''Gnaphosa'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

of ground spiders that was first described by

Pierre André Latreille Pierre André Latreille (; 29 November 1762 – 6 February 1833) was a French zoologist, specialising in arthropods. Having trained as a Roman Catholic priest before the French Revolution, Latreille was imprisoned, and only regained his freedom ...

in 1804. They all have a serrated keel on the retromargin of each

chelicera The chelicerae () are the mouthparts of the subphylum Chelicerata, an arthropod group that includes arachnids, horseshoe crabs, and sea spiders. Commonly referred to as "jaws", chelicerae may be shaped as either articulated fangs, or similarly ...

Species

it contains 148 species: *'' G. aborigena'' Tyschchenko, 1965 – Kazakhstan *'' G. akagiensis'' Hayashi, 1994 – Japan *'' G. alacris''

Simon Simon may refer to: People * Simon (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the given name Simon * Simon (surname), including a list of people with the surname Simon * Eugène Simon, French naturalist and the genus ...

, 1878 – France, Italy, Croatia, Morocco *'' G. alpica'' Simon, 1878 – France, Switzerland, Austria *'' G. altudona''

Chamberlin The Chamberlin is an electro-mechanical keyboard instrument that was a precursor to the Mellotron. It was developed and patented by the American inventor Harry Chamberlin from 1949 to 1956, when the first model was introduced. There are several ...

, 1922 – USA *'' G. antipola'' Chamberlin, 1933 – USA, Canada *'' G. artaensis'' Wunderlich, 2011 – Portugal, Spain (Balearic Is.) *'' G. atramentaria'' Simon, 1878 – France *'' G. azerbaidzhanica'' Tuneva & Esyunin, 2003 – Azerbaijan *'' G. badia'' (

L. Koch Ludwig Carl Christian Koch (8 November 1825 – 1 November 1908) was a German entomologist and arachnologist. He was born in Regensburg, Germany, and died in Nuremberg, Germany. He studied in Nuremberg, initially law, but then turned to medicin ...

, 1866) – Europe to Azerbaijan *'' G. balearicola''

Strand Strand may refer to: Topography *The flat area of land bordering a body of water, a: ** Beach ** Shoreline * Strand swamp, a type of swamp habitat in Florida Places Africa * Strand, Western Cape, a seaside town in South Africa * Strand Street ...

, 1942 – Spain (Balearic Is.) *'' G. banini'' Marusik & Koponen, 2001 – Russia (South Siberia), Mongolia *'' G. basilicata'' Simon, 1882 – Italy *'' G. belyaevi'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Mongolia *'' G. betpaki'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Russia (Urals), Kazakhstan *'' G. bicolor'' ( Hahn, 1833) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to West Siberia) *'' G. bithynica'' Kulczyński, 1903 – Greece (Crete), Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Iran *'' G. borea'' Kulczyński, 1908 – Russia (Middle Siberia to Far East), North America *'' G. brumalis'' Thorell, 1875 – USA, Canada *'' G. californica''

Banks A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates a demand deposit while simultaneously making loans. Lending activities can be directly performed by the bank or indirectly through capital markets. Becaus ...

, 1904 – USA, Canada *'' G. campanulata'' Zhang & Song, 2001 – China *'' G. cantabrica'' Simon, 1914 – Spain, France *'' G. caucasica'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Russia (Caucasus) *'' G. chiapas'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – Mexico *'' G. chihuahua'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – Mexico *'' G. chola'' Ovtsharenko & Marusik, 1988 – Russia (Middle Siberia to Far East), Mongolia, China *'' G. clara'' ( Keyserling, 1887) – North America *'' G. corticola'' Simon, 1914 – France *'' G. cumensis'' Ponomarev, 1981 – Ukraine, Russia (Europe), Kazakhstan, Mongolia *'' G. cyrenaica'' (

Caporiacco Ludovico di Caporiacco (22 January 1900, in Udine – 18 July 1951, in Parma) was an Italian arachnologist. Caporiacco took part in an expedition to the Jebel Uweinat, a mountain massif in the boundary region of Sudan, Libya, and Egypt. On the mi ...

, 1949) – Libya *'' G. danieli'' Miller & Buchar, 1972 – Afghanistan *'' G. dege'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, India, China *'' G. dentata'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – USA *'' G. deserta'' Ponomarev & Dvadnenko, 2011 – Russia (Europe) *'' G. dolanskyi'' Řezáč, Růžička, Oger & Řezáčová, 2018 – South-eastern Europe, Ukraine, Russia (Europe), Turkey, Caucasus *'' G. dolosa'' Herman, 1879 – Southern to Eastern Europe, Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Caucasus, Russia (Europe) to Central Asia *'' G. donensis'' Ponomarev, 2015 – Russia (Europe) *'' G. eskovi'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kazakhstan *'' G. esyunini'' Marusik, Fomichev & Omelko, 2014 – Mongolia *'' G. eucalyptus'' Ghafoor & Beg, 2002 – Pakistan *'' G. fagei'' Schenkel, 1963 – Kazakhstan, China *'' G. fallax'' Herman, 1879 – Hungary *'' G. fontinalis'' Keyserling, 1887 – USA, Mexico *'' G. funerea'' (Dalmas, 1921) – St. Helena *'' G. gracilior'' Kulczyński, 1901 – Russia (Middle and South Siberia to Far East), Mongolia, China *'' G. haarlovi'' Denis, 1958 – Central Asia *'' G. halophila'' Esyunin & Efimik, 1997 – Russia (Urals) *'' G. hastata'' Fox, 1937 – China, Korea *'' G. hirsutipes'' Banks, 1901 – USA, Mexico *'' G. iberica'' Simon, 1878 – Spain *'' G. ilika'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan *'' G. inconspecta'' Simon, 1878 – Western and Central Europe, Italy, Russia (Middle Siberia to Far East), Mongolia, China, Korea *'' G. jodhpurensis'' Tikader & Gajbe, 1977 – India, China *'' G. jucunda'' Thorell, 1875 – Ukraine, Russia (Europe, Caucasus) *'' G. kailana'' Tikader, 1966 – India *'' G. kamurai'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Korea, Japan *'' G. kankhalae'' Biswas & Roy, 2008 – India *'' G. kansuensis'' Schenkel, 1936 – Russia (Far East), China, Korea *'' G. ketmer'' Tuneva, 2004 – Kazakhstan *'' G. khovdensis'' Marusik, Fomichev & Omelko, 2014 – Mongolia *'' G. kompirensis'' Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – Russia (Far East), China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Vietnam *'' G. koponeni'' Marusik & Omelko, 2014 – Russia (South Siberia) *'' G. kuldzha'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan *'' G. kurchak'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kyrgyzstan *'' G. lapponum'' (L. Koch, 1866) – Europe, Russia (Europe to West Siberia) **'' Gnaphosa l. inermis'' Strand, 1899 – Norway *'' G. leporina'' (L. Koch, 1866) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Central Asia, China *'' G. licenti'' Schenkel, 1953 – Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, China, Korea *'' G. limbata'' Strand, 1900 – Norway *'' G. lonai'' Caporiacco, 1949 – Italy *'' G. lucifuga'' (Walckenaer, 1802) ( type) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan, China **'' Gnaphosa l. minor'' Nosek, 1905 – Turkey *'' G. lugubris'' ( C. L. Koch, 1839) – Europe to Central Asia *'' G. mandschurica'' Schenkel, 1963 – Russia (Middle and South Siberia), Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Nepal *'' G. maritima'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – USA, Mexico *'' G. mcheidzeae'' Mikhailov, 1998 – Georgia *'' G. microps'' Holm, 1939 – North America, Europe, Turkey, Russia (Europe to Far East) *'' G. modestior'' Kulczyński, 1897 – Italy, Austria, Czechia to Romania *'' G. moerens'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885 – China, Nepal *'' G. moesta'' Thorell, 1875 – Hungary, Romania, Ukraine, Russia (Europe)? *'' G. mongolica'' Simon, 1895 – Turkey, Hungary to China *'' G. montana'' (L. Koch, 1866) – Europe, Turkey, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan *'' G. muscorum'' (L. Koch, 1866) – North America, Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, China, Korea **'' Gnaphosa m. gaunitzi'' Tullgren, 1955 – Sweden, Russia (South Siberia) *'' G. namulinensis'' Hu, 2001 – China *'' G. nigerrima'' L. Koch, 1877 – Europe, Russia (Europe to Far East) *'' G. nordlandica'' Strand, 1900 – Norway *'' G. norvegica'' Strand, 