Gabriel Andral (6 November 1797 – 13 February 1876) was a distinguished

French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...

pathologist Pathology is the study of the causes and effects of disease or injury. The word ''pathology'' also refers to the study of disease in general, incorporating a wide range of biology research fields and medical practices. However, when used in th ...

and a

professor Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof.) is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, ''professor'' derives from Latin as a "person who professes". Professo ...

at the

University of Paris , image_name = Coat of arms of the University of Paris.svg , image_size = 150px , caption = Coat of Arms , latin_name = Universitas magistrorum et scholarium Parisiensis , motto = ''Hic et ubique terrarum'' (Latin) , mottoeng = Here and a ...

. In 1828 Andral was appointed professor of

hygiene Hygiene is a series of practices performed to preserve health. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "Hygiene refers to conditions and practices that help to maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases." Personal hygiene refer ...

, and in 1839 succeeded

François-Joseph-Victor Broussais François-Joseph-Victor Broussais (17 December 1772 – 17 November 1838) was a French physician. Life François-Joseph-Victor Broussais was born in Saint-Malo. From his father, who was also a physician, he received his first instructions in medi ...

(1772–1838) as chair of general pathology and therapy, a position he held for 27 years. In 1823 he became a member of the

Académie Nationale de Médecine Situated at 16 Rue Bonaparte in the 6th arrondissement of Paris, the Académie nationale de médecine (National Academy of Medicine) was created in 1820 by King Louis XVIII at the urging of baron Antoine Portal. At its inception, the instituti ...

. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the

American Academy of Arts and Sciences The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (abbreviation: AAA&S) is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States. It was founded in 1780 during the American Revolution by John Adams, John Hancock, James Bowdoin, Andrew Oliver, a ...

in 1849. Andral is remembered for his pioneer investigations of blood

chemistry Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a natural science that covers the elements that make up matter to the compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, proper ...

. He is considered to be the founder of scientific

hematology Hematology ( always spelled haematology in British English) is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood. It involves treating diseases that affect the produc ...

, and is credited with its integration into clinical and analytical medicine. With his colleague, Louis Denis Jules Gavarret (1809–1890), he performed extensive studies of blood composition. They demonstrated that blood composition varies in different pathological conditions, and their findings showed the importance of blood chemistry as a means of confirming diagnoses. Andral's crowning written achievement was ''Clinique médicale'', a five-volume work that discussed almost every facet of medicine known at the time. It was an exhaustive summary of French medicine and its development in the early part of the 19th century. Andral is credited as the first physician to describe lymphangitis carcinomatosa, a disease that is usually associated with cancers of the lung, breast,

stomach The stomach is a muscular, hollow organ in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates. The stomach has a dilated structure and functions as a vital organ in the digestive system. The stomach i ...

, and cervix. His father, Guillaume Andral, was also a physician of note.

New International Encyclopedia ''The New International Encyclopedia'' was an American encyclopedia first published in 1902 by Dodd, Mead and Company. It descended from the ''International Cyclopaedia'' (1884) and was updated in 1906, 1914 and 1926. History ''The New Inter ...

Selected works

* ''Précis d'anatomie pathologique'', (1829) * ''Projet d'un essai sur la vitalité'', (1835) * An edition of Lænnec's ''Traité de l'auscultation médiate ou traité du diagnostic des poumons et du cœur'' (1836) * ''Cours de pathologie interne'' (1836–1837) * ''Sur le traitement de la fièvre typhoïde par les purgatifs'' (1837) * ''Sur les modifications de properties de quelques principes du sang (fibrine, globules, materiaux solides du sérum, et eau) dans les maladies'', (with Jules Gavarret); (1840) * ''Recherches sur la composition du sang de quelques animaux domestiques, dans l’état de santé et de maladie'', (with Jules Gavarret and Onésime Delafond 1805–1861); (1842) * ''Traité élémentaire de pathologie et de thérapeutique générale'' (1843) * ''Essai d'hématologie pathologique'', (1843) See also
more comprehensive list here

Terms

* Andral's decubitus—decubitus on the sound side; a position assumed in the early stages of

pleurisy Pleurisy, also known as pleuritis, is inflammation of the membranes that surround the lungs and line the chest cavity ( pleurae). This can result in a sharp chest pain while breathing. Occasionally the pain may be a constant dull ache. Other sy ...

. ::(

Dorland's Medical Dictionary ''Dorland's'' is the brand name of a family of medical reference works (including dictionaries, spellers and word books, and spell-check software) in various media spanning printed books, CD-ROMs, and online content. The flagship products are ''Do ...

—1938)

References

*
''Gabriel An''
{{DEFAULTSORT:Andral, Gabriel French pathologists 1797 births 1876 deaths Academic staff of the University of Paris Scientists from Paris Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences