The Great Colonnade at Palmyra was the main

colonnade In classical architecture, a colonnade is a long sequence of columns joined by their entablature, often free-standing, or part of a building. Paired or multiple pairs of columns are normally employed in a colonnade which can be straight or curv ...

d avenue in the ancient city of

Palmyra Palmyra ( ; Palmyrene dialect, Palmyrene: (), romanized: ''Tadmor''; ) is an ancient city in central Syria. It is located in the eastern part of the Levant, and archaeological finds date back to the Neolithic period, and documents first menti ...

in the

Syrian Desert The Syrian Desert ( ''Bādiyat Ash-Shām''), also known as the North Arabian Desert, the Jordanian steppe, or the Badiya, is a region of desert, semi-desert, and steppe, covering about of West Asia, including parts of northern Saudi Arabia, ea ...

. The colonnade was built in several stages during the second and third century CE and stretched for more than a kilometer (approximately .75 miles). It linked the

Temple of Bel The Temple of Bel (), sometimes also referred to as the "Temple of Baal", was an ancient temple located in Palmyra, Syria. The temple, consecrated to the Mesopotamian god Bel (mythology), Bel, worshipped at Palmyra in triad with the lunar god Ag ...

, in the southeastern end of the city, to the West Gate and the Funerary Temple in the northwestern part. The colonnade was damaged during the Syrian Civil War, especially when Palmyra was occupied by the

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and Daesh, is a transnational Salafi jihadist organization and unrecognized quasi-state. IS occupied signi ...

from May 2015 to March 2016. However, large parts of it are still intact.

Overview

The colonnade consists of three sections that were built separately over the course of the second and third century CE. The western stretch of the colonnade is the oldest and started at the West Gate near the Funerary Temple. The eastern section stretched from the Monumental Arch in the center of the town to the entrance of the

. The middle section was built last to connect the two separate colonnades. It met the western stretch at the Great Tetrapylon, and the eastern stretch at the Monumental Arch.

Western section

The western colonnade was the first section to be built. Inscriptions found on some columns confirm that works started before 158 CE.Barański, 1995, p. 39. The straight avenue ran in northwest-southeast direction and stretched for , the longest of the three sectors.Butcher, 2003, p. 246. The main avenue's width was while the side streets were in width.Barański, 1995, p. 41. The colonnade's western terminus, the West Gate, was built in the late second-century CE. The avenue also connected in a right angle to the Transverse ColonnadeBarański, 1995, p. 45. which stretched to the Damascus Gate in the south.Butcher, 2003, p. 245.

Eastern section

The eastern sector of the Great Colonnade started at the Monumental Arch and stretched in a northwest-southeast direction towards the ''

propylaea In ancient Greek architecture, a propylaion, propylaeon or, in its Latinized form, ''propylaeum''—often used in the plural forms propylaia or propylaea (; Greek: προπύλαια)—is a monumental gateway. It serves as a partition, separat ...

'' of the Temple of Bel. Work on the colonnade started after the completion of the ''propylaea'' in 175 CE and continued through the beginning of the third-century CE.Barański, 1995, p. 43. This section is the widest of the Great Colonnade with a uniform width of for the main street and for the sidewalks. A corner of the '' temenos'' of the Temple of Nebu was demolished to allow the colonnade an uninterrupted line of sight towards the Monumental Arch from the west and a wider access to the section leading to the Temple of Bel. A '' nymphaeum'' was later added to the eastern colonnade between the Bel and Nebu temples.

Middle section

The middle colonnade, stretching from east to west, was constructed to connect the two earlier colonnades. Work on the central avenue began from the Monumental Arch, where it met the eastern colonnade, sometime in the early third-century CE. The section stretched until the Great Tetrapylon where it met the western colonnade in an oval plaza. The central colonnade also incorporated the portico of the baths. The central section of the Great Colonnade became the most important with several civic buildings clustered around it, including the caesareum, the

theatre Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of performing art that uses live performers, usually actors to present experiences of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a Stage (theatre), stage. The performe ...

, the baths and the Temple of Nebu. The width of the main street varies from at its widest near the tetrapylon, to when it reaches the Monumental Arch. The sidewalks also vary in width between for the northern sidewalk and for the southern one.

Architecture and significance

The colonnade's early columns, especially in the western stretch, were built using the classical '' opus emplectum'' building technique. The columns consisted of six to eight short sections. This technique was gradually replaced, from the 220s, by what historian Marek Barański termed ''opus Palmyrenum''. The newer technique, seen in the middle and eastern stretches of the colonnade, utilized three long segments instead of the short drums. The technique allowed for significantly faster construction at the time. The

Corinthian columns The Corinthian order (, ''Korinthiakós rythmós''; ) is the last developed and most ornate of the three principal classical orders of Ancient Greek architecture and Roman architecture. The other two are the Doric order, which was the earliest, ...

were fitted with decorated brackets that bore dedicatory inscriptions.Barański, 1995, p. 37. The brackets were used to hold bronze statues of important figures. Dedicatory inscriptions to

Zenobia Septimia Zenobia (Greek: Ζηνοβία, Palmyrene Aramaic: , ; 240 – c. 274) was a third-century queen of the Palmyrene Empire in Syria. Many legends surround her ancestry; she was probably not a commoner, and she married the ruler of the ...

and

Odaenathus Septimius Odaenathus (Greek language, Greek: Ὀδαίναθος, Palmyrene Aramaic: 𐡠𐡣𐡩𐡮𐡶‎ (file:Dynt.png, 35px), ; ; 220 – 267) was the founder king (malik) of the List of Palmyrene monarchs, Palmyrene Kingdom who ruled fr ...

dating to between 257 and 267 were discovered on columns set up in front of the theatre.

Gallery

File:Palmyra, Syria, The Great Colonnade 3.jpg, Sections of the Great Colonnade File:Palmyra, Syria, Monumental Arch and Columns.jpg, The Monumental Arch linking the east and central sections of the colonnade. File:Palmyra, Syria, The Great Colonnade 4.jpg, Sections of the Great Colonnade File:Palmyra, Syria, Great Tetrapylon.jpg, The Great Tetrapylon linking the west and central sections of the colonnade. File:Palmyra Julius Aurelius Zenobius inscription.jpg, A dedicatory inscription on one of the columns. File:Palmyra - Decumanus Maximus.jpg, The central colonnade with the Great Tetrapylon looking west. File:Palmira la nuit (Siria) (8171412857).jpg, Monumental colonnade by night File:Grande colonnade street07(js).jpg, The central colonnade with the Monumental Arch looking east. File:S03 06 01 023 image 3116.jpg, Palmyra, Syria. Colonnade, 19th century,

Brooklyn Museum The Brooklyn Museum is an art museum in the New York City borough (New York City), borough of Brooklyn. At , the museum is New York City's second largest and contains an art collection with around 500,000 objects. Located near the Prospect Heig ...

References

Notes

Bibliography

* * *{{Cite web, last1=Frances Terpak and Peter Louis Bonfitto, title=Colonnade Street, url=http://www.getty.edu/research/exhibitions_events/exhibitions/palmyra/index.html, website=The Legacy of Ancient Palmyra, