German East Africa (GEA; german: Deutsch-Ostafrika) was a
German colony in the
African Great Lakes region, which included present-day
Burundi,
Rwanda, the
Tanzania
Tanzania (; ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( sw, Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands ...
mainland, and the
Kionga Triangle, a small region later incorporated into
Mozambique
Mozambique (), officially the Republic of Mozambique ( pt, Moçambique or , ; ny, Mozambiki; sw, Msumbiji; ts, Muzambhiki), is a country located in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi ...
. GEA's area was , which was nearly three times the area of present-day Germany and double the area of metropolitan Germany at the time.
The colony was organised when the German military was asked in the late 1880s to put down a revolt against the activities of the
German East Africa Company. It ended with
Imperial Germany
The German Empire (),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditary ...
's defeat in
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...
. Ultimately GEA was divided between Britain, Belgium and Portugal and was reorganised as a
mandate of the League of Nations
A League of Nations mandate was a legal status for certain territories transferred from the control of one country to another following World War I, or the legal instruments that contained the internationally agreed-upon terms for administ ...
.
History
Like other colonial powers the Germans expanded their empire in the Africa Great Lakes region, ostensibly to fight slavery and the
slave trade
Slavery and enslavement are both the state and the condition of being a slave—someone forbidden to quit one's service for an enslaver, and who is treated by the enslaver as property. Slavery typically involves slaves being made to perf ...
. Unlike other imperial powers, however they never formally abolished either slavery or the slave trade and preferred instead to curtail the production of new "recruits", regulating the existing business of slavery.
The colony began when
Carl Peters, an adventurer and the founder of the
Society for German Colonization, signed treaties with several native chieftains on the mainland which is opposite
Zanzibar. On 3 March 1885, the German government announced that it had granted an imperial charter, which was signed by Chancellor
Otto von Bismarck on 27 February 1885. The charter was granted to Peters' company and was intended to establish a
protectorate
A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law. It is a dependent territory that enjoys autonomy over most of its in ...
in the
African Great Lakes region. Peters then recruited specialists who began exploring south to the
Rufiji River
The Rufiji River lies entirely within Tanzania. It is also the largest and longest river in the country. The river is formed by the confluence of the Kilombero and Luwegu rivers. It is approximately long, with its source in southwestern Tanzani ...
and north to
Witu, near
Lamu
Lamu or Lamu Town is a small town on Lamu Island, which in turn is a part of the Lamu Archipelago in Kenya. Situated by road northeast of Mombasa that ends at Mokowe Jetty, from where the sea channel has to be crossed to reach Lamu Island ...
on the coast.
The
Sultan of Zanzibar protested and claimed that he was the ruler of both Zanzibar and the mainland. Chancellor Bismarck sent five warships which arrived on 7 August 1885, training their guns on the Sultan's palace. The Sultan was forced to accept the German claims on the mainland outside a 10-mile-strip along the coast. In November 1886 Germany and Britain reached an agreement declaring they would respect the sovereignty of the Sultan of Zanzibar over his islands and the 10-mile-strip along the coast. They otherwise agreed on their spheres of interest along what is now the Tanzanian–Kenyan border The British and Germans agreed to divide the mainland between themselves, and the Sultan had no option but to agree.
German rule was established quickly over
Bagamoyo
Bagamoyo, is a historic coastal town founded at the end of the 18th century, though it is an extension of a much older (8th century) Swahili settlement, Kaole. It was chosen as the capital of German East Africa by the German colonial administra ...
,
Dar es Salaam, and
Kilwa
Kilwa Kisiwani (English: ''Kilwa Island'') is an island, national historic site, and hamlet community located in the township of Kilwa Masoko, the district seat of Kilwa District in the Tanzanian region of Lindi Region in southern Tanzania. Ki ...
.