1900 – Norway *'' G. occidentalis'' Simon, 1878 – Western Europe *'' G. oceanica'' Simon, 1878 – France *'' G. ogeri'' Lecigne, 2018 – France *'' G. oligerae'' Ovtsharenko & Platnick, 1998 – Russia (Far East) *'' G. opaca'' Herman, 1879 – Europe to Central Asia *'' G. orites'' Chamberlin, 1922 – North America, Northern Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East) *'' G. ovchinnikovi'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kyrgyzstan *'' G. pakistanica'' Ovtchinnikov, Ahmad & Inayatullah, 2008 – Pakistan *'' G. parvula'' Banks, 1896 – USA, Canada *'' G. pauriensis'' Tikader & Gajbe, 1977 – India *'' G. pengi'' Zhang & Yin, 2001 – China *'' G. perplexa'' Denis, 1958 – Afghanistan *'' G. petrobia'' L. Koch, 1872 – Europe, Iran *'' G. pilosa'' Savelyeva, 1972 – Kazakhstan *'' G. poonaensis'' Tikader, 1973 – India *'' G. porrecta'' Strand, 1900 – Norway *'' G. potanini'' Simon, 1895 – Russia (South Siberia, Far East), Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan *'' G. potosi'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – Mexico *'' G. primorica'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Russia (Far East), Japan *'' G. prosperi'' Simon, 1878 – Spain *'' G. pseashcho'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Russia (Caucasus) *'' G. pseudoleporina'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Russia (South Siberia) *'' G. rasnitsyni'' Marusik, 1993 – Mongolia *'' G. reikhardi'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan *'' G. rhenana'' Müller & Schenkel, 1895 – France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Italy, Romania, Albania *'' G. rohtakensis'' Gajbe, 1992 – India *'' G. rufula'' (L. Koch, 1866) – Slovakia, Hungary, Ukraine, Russia (Europe), Kazakhstan *'' G. salsa'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – USA, Mexico *'' G. sandersi'' Gertsch & Davis, 1940 – Mexico *'' G. saurica'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Ukraine, Caucasus, Iran, Russia (Europe) to Central Asia *'' G. saxosa'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – USA *'' G. secreta'' Simon, 1878 – France *'' G. sericata'' (L. Koch, 1866) – USA to Guatemala, Cuba *'' G. serzonshteini'' Fomichev & Marusik, 2017 – Mongolia *'' G. similis'' Kulczyński, 1926 – Russia (Middle and South Siberia to Far East), China, Korea *'' G. sinensis'' Simon, 1880 – China, Korea *'' G. snohomish'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – USA, Canada *'' G. songi'' Zhang, 2001 – China *'' G. sonora'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – Mexico *'' G. steppica'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Turkey, Caucasus, Ukraine, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan *'' G. sticta'' Kulczyński, 1908 – Scandinavia, Russia (Europe to Far East), Japan *'' G. stoliczkai'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885 – Mongolia, China *'' G. stussineri'' Simon, 1885 – Greece *'' G. synthetica'' Chamberlin, 1924 – USA, Mexico *'' G. tarabaevi'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan *'' G. taurica'' Thorell, 1875 – Bulgaria to China *'' G. tenebrosa'' Fox, 1938 – probably Mexico *'' G. tetrica'' Simon, 1878 – France, Macedonia *'' G. tigrina'' Simon, 1878 – Mediterranean, Russia (Europe, South Siberia) *'' G. tumd'' Tang, Song & Zhang, 2001 – China *'' G. tunevae'' Marusik & Omelko, 2014 – Mongolia *'' G. tuvinica'' Marusik & Logunov, 1992 – Russia (West and South Siberia), Mongolia *'' G. ukrainica'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Ukraine, Russia (Europe to Central Asia), Iran, Turkmenistan *'' G. utahana'' Banks, 1904 – USA *'' G. wiehlei'' Schenkel, 1963 – Russia (South Siberia), Mongolia, China *'' G. xieae'' Zhang & Yin, 2001 – China *'' G. zeugitana'' Pavesi, 1880 – North Africa *'' G. zhaoi'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – China *'' G. zonsteini'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kyrgyzstan *'' G. zyuzini'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kazakhstan

Species

References

Further reading