Garis (),Hebrew name based on Klein's identification, which follows the version of the Tosefta ''Codex Vienna''. For a copy of this version, see Abramsky, Y., ed. (2002), vol. 6 (Seder Tohorot), p. 180. In the Zuckermandel edition of the

Tosefta The Tosefta ( Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: תוספתא "supplement, addition") is a compilation of the Jewish oral law from the late 2nd century, the period of the Mishnah. Overview In many ways, the Tosefta acts as a supplement to the Mishnah ( ...

(based on the ''Erfurt Codex''), the word is corrupted and reads כפר עדים. In

Jacob Neusner Jacob Neusner (July 28, 1932 – October 8, 2016) was an American academic scholar of Judaism. He was named as one of the most published authors in history, having written or edited more than 900 books. Life and career Neusner was born in Hartfor ...

's English translation of the Tosefta, he follows the ''Erfurt Codex'', and writes there "Kefar ʻAdim" (

sic The Latin adverb ''sic'' (; "thus", "just as"; in full: , "thus was it written") inserted after a quoted word or passage indicates that the quoted matter has been transcribed or translated exactly as found in the source text, complete with any e ...

).( gr, Γαρεις; Γάρις), alternative spellings Garsis; Garisme, was a Jewish village in Lower Galilee, situated ca. 4 km. from

Sepphoris Sepphoris (; grc, Σέπφωρις, Séphōris), called Tzipori in Hebrew ( he, צִפּוֹרִי, Tzipori),Palmer (1881), p115/ref> and known in Arabic as Saffuriya ( ar, صفورية, Ṣaffūriya) since the 7th century, is an archaeolog ...

. The village, although now a ruin, features prominently in the writings of

Josephus Flavius Josephus (; grc-gre, Ἰώσηπος, ; 37 – 100) was a first-century Romano-Jewish historian and military leader, best known for '' The Jewish War'', who was born in Jerusalem—then part of Roman Judea—to a father of priestly ...

, where it served temporarily as the place of residence for Josephus during the

First Jewish Revolt First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1). First or 1st may also refer to: *World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement Arts and media Music * 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and rec ...

. In the early stages of the war, Josephus, with the Galileans who were put under his command, cast up a

bank A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates a demand deposit while simultaneously making loans. Lending activities can be directly performed by the bank or indirectly through capital markets. Because ...

around the village, in anticipation of a Roman assault upon the town.

And indeed this sight of the general (
Vespasian Vespasian (; la, Vespasianus ; 17 November AD 9 – 23/24 June 79) was a Roman emperor who reigned from AD 69 to 79. The fourth and last emperor who reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors, he founded the Flavian dynasty that ruled the Empi ...
) brought many to repent at their revolt, and put them all into a consternation; for those that were in Josephus's camp, which was at the city called ''Garis'', not far from
Sepphoris Sepphoris (; grc, Σέπφωρις, Séphōris), called Tzipori in Hebrew ( he, צִפּוֹרִי, Tzipori),Palmer (1881), p115/ref> and known in Arabic as Saffuriya ( ar, صفورية, Ṣaffūriya) since the 7th century, is an archaeolog ...
, when they heard that the war was come near them, and that the Romans would suddenly fight them hand to hand, dispersed themselves and fled....

Etymology

The Hebrew name of the village is said to have been ''ʻAris'' (עריס), having the connotation of "trellised vine;" " grape arbor;" "

espalier Espalier ( or ) is the horticultural and ancient agricultural practice of controlling woody plant growth for the production of fruit, by pruning and tying branches to a frame. Plants are frequently shaped in formal patterns, flat against a struct ...

." The Greek word used in this toponym is Γαρεις, the '' Gamma'' said to be of the same ancient usage as found in Greek transliterations of the Hebrew words '' Gaza'' = עזה and '' Gabara'' = ערב. Klein, S. (1930), pp. 127–131

Identification

Historical geographers are divided as to the site's location. Samuel Klein thought that the ancient village of Garis was to be identified with '' Khirbet Cana'', a ruin about east of

and which now bears the same name as the adjacent village of

Cana Cana of Galilee ( grc, Κανὰ τῆς Γαλιλαίας; ar, قانا الجليل , translit= Qana al-Jalil , lit=Qana of the Galilee) is the location of the Marriage at Cana, at which the miracle of turning water into wine took place in ...

(

Kafr Kanna Kafr Kanna ( ar, كفر كنا, ''Kafr Kanā''; he, כַּפְר כַּנָּא) is an Arab town in the Galilee, part of the Northern District of Israel. It is associated by Christians with the New Testament village of Cana, where Jesus tur ...

), although intrinsically different. Klein was the first to identify its Hebrew name with ''Kefar ʻArīs'' (כפר עריס) mentioned in the

(''Kelim Baba-Metsia'' 11:2).

Victor Guérin Victor Guérin (15 September 1821 – 21 Septembe 1890) was a French intellectual, explorer and amateur archaeologist. He published books describing the geography, archeology and history of the areas he explored, which included Greece, Asia Min ...

thought that the site of Garis was to be identified with ''Tell Bedeiwîyeh'' ("the mound of the Bedouins"), now a large mound with ruins of a small Khân and a well at its foot, located ca. northwest of Sepphoris. Likewise, the historian and archaeologist, Nikos Kokkinos, surmised that it may have been the ruin '' Tel Hannaton'', being the same place as described by Guérin under its Arabic name, ''Tell Bedeiwîyeh''. William F. Albright held a differing view, thinking that ''Tell Bedeiwîyeh'' was the ancient town of Asochis. Near Kafr Kanna, archaeologists have identified the remains of a Roman-period settlement now known as ''Karm er-Rās'' ( ar, كرم الراس) immediately joining the western edge of Kafr Kanna. ''Karm'' () in Arabic denotes "vineyard," and is derived from the Aramaic word ''karma'',''Karm'', Wiktionary
Karm (Etymology 2)
/ref> a name which may have been connected with the above-mentioned site of "Garis" = "trellised vine."

Gallery

File:Hannatton029.jpg, Ruin of ''Tell Bedeiwîyeh'' (Tel Hannaton) File:Tel-Hanaton-91.jpg, ''Tell Bedeiwîyeh'' (Tel Hannaton) File:Tel-Hanaton-89.jpg, Stone structure at ''Tell Bedeiwîyeh''

References

Bibliography

*, s.v. ''Kelim Baba-Metsia'' 11:1 (published post-mortem) * * * * *, s.v. ''War'' 3.6.3 (3.129) ( Loeb Classical Library) * ( Loeb Classical Library * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Garis (Galilee) Geography of Israel Archaeological sites in Israel First Jewish–Roman War Ancient Jewish settlements of Galilee Former populated places in Israel Lower Galilee Geography of Palestine (region) Geography of Northern District (Israel)