Oscar Baumann was sent to explore Masailand and Urundi. During his expedition he discovered the source of the Kagera river, the Alexandra Nile. The caravans of
Tom von Prince, Wilhelm Langheld,
Emin Pasha, and
Charles Stokes were sent to dominate "the Street of Caravans". The
Abushiri Revolt of 1888 was put down with British help the following year. In 1890, London and Berlin concluded the
Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, which gave
Heligoland
Heligoland (; german: Helgoland, ; Heligolandic Frisian: , , Mooring Frisian: , da, Helgoland) is a small archipelago in the North Sea. A part of the German state of Schleswig-Holstein since 1890, the islands were historically possession ...
to Germany and decided the border between GEA and the
East Africa Protectorate controlled by Britain, although the exact boundaries remained unsurveyed until 1910.
The stretch of border between Kenya and Tanganyika, running from the sea to Lake Victoria, was surveyed by two British brothers: Charles Stewart Smith (British Consul at Mombasa) and his younger brother George Edward Smith (an officer and later a general with the Royal Engineers). Stewart Smith had been appointed British Commissioner in 1892 for the delimitation of the Anglo-German Boundary in Africa, and in the same year they both surveyed the 180-mile line from the sea to Mount Kilimanjaro. Twelve years later George Edward Smith returned to complete the survey of the remaining 300 miles from Kilimanjaro to Lake Victoria.
Between 1891 and 1894, the
Hehe people which were led by
Chief Mkwawa resisted German expansion. They were defeated because rival tribes supported the Germans. After years of guerrilla warfare, Mkwawa was cornered and committed suicide in 1898.
The
Maji Maji Rebellion occurred in 1905 and was put down by Governor
Gustav Adolf von Götzen
Gustav Adolf Graf von Götzen (12 May 1866 – 2 December 1910) was a German colonizer and Governor of German East Africa. He came to Rwanda in 1894 becoming the second European to enter the territory, since Oscar Baumann’s brief expedition in ...
, who ordered measures to create a famine to crush the resistance. It may have cost as many 300,000 lives. Scandal followed with allegations of corruption and brutality. In 1907, Chancellor
Bernhard von Bülow appointed
Bernhard Dernburg
Bernhard Dernburg (17 July 1865 – 14 October 1937) was a German liberal politician and banker. He served as the secretary for Colonial Affairs and head of the Imperial Colonial Office from May 1907 to 9 June 1910, and as the minister of Finance ...
to reform the colonial administration.
German colonial administrators relied heavily on native chiefs to keep order and collect taxes. By 1 January 1914, not including local police, the military garrisons of the ''
Schutztruppen'' (protective troops) in Dar es Salaam,
Moshi,
Iringa, and Mahenge numbered 110 German officers (including 42 medical officers), 126 non-commissioned officers, and 2,472
Askari (native enlisted men).
Economic development
Germans promoted commerce and economic growth. Over were put under
sisal cultivation which was the largest cash crop. Two million coffee trees were planted, rubber trees grew on , and there were large cotton plantations.
Beginning in 1888 the
Usambara Railway was built from
Tanga to Moshi to bring these agricultural products to market. The
Central Railroad covered and linked Dar es Salaam,
Morogoro,
Tabora
Tabora is the capital of Tanzania's Tabora Region and is classified as a municipality by the Tanzanian government. It is also the administrative seat of Tabora Urban District. According to the 2012 census, the district had a population of 226,999 ...
, and
Kigoma. The final link to the eastern shore of
Lake Tanganyika was completed in July 1914 and was cause for a huge and festive celebration in the capital with an agricultural fair and trade exhibition. Harbor facilities were built or improved with electrical cranes, with rail access and warehouses. Wharves were remodeled at Tanga, Bagamoyo, and
Lindi.
In 1912, Dar es Salaam and Tanga received 356 freighters and passenger steamers and over 1,000 coastal ships and local trading-vessels.
Dar es Salaam became the showcase city of all of tropical Africa.
By 1914, Dar es Salaam and the surrounding province had a population of 166,000, among them 1,000 Germans. In all of the GEA, there were 3,579 Germans.
