The ''Groupe du musée de l'Homme'' (

French French may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France ** French people, a nation and ethnic group ** French cuisine, cooking traditions and practices Arts and media * The French (band), ...

for 'Group of the Museum of Man') was a movement in the

French resistance The French Resistance ( ) was a collection of groups that fought the German military administration in occupied France during World War II, Nazi occupation and the Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy#France, collaborationist Vic ...

to the

German occupation German-occupied Europe, or Nazi-occupied Europe, refers to the sovereign countries of Europe which were wholly or partly militarily occupied and civil-occupied, including puppet states, by the (armed forces) and the government of Nazi Germany at ...

during the

Second World War World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

. In July 1940, after the

Appeal of 18 June The Appeal of 18 June () was the first speech made by Charles de Gaulle after his arrival in London in 1940 following the Battle of France. Broadcast to France by the radio services of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), it is often cons ...

from

Charles de Gaulle Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (22 November 18909 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the Free France, Free French Forces against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Re ...

, a resistance group was created by

intellectual An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and Human self-reflection, reflection about the nature of reality, especially the nature of society and proposed solutions for its normative problems. Coming from the wor ...

s and

academic An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of tertiary education. The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, founded approximately 386 BC at Akademia, a sanctuary of Athena, the go ...

s led by

Anatole Lewitsky Anatole Lewitsky (22 August 1903 – 23 February 1942) was a French anthropologist and member of the French Resistance in World War II. He was head of the European-Asiatic department at the Musée de l'Homme, and a world authority on Siberian sham ...

and

Boris Vildé Boris Vildé (25 June Old Style/8 July 1908 – 23 February 1942) was a linguist and ethnographer at the Musée de l'Homme, in Paris, France. He specialised in polar civilizations. Biography He was born in St. Petersburg into a family of Easte ...

, along with Paul Hauet. They were not Gaullists; since they were prisoners of war (Vildé escaped on 5 July and Lewitsky was freed in August), it is highly improbable that they had heard de Gaulle's broadcast. However, once Gaullist propaganda took hold, with its message of escape from dishonour, the group fell in with it.

Germaine Tillion Germaine Tillion (30 May 1907 – 18 April 2008) was a French ethnologist, known for her work in Algeria in the 1950s on behalf of the Government of France. A member of the French Resistance in World War II, she spent time in Ravensbrück co ...

said, "I do not remember from what date we started to call ourselves Gaullists: it was not at the beginning at any rate. But we did consider General de Gaulle to be right, or at least to be a man who thought as we did. But we knew nothing about him". They were joined by other groups in September. Raymond Burgard,

René Iché René Iché (21 January 1897 – 23 December 1954) was a 20th-century French sculptor. Life and work René Iché was born in Sallèles-d'Aude, France. He fought in World War I, where he was injured and gassed. After the war, he earned a degre ...

, Claude Aveline,

Marcel Abraham Marcel may refer to: People * Marcel (given name), people with the given name Marcel * Marcel (footballer, born August 1981), Marcel Silva Andrade, Brazilian midfielder * Marcel (footballer, born November 1981), Marcel Augusto Ortolan, Brazilian ...

Jean Cassou Jean Cassou (; 9 July 1897 – 15 January 1986) was a French writer, art critic, poet, member of the French Resistance during World War II and the first Director of the Musée national d'Art moderne in Paris. Biography Jean Cassou was born at ...

(who launched the newspaper ''Résistance''),

René-Yves Creston René-Yves Creston (25 October 1898 – 30 May 1964), born René Pierre Joseph Creston, was a Breton artist, designer and ethnographer who founded the Breton nationalist art movement Seiz Breur. During World War II he was active in the French R ...

, Germaine Tillion and her mother, Émilie Tillion, were also part of the network. To prevent their meetings from attracting the attention of the Germans and the French police, they set up a "literary society", ''Les amis d'

Alain-Fournier Henri-Alban Fournier (; 3 October 1886 – 22 September 1914),Mémoire des hommes
Secrétariat ...

'' (The Friends of Alain-Fournier).

Members of the group

* Jules Andrieu, shot in February 1942 ( Mont-Valérien,

Suresnes Suresnes () is a commune in the western inner suburbs of Paris, France. Located in Hauts-de-Seine, from the centre of Paris, it had a population of 49,482 as of 2020. Suresnes borders the Bois de Boulogne in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, ...

) * Claude Aveline (1901–1992) *

Jean Blanzat Jean Blanzat (; 6 January 1906, Domps, Haute-Vienne – 6 November 1977, age 71) was a French novelist and a member of the French Resistance. Biography After a literary debut noticed in the magazine ''Europe'' in 1929 in which he published his ...

* Jacqueline Bordelet *

Pierre Brossolette Pierre Brossolette (; 25 June 1903 – 22 March 1944) was a French journalist, politician and major hero of the French Resistance in World War II. Brossolette ran a Resistance intelligence hub from a Parisian bookshop on the Rue de la Pompe, be ...

, (1903- died in detention in 1944 / 22.3.1944) * Raymond Burgard, beheaded in 1944 (in

Cologne Cologne ( ; ; ) is the largest city of the States of Germany, German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the List of cities in Germany by population, fourth-most populous city of Germany with nearly 1.1 million inhabitants in the city pr ...

Köln Cologne ( ; ; ) is the largest city of the States of Germany, German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the List of cities in Germany by population, fourth-most populous city of Germany with nearly 1.1 million inhabitants in the city pr ...

