, ; ), usually called ("people's language") in Quechuan languages, is an indigenous language family spoken by the Quechua peoples, primarily living in the Peruvian Andes. Derived from a common ancestral language, it is the most wid ...
.
Example text
Article 1 of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly that enshrines the rights and freedoms of all human beings. Drafted by a UN committee chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt ...
in Guaraní:
:
IPA
IPA commonly refers to:
* India pale ale, a style of beer
* International Phonetic Alphabet, a system of phonetic notation
* Isopropyl alcohol, a chemical compound
IPA may also refer to:
Organizations International
* Insolvency Practitioners A ...
:
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:
:''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
Literature
The New Testament was translated from Greek into Guaraní by Dr John William Lindsay (1875–1946), who was a Scottish medical missionary based in Belén, Paraguay. The New Testament was printed by the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1913. It is believed to be the first New Testament translated into any South American indigenous language.
A more modern translation of the whole
Bible
The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus ...
into Guarani is known as ''Ñandejara Ñeẽ''.
In 2019, Jehovah's Witnesses released the
New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures in Guarani,
both printed an
online editions
Recently a series of novels in Guarani have been published:
*''
Kalaito Pombero'' (Tadeo Zarratea, 1981)
*''
Poreỹ rape'' (Hugo Centurión, 2016)
*''
Tatukua
''Tatukua'' is a 2017 novel by Paraguayan writer Arnaldo Casco Villalba.
It was written in Guarani language and seeks to recover old countryside traditions.
This novel is considered part of a national movement for the revival of the language.
...
'' (Arnaldo Casco Villalba, 2017)
Institutions
*
Ateneo de Lengua y Cultura Guaraní
*
Yvy Marãeỹ Foundation
See also
*
Guarani languages
*
Nheengatu language
*
Jopará
*
Jesuit Reductions
*
Mbyá Guaraní language
*
Old Tupi
*
WikiProject Guaraní
Bibliography
*
Sources
Further reading
*
External links
Guaraniat
Wikibooks
Wikibooks (previously called ''Wikimedia Free Textbook Project'' and ''Wikimedia-Textbooks'') is a wiki-based Wikimedia project hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation for the creation of free content digital textbooks and annotated texts that any ...
Guarani Portal from the University of Mainzwww.guaranirenda.com– Website about the Guarani language
Guarani and the Importance of Maintaining Indigenous Culture Through LanguageLenguas de Bolivia(online edition)
*
*
Duolingo
Duolingo ( ) is an American educational technology company which produces learning apps and provides language certification.
On its main app, users can practice vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and listening skills using spaced repetition. D ...
br>
course in Guarani
Resources
A Grammar of Paraguayan Guarani– by Bruno Estigarribia, UCL Press (open access, Creative Commons license)
Guarani Swadesh vocabulary list(from Wiktionary)
Guarani–English Dictionary from
Webster's Online Dictionary–
The Rosetta Edition
Philip M. Parker (born June 20, 1960) is an American economist and academic, currently the INSEAD Chaired Professor of Management Science at INSEAD in Fontainebleau, France. He has patented a method to automatically produce a set of similar book ...
www.guarani.de– Online dictionary in Spanish, German and Guarani
– by Maura Velázquez
Stative Verbs and Possessions in Guarani –
University of Cologne (pdf missing)
Frases celebres del Latin traducidas al guaraniSpanish – Estructura Basica del Guarani and othersEtymological and Ethnographic Dictionary for Bolivian GuaraniGuaraní(
Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
{{Authority control
Agglutinative languages
Languages of Argentina
Languages of Bolivia
Languages of Brazil
Guarani
Indigenous languages of South America (Central)
Subject–verb–object languages