Gold mining in Tanzania in modern times dates back to the German colonial period, beginning with gold discoveries near
Lake Victoria
Lake Victoria is one of the African Great Lakes. With a surface area of approximately , Lake Victoria is Africa's largest lake by area, the world's largest tropical lake, and the world's second-largest fresh water lake by surface area after ...
in 1894. The Kironda-Goldminen-Gesellschaft established one of the first gold mines in the colony, the
Sekenke Gold Mine
The Sekenke Gold Mine (german: Sachsenwald, "Saxon Forest") was an underground mining (hard rock), underground gold mining, gold mining, mine in the Singida Region of Tanzania.
In the era before the World War II, Second World War, Sekenke was th ...
, which began operation in 1909 after the finding of gold there in 1907.
Education
Germany developed an educational program for Africans that included elementary, secondary, and vocational schools. "Instructor qualifications, curricula, textbooks, teaching materials, all met standards unmatched anywhere in tropical Africa."
In 1924, ten years after the beginning of the First World War and six years into British rule, the visiting American
Phelps-Stokes Commission reported, "In regards to schools, the Germans have accomplished marvels. Some time must elapse before education attains the standard it had reached under the Germans."
The
Swahili word for school, ''shule'', is derived from the German word ''Schule''.
Population on the eve of World War I
In the most populous colony of the German Empire, there were more than 7.5 million locals. About 30% were Muslim and the remainder belonged to various tribal beliefs or Christian converts, compared to around 10,000 Europeans, who resided mainly in coastal locations and official residences. In 1913, only 882 German farmers and planters lived in the colony. Approximately 70,000 Africans worked on the plantations of GEA.
World War I
General
Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck had served in
German South West Africa and
Kamerun. He led the German forces in GEA during World War I. His military consisted of 3,500 Europeans and 12,000 native Askaris and porters. Their war strategy was to harry the British/Imperial army of 40,000, which was at times commanded by the former
Second Boer War
The Second Boer War ( af, Tweede Vryheidsoorlog, , 11 October 189931 May 1902), also known as the Boer War, the Anglo–Boer War, or the South African War, was a conflict fought between the British Empire and the two Boer Republics (the So ...
commander
Jan Smuts. One of Lettow-Vorbeck's greatest victories was at the
Battle of Tanga (3–5 November 1914). In the battle German forces defeated a British force which was more than eight times larger.
Lettow-Vorbeck's
guerrilla warfare compelled Britain to commit significant resources to a minor colonial theatre throughout the war and inflicted more than 10,000 casualties. Eventually the weight of numbers, especially after forces coming from the
Belgian Congo
The Belgian Congo (french: Congo belge, ; nl, Belgisch-Congo) was a Belgian colony in Central Africa from 1908 until independence in 1960. The former colony adopted its present name, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), in 1964.
Colo ...
had attacked from the west (
Battle of Tabora
The Battle of Tabora (french: Bataille de Tabora; 8–19 September 1916) was a military action which occurred around the town of Tabora in the north-west of German East Africa (modern-day Tanzania) during World War I. The engagement was part of ...
) as well as dwindling supplies forced Lettow-Vorbeck to abandon the colony. He withdrew south into
Portuguese Mozambique and then into
Northern Rhodesia where he agreed to a ceasefire three days after the end of the war after receiving news of the armistice between the warring nations.
After the war Lettow-Vorbeck was acclaimed as one of Germany's heroes. His ''Schutztruppe'' was celebrated as the only colonial German force during World War I that was not defeated in open combat, although they often retreated when outnumbered. The Askari colonial troops that had fought in the East African campaign were later given pension payments by the
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic (german: link=no, Weimarer Republik ), officially named the German Reich, was the government of Germany from 1918 to 1933, during which it was a Constitutional republic, constitutional federal republic for the first time in ...
and
West Germany
West Germany is the colloquial term used to indicate the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; german: Bundesrepublik Deutschland , BRD) between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the German reunification through the accession of East Germany on 3 ...
