George Leonard Trager (; March 22, 1906 – August 31, 1992) was an American

linguist Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure. Linguis ...

. He was the president of the

Linguistic Society of America The Linguistic Society of America (LSA) is a learned society for the field of linguistics. Founded in New York City in 1924, the LSA works to promote the scientific study of language. The society publishes three scholarly journals: ''Language'', ...

in 1960. He was born in

Newark, New Jersey Newark ( , ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of New Jersey and the seat of Essex County and the second largest city within the New York metropolitan area.Edward Sapir Edward Sapir (; January 26, 1884 – February 4, 1939) was an American Jewish anthropologist-linguist, who is widely considered to be one of the most important figures in the development of the discipline of linguistics in the United States. Sap ...

, Morris Swadesh,

Benjamin Lee Whorf Benjamin Lee Whorf (; April 24, 1897 – July 26, 1941) was an American linguist and fire prevention engineer. He is known for " Sapir–Whorf hypothesis," the idea that differences between the structures of different languages shape how the ...

Charles Hockett Charles Francis Hockett (January 17, 1916 – November 3, 2000) was an American linguist who developed many influential ideas in American structuralist linguistics. He represents the post- Bloomfieldian phase of structuralism often referred to as ...

, and after 1941,

Leonard Bloomfield Leonard Bloomfield (April 1, 1887 – April 18, 1949) was an American linguist who led the development of structural linguistics in the United States during the 1930s and the 1940s. He is considered to be the father of American distributionalis ...

. From 1937, he collaborated with Whorf on historical-comparative Azteco-Tanoan languages, but further planned collaboration was cut short by Whorf's death in 1941. He wrote the entries on Language and Linguistics for the 14th edition of the ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Like Sapir and Swadesh, he was a consultant of the

International Auxiliary Language Association The International Auxiliary Language Association, Inc. (IALA) was an American organisation founded in 1924 to "promote widespread study, discussion and publicity of all questions involved in the establishment of an auxiliary language, together wi ...

, which presented

Interlingua Interlingua (; ISO 639 language codes ia, ina) is an international auxiliary language (IAL) developed between 1937 and 1951 by the American International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA). It ranks among the most widely used IALs and is t ...

in 1951. In the 1950s, Trager worked at the Foreign Service Institute of the Department of State, helping to train diplomats prior to their departure abroad. He worked there with Edward T. Hall, Henry Lee Smith, Charles F. Hockett, and

Ray Birdwhistell Ray L. Birdwhistell (September 29, 1918 – October 19, 1994) was an American anthropologist who founded kinesics as a field of inquiry and research.Danesi, M (2006). Kinesics. ''Encyclopedia of language & linguistics''. 207-213. Birdwhistell c ...

.Leeds-Hurwitz, W. (1990). Notes in the history of intercultural communication: The Foreign Service Institute and the mandate for intercultural training. ''Quarterly Journal of Speech'', 76, 262-281. Trager's project was the development of

paralanguage Paralanguage, also known as vocalics, is a component of meta-communication that may modify meaning, give nuanced meaning, or convey emotion, by using techniques such as prosody, pitch, volume, intonation, etc. It is sometimes defined as relati ...

, while Birdwhistell worked on

kinesics Kinesics is the interpretation of body motion communication such as facial expressions and gestures, nonverbal behavior related to movement of any part of the body or the body as a whole. The equivalent popular culture term is body language, a t ...

and Hall worked on

proxemics Proxemics is the study of human use of space and the effects that population density has on behaviour, communication, and social interaction. Proxemics is one among several subcategories in the study of nonverbal communication, including haptics ...

. He died in Pasadena, California.