), also a member of the Combat Zone North *Jean-Paul Carrier * *

, launched the newspaper ''Résistance'' (1897–1986) *

, ethnologist and

Breton Breton most often refers to: *anything associated with Brittany, and generally **Breton people **Breton language, a Southwestern Brittonic Celtic language of the Indo-European language family, spoken in Brittany ** Breton (horse), a breed **Gale ...

nationalist *Christiane Desroches Noblecourt * Colette Duval (Colette Vivier) * Jean Duval * René-Georges Étienne *Valentin Feldman * Marcel Fleisser (-1945) * Jeanne Goupille * Jean Hamburger * Colonel Paul Hauet, co-founder of the network, died during deportation / died in the KZ Neuengamme *

Daniel Héricault Daniel commonly refers to: * Daniel (given name), a masculine given name and a surname * List of people named Daniel * List of people with surname Daniel * Daniel (biblical figure) * Book of Daniel, a biblical apocalypse, "an account of the act ...

Agnès Humbert Agnès Humbert (12 October 1894 – 19 September 1963) was an art historian, ethnographer and a member of the French Resistance during World War II. She has become well known through the publication of a translation of the diary of her experience ...

, deported *

Georges Ithier Georges may refer to: Places *Georges River, New South Wales, Australia *Georges Quay (Dublin) *Georges Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania Other uses *Georges (name) * ''Georges'' (novel), a novel by Alexandre Dumas * "Georges" (song), a 1977 ...

, shot in February 1942 ( Mont-Valérien,

) * Jean Jaudel (1910–2006) * Albert Jubineau *( Colonel) Charles de La Rochère died in Sonnenburg * (Comte) Jehan de Launoy *

Michel Leiris Julien Michel Leiris (; 20 April 1901, Paris – 30 September 1990, Saint-Hilaire, Essonne) was a French surrealist writer and ethnographer. Part of the Surrealist group in Paris, Leiris became a key member of the College of Sociology with Geor ...

* Sylvette Leleu *Renée Lévy *

, shot in February 1942 ( Mont-Valérien, Suresnes), adjunct to Vildé *Suzanne Lhuillier * Éveline Lot-Falck * (Capitain) Ernest Massip * Marie-Josette Massip * Thérèse Massip * Jaques Monod *

Léon Maurice Nordmann Leon, Léon (French) or León (Spanish) may refer to: Places Europe * León, Spain, capital city of the Province of León * Province of León, Spain * Kingdom of León, an independent state in the Iberian Peninsula from 910 to 1230 and again fro ...

, shot in February 1942 ( Mont-Valérien, Suresnes) *

Yvonne Oddon Yvonne Oddon (1902–1982) was one of the leaders in the reformation of French libraries and a member of the French Resistance in World War II. Biography Yvonne Oddon was born in Gap, Hautes-Alpes to a Protestant family. After secondary school ...

Jean Paulhan Jean Paulhan (2 December 1884 – 9 October 1968) was a French writer, literary critic and publisher, director of the literary magazine '' Nouvelle Revue Française'' (NRF) from 1925 to 1940 and from 1946 to 1968. He was a member (Seat 6, 1963– ...

*Maguy Perrier *Germaine Quoniam *

Paul Rivet Paul Rivet (; 7 May 1876 – 21 March 1958) was a French ethnologist known for founding the Musée de l'Homme in 1937. In his professional work, Rivet is known for his theory that South America was originally populated in part by migrants ...

René Sanson René (''born again'' or ''reborn'' in French) is a common first name in French-speaking, Spanish-speaking, and German-speaking countries. It derives from the Latin name Renatus. René is the masculine form of the name (Renée being the feminine ...

* Colette Sanson *

René Sénéchal René (''born again'' or ''reborn'' in French) is a common first name in French-speaking, Spanish-speaking, and German-speaking countries. It derives from the Latin name Renatus. René is the masculine form of the name (Renée being the feminine ...

, shot in February 1942 ( Mont-Valérien, Suresnes) * Alice Simmonet *Henri Simmonet * Emilie Tillion, died while being deported to Ravensbrück in 1945 *

, head of the adjunct network around Hauet with the rank of ''commandant'' from 1941 to 1942, deported to Ravensbrück *

, co-founder and leader of the network, shot in February 1942 ( Mont-Valérien, Suresnes) * Pierre Walter, shot in February 1942 ( Mont-Valérien, Suresnes) *Henri Waquet *

André Weil-Curriel André — sometimes transliterated as Andre — is the French and Portuguese form of the name Andrew and is now also used in the English-speaking world. It used in France, Quebec, Canada and other French-speaking countries, as well in Portugal, ...

* Therese de Liniers ? *

Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz (25 October 1920 – 14 February 2002) was a member of the French Resistance in World War II, during which she was sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp. After the war, she was a human rights defender and presiden ...

References

Bibliography

* AERI, ''La Résistance en Ile de France'', DVD-Rom, 2004 (fiches

). * Martin Blumenson, ''Le Réseau du Musée de l'Homme'', Éditions Le Seuil, Paris, 1979. * Sean Carroll, ''Brave Genius: A Scientist, A Philosopher, and their Daring Adventures from the French Resistance to the Nobel Prize'', Crown Publishers, New York, 2013. * Agnès Humbert, ''Résistance: A Woman's Journal of Struggle and Defiance in Occupied France'', translated by Barbara Mellor, Bloomsbury, New York, 2008. * Alan Riding, ''And the Show Went On: Cultural Life in Nazi-Occupied Paris'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 2010 (chapter six, "Resistance as an Idea," on the musée de l'Homme group).

External links (French)

Le musée de l'Homme on the site ''Chemins de Mémoire''

L'histoire du réseau du musée de l'Homme

Site du musée Boris Vildé
{{DEFAULTSORT:Groupe Du Musee De L'Homme French Resistance networks and movements 1940 establishments in France Organizations established in 1940