.
The
SMS ''Königsberg'', a German
light cruiser, also fought off the coast of the African Great Lakes region. She was eventually scuttled in the
Rufiji delta Rufiji may refer to:
* Rufiji Delta, a region in Tanzania
* Rufiji District, in the Pwani Region of Tanzania
* Rufiji River
The Rufiji River lies entirely within Tanzania. It is also the largest and longest river in the country. The river is f ...
in July 1915 after running low on coal and spare parts and was subsequently blockaded and bombarded by the British. The surviving crew stripped out the remaining ship's guns and mounted them on gun carriages, before joining the land forces which added considerably to their effectiveness.
Another and smaller campaign was conducted on the shores of southern
Lake Tanganyika over 1914–15. It involved a makeshift British and Belgian flotilla, and the ''Reichsheer'' garrison at Bismarckburg (modern-day
Kasanga).
Break-up of the colony
The Supreme Council of the
1919 Paris Peace Conference
Events
January
* January 1
** The Czechoslovak Legions occupy much of the self-proclaimed "free city" of Pressburg (now Bratislava), enforcing its incorporation into the new republic of Czechoslovakia.
** HMY ''Iolaire'' sinks off the co ...
awarded all of German East Africa (GEA) to Britain on 7 May 1919, over the strenuous objections of Belgium.
The British
colonial secretary,
Alfred Milner, and Belgium's minister
plenipotentiary
A ''plenipotentiary'' (from the Latin ''plenus'' "full" and ''potens'' "powerful") is a diplomat who has full powers—authorization to sign a treaty or convention on behalf of his or her sovereign. When used as a noun more generally, the wor ...
to the conference, , then negotiated the Anglo-Belgian agreement of 30 May 1919
where Britain ceded the north-western GEA districts of
Ruanda and Urundi to Belgium.
The conference's Commission on Mandates ratified this agreement on 16 July 1919.
The Supreme Council accepted the agreement on 7 August 1919.
On 12 July 1919, the Commission on Mandates agreed that the small
Kionga Triangle south of the
Rovuma River
Ruvuma River, formerly also known as the Rovuma River, is a river in the African Great Lakes region. During the greater part of its course, it forms the border between Tanzania and Mozambique (in Mozambique known as ''Rio Rovuma''). The river is ...
would be given to
Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of th ...
;
it eventually became part of independent
Mozambique
Mozambique (), officially the Republic of Mozambique ( pt, Moçambique or , ; ny, Mozambiki; sw, Msumbiji; ts, Muzambhiki), is a country located in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi ...
. The commission reasoned that Germany had virtually forced Portugal to cede the triangle in 1894.
The
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles (french: Traité de Versailles; german: Versailler Vertrag, ) was the most important of the peace treaties of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1 ...
was signed on 28 June 1919, although the treaty did not take effect until 10 January 1920. On that date, the GEA was transferred officially to Britain, Belgium, and Portugal. Also on the same day, "
Tanganyika
Tanganyika may refer to:
Places
* Tanganyika Territory (1916–1961), a former British territory which preceded the sovereign state
* Tanganyika (1961–1964), a sovereign state, comprising the mainland part of present-day Tanzania
* Tanzania Main ...
" became the name of the British territory.
German placenames
Some names in German East Africa continued to bear German spellings of the local names for a while, such as "Udjidji" for
Ujiji and "Kilimandscharo" for
Mount Kilimanjaro, "Kleinaruscha" for Arusha-Chini and "Neu-Moschi" for the city now known as
Moshi. (
Kigoma was known for a time as "Rutschugi".)
Many places were given African names or had their previous names reestablished:
*Alt Langenburg (Ikombe)
[
*Bergfrieden (Mibirizi)][
*Bismarckburg (Kasanga) on the south-eastern end of Lake Tanganyika][
*Emmaberg (Ilembule)][
*Fischerstadt ( Rombo)][
*Friedberg (Nyakanazi)][
*Gottorp or Neu-Gottorp ( Uvinza) near the northeastern end of Lake Tanganyika
*Hohenfriedeberg (Mlalo)][
*Hoffnungshöh (Kisarawe)][
*Kaiseraue (Kazimzumbwi)][
*Kirondathal ( Kirondatal) gold mine
*Langenburg and Neu-Langenburg ( Tukuyu) north of Lake Nyasa][
*Leudorf (Liganga)][
*Mariahilf (Igulwa)][
*Marienthal ( Ushetu)][
*Neu-Bethel (Mnazi)][
*Neu-Bonn (Mikese)][
*Neu-Hornow ( Shume) in the Pare Mountains in the northeast
*Neu-Langenburg (Lumbira)][
*Neu-Trier (]Mbulu
Mbulu is a town in Tanzania and the capital of the Mbulu District. The town is inhabited by the Iraqw people. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Mbulu is also in Mbulu.
Mbulu is located in the Mbulu Highlands. The town, also known as Imboru among t ...
)[
*Peterswerft (]Nansio
Nansio is a small Tanzanian port town and capital of Ukerewe District in Mwanza Region. The town is also a ward
Ward may refer to:
Division or unit
* Hospital ward, a hospital division, floor, or room set aside for a particular class ...
)[
*Sachsenwald ( Sekenke) gold mine
*St. Moritz ( Galula)][
*Sphinxhafen (]Liuli
Liuli, formerly known as Sphinx Hafen (german: Sphinxhafen), is a settlement on the Tanzanian shore of Lake Malawi in the Mbinga District of Ruvuma province. It is notable for being the site of the first naval action of World War I.
The sphinx r ...
) on the eastern shore of Lake Nyasa
*Wiedhafen (Manda
Manda may refer to:
Places
* Kafr Manda, Arab town in the Lower Galilee
* Manda Upazila, an upazila in the Division of Rajshahi, Bangladesh
* Manda, Kale, a village in Burma
* Manda, Guinea, a town in the Labé Region
* Manda, Jammu, India, a v ...
) on the eastern shore of Lake Nyasa
*Wilhelmstal or Wilhelmsdorf (Lushoto
Lushoto is a town in the Usambara Mountains of Tanzania. It is the capital of Lushoto District, Tanga Region. The 2012 national census estimated the population of Lushoto ward at 28,190.
The Irente School for the Blind Girls is located in Lus ...
) on the Pangani River in the northeast
*Wißmannhafen, port of Bismarckburg ( Kasanga) on the southeastern end of Lake Tanganyika
List of governors
The governors of German East Africa:
Administrator (1885-1891)
*1885–1888: Carl Peters
*1888–1891: Hermann Wissmann
Reichskommissar (1891-1918)
*1891–1893: Julius von Soden
Julius Freiherr von Soden (5 February 1846 – 2 February 1921) was a German colonial administrator and politician. He was the Governor of the colonies of Kamerun and German East Africa, and later became ''Chef de Cabinet'' and Foreign Minister of ...
*1893–1895: Friedrich von Schele
Friedrich Rabod von Schele (15 September 1847 – 20 July 1904) was a German military officer and colonial administrator who served as governor of German East Africa from 1893 to 1895.
Early life and career
Friedrich was born in Berlin to Wer ...
*1895–1896: Hermann Wissmann
*1896–1901: Eduard von Liebert
Eduard von Liebert, or Eduard Wilhelm Hans Liebert (born 16 April 1850 in Rendsburg; died 14 November 1934 in Tscheidt) was a German military officer, colonial administrator and statesman who served in World War I, and a Governor of German East ...
*1901–1906: Gustav Adolf von Götzen
Gustav Adolf Graf von Götzen (12 May 1866 – 2 December 1910) was a German colonizer and Governor of German East Africa. He came to Rwanda in 1894 becoming the second European to enter the territory, since Oscar Baumann’s brief expedition in ...