Bibliography

* Bloch, Bernard; & Trager, George L. (1942). ''Outline of linguistic analysis''. Special publications of the Linguistic Society of America. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America. * Correction: George Leonard Trager. (1994). ''Language'', ''70'' (4), 868. * Hockett, Charles F. (1993). George Leonard Trager. ''Language'', ''69'' (4), 778–788. * Smith, M. Estellie (Ed.). (1972). ''Studies in linguistics in honor of George L. Trager''. The Hague: Mouton. * Sturtevant, E. H.; & Trager, George L. (1942). Hittite u before vowels. ''Language'', ''18'' (4), 259–270. * Sturtevant, E. H.; & Trager, George L. (1943). Hittite i before vowels. ''Language'', ''19'' (3), 209–220. * Trager, Felicia H. (1971). ''An annotated bibliography of the publications and writings of George L. Trager through 1970''. Studies in Linguistics occasional papers (No. 12). * Trager, George L. (1930). The pronunciation of "short ''a''" in American Standard English. ''American Speech'' 5:396–400. * Trager, George L. (1933). The Old Church Slavonic Kiev fragment its accents and their relation to modern Slavonic accentuation. Language monograph (No. 13). ''Language'', ''9'' (1), 4–28. * Trager, George L. (1934). What conditions limit variants of a phoneme? ''American Speech'', ''9'', 313–15. * Trager, George L. (1934). The phonemes of Russian. ''Language'', ''10'' (4), 334–344. * Trager, George L. (1935). Some Spanish place names of Colorado. ''American Speech'', ''10'' (3), 203–207. * Trager, George L. (1936). Taos () he language of the pueblo of Taos (New Mexico) ''Maître Phonétique'', ''56'', 59–62. * Trager, George L. (1938). "Cottonwood-tree", a south-western linguistic trait. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''9'' (2/4), 117–118. * Trager, George L. (1939). The days of the week in the language of Taos Pueblo, New Mexico. ''Language'', ''15'', 51–55. * Trager, George L. (1940). Appendix. In E. C. Parsons, ''Taos Tales''. New York. * Trager, George L. (1940). One phonemic entity becomes two: The case of "short ''a''. ''American Speech'', ''15'', 255–58. * Trager, George L. (1940). Serbo-Croatian accents and quantities. ''Language'', ''16'' (1), 29–32. * Trager, George L. (1940). The Russian gender categories. ''Language'', ''16'' (4), 300–307. * Trager, George L. (1941). ''Maître Phonétique'', 17–19. * Trager, George L. (1941). Auxiliary verbs in Russian. ''Language'', ''17'' (2), 151–152. * Trager, George L. (1942). The phoneme 'T': A study in theory and method. ''American Speech'', ''17'' (3), 144–148. * Trager, George L. (1942). The historical phonology of the Tiwa languages. ''Studies in Linguistics'', ''1'' (5), 1–10. * Trager, George L. (1942). The phonemic treatment of semivowels. ''Language'', ''18'' (3), 220–223. * Trager, George L. (1942). ''Introduction to Russian, a course for college students''. New Haven: Yale University, Department of Oriental Studies. * Trager, George L. (1943). The kinship and status terms of the Tiwa languages. ''American Anthropologist'', ''45'' (1), 557–571. * Trager, George L. (1944). Spanish and English loanwords in Taos. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''10'' (4), 144–158. * Trager, George L. (1944). The verb morphology of spoken French. ''Language'', ''20'' (3), 131–141. * Trager, George L. (1945). Analysis of a Kechuan text. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''11'' (2), 86–96. * Trager, George L. (1946). An outline of Taos grammar. In C. Osgood (Ed.), ''Linguistic structures in North America'' (pp. 184–221). New York: Wenner-Green Foundation for Anthropological Research. * Trager, George L. (1946). Changes of emphasis in linguistics: A comment. ''Studies in Philology'', ''43'', 461–464. * Trager, George L. (1948). The Indian languages of Brazil. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''14'' (1), 43–48. * Trager, George L. (1948). A status symbol and personality at Taos Pueblo. ''Southwestern Journal of Anthropology'', ''4'' (3), 299–304. * Trager, George L. (1948). Taos I: A language revisited. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''14'' (3), 155–160. * Trager, George L. (1949). ''The field of linguistics''. Studies in Linguistics occasional papers (No. 1). * Trager, George L. (1951). Linguistic history and ethnologic history in the Southwest. ''Journal of the Washington Academy of Science'', ''41'', 341–343. * Trager, George L. (1951). Linguistics. ''Science'', ''114'' (2967), 3a. * Trager, George L. (1951). Linguistic history and ethnologic history in the Southwest. ''Journal of the Washington Academy of Science'', ''41'', 341–343. * Trager, George L. (1953). Russian declensional morphemes. ''Language'', ''29'' (3), 326–338. * Trager, George L. (1954). Taos II: Pronominal reference. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''20'' (3), 173–180. * Trager, George L. (1955). The language of America. ''American Anthropologist'', ''57'' (6), 1182–1193. * Trager, George L. (1955). French morphology: Verb inflection. ''Language'', ''31'' (4), 511–529. * Trager, George L. (1958). French morphology: Personal Ppronouns and the 'definite article'. ''Language'', ''34'' (2), 225–231. * Trager, George L. (1958). Paralanguage: A first approximation. ''Studies in Linguistics'', ''13'', 1–12. * Trager, George L. (1960). Taos III: Paralanguage. ''Anthropological Linguistics'', ''2'' (2), 24–30. * Trager, George L. (1960). The name of Taos, New Mexico. ''Anthropological Linguistics'', ''2'' (3), 5–6. * Trager, George L. (1961). Taos IV: Morphemics, syntax, semology in nouns and in pronominal reference. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''27'' (3), 211–222. * Trager, George L. (1961). The typology of paralanguage. ''Anthropological Linguistics'', ''3'' (1), 17–21. * Trager, George L. (1962). A scheme for the cultural analysis of sex. ''Southwestern Journal of Anthropology'', ''18'' (2), 114–118. * Trager, George L. (1963). ''Linguistics is linguistics''. Studies in Linguistics occasional papers (No. 8). * Trager, George L. (1965). ''A schematic outline for the processual analysis of culture''. Buffalo, NY: SUNY at Buffalo. * Trager, George L. (1967). A componential morphemic analysis of English personal pronouns. ''Language'', ''43'' (1), 372–378. * Trager, George L. (1967). The Tanoan settlement of the Rio Grande area: A possible chronology. In D. H. Hymes & W. E. Bittle (Eds.), ''Studies in southwestern ethnolinguistics: Meaning and history in the languages of the American Southwest'' (pp. 335–350). The Hague: Mouton. * Trager, George L. (1969). Taos and Picuris: How long separated?. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''35'' (2), 180–182. * Trager, George L. (1972). ''Language and languages''. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Company. * Trager, George L. (1975). Language nomenclature. ''Studies in Linguistics'', ''25'', 1–8. * Trager, George L.; & Bloch, Bernard. (1941). The syllabic phonemes of English. ''Language'', ''17'' (3), 223–246. * Trager, George L.; & Harben, Felicia E. (1958). ''North American Indian languages: Classification and maps''. Studies in Linguistics occasional papers (No. 5). Buffalo, NY: University of Buffalo, Department of Anthropology and Linguistics. * Trager, George L.; & Mutziger, John G. (1947). The linguistic structure of Mongolian placenames. ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', ''67'' (3), 184–195. * Trager, George L.; & Rice, Frank A. (1954). The personal-pronoun system of Classical Arabic. ''Language'', ''30'' (2), 224–229. * Trager, George L.; & Smith, Henry L. (1950). A chronology of Indo-Hittite. ''Studies in Linguistics'', ''80'', 61–70. * Trager, George L.; & Smith, Henry L. (1951). ''An outline of English structure''. Studies in Linguistics occasional papers (No. 3). Norman, OK: Battenberg Press. * Trager, George L.; & Smith, Henry L. (1953). The chronology of North European: A rejoinder. ''American Anthropologist'', ''55'' (2), 295–299. * Trager, George L.; & Trager, Edith Crowell. (1959). Kiowa and Tanoan. ''American Anthropologist'', ''61'' (6), 1078–1083. * Trager, George L.; & Valdez, Genevieve. (1937). English loans in Colorado Spanish. ''American Speech'', ''12'' (1), 34–44. * Whorf, Benjamin L.; & Trager, George L. (1937). The relationship of Uto-Aztecan and Tanoan. ''American Anthropologist'', ''39'', 609–624. * Trager, George L.; & Benjamin L. Whorf. ''International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences'' (Vol. 16, pp. 536–38). -->

Bibliography

References

See also