*1906–1912: Albrecht von Rechenberg
Albrecht von Rechenberg, Albrecht Freiherr von Rechenberg or Georg Albrecht Julius Heinrich Friedrich Carl Ferdinand Maria Freiherr von Rechenberg (born 15 September 1861, Madrid; died 26 February 1935, Berlin) was a German jurist, diplomat and a ...
*1912–1918: Heinrich Schnee
Heinrich Albert Schnee (Albert Hermann Heinrich Schnee; 4 February 1871 – 23 June 1949) was a German lawyer, colonial civil servant, politician, writer, and association official. He served as the last Governor of German East Africa.
Early l ...
Maps
File:Meyers b14 s0300a.jpg, Historical map of the German East African coast, 1888
File:Deutsch Ost-Afrika,1892.jpg, Historical map of German East Africa, 1892
File:1911GermanEastAfrica.png, Historical map of German East Africa, 1911
File:World War I in East Africa.jpg, Map of the East African Theater in World War I
Gallery
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA0793, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Sisalpflanzung.jpg, Sisal plantation,
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA0876, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Sisalfabrik.jpg, Sisal factory,
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA3056, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Askarikompanie.jpg, Askari company,
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA0184, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Wuga, Schule.jpg, Classroom in a German East African school,
File:027-1425-056 Bahnhof Tengeni mit Zügen der Sigibahn und der Usambara-Bahn.jpg, Usambara Railway, built in German East Africa
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA3114, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Reiter zu Pferd.jpg, German colonial volunteer mounted patrol, 1914
Planned symbols for German East Africa
In 1914, a series of drafts were made for proposed Coat of Arms and Flags for the German Colonies. However World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...
broke out before the designs were finished and implemented and the symbols were never actually used. Following its defeat in the war, Germany lost all its colonies and the prepared coat of arms and flags as a result were never used.
Flag of Deutsch-Ostafrika.svg, Proposed flag
Proposed Coat of Arms East Africa 1914.svg, Proposed coat of arms
See also
* List of governors of Tanganyika
* List of former German colonies
*Chambeshi Monument
The Chambeshi Monument, in the Northern Province of Zambia, also called the Chambeshi Memorial and the Lettow-Vorbeck Memorial, commemorates the final cessation of hostilities of the First World War, three days after the Armistice in Europe.
...
References
Further reading
*British Foreign Office
''Treatment of Natives in the German Colonies''
H. M. Stationery Office, London, 1920.
*Bullock, A. L. C., ''Germany's Colonial Demands'', Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the university press of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world, and its printing history dates back to the 1480s. Having been officially granted the legal right to print book ...
, 1939.
*East, John William.
The German Administration in East Africa: A Select Annotated Bibliography of the German Colonial Administration in Tanganyika, Rwanda and Burundi from 1884 to 1918
" 294 leaves. Thesis submitted for the fellowship of the Library Association, London, November 1987."
* Farwell, Byron. ''The Great War in Africa, 1914–1918''. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 1989.
*Hahn, Sievers. ''Afrika''. 2nd Edition. Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut. 1903.
*Schnee, Dr. Heinrich (Deputy Governor of German Samoa and last Governor of German East Africa), ''German Colonization, Past and Future – The Truth about the German Colonies'', George Allen & Unwin, London, 1926.
External links
*
The coins and bank notes of German East Africa
Digitized archive of ''Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Zeitung'' (1899–1916)
{{Coord, 02, 24, 47, S, 30, 32, 37, E, display=title
German East Africa
Former colonies in Africa
East Africa
East Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territories make up Eastern Africa:
Due to the historica ...
East Africa
East Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territories make up Eastern Africa:
Due to the historica ...
East Africa
History of German East Africa
Former protectorates
1890s establishments in German East Africa
Treaty of Versailles
1910s disestablishments in German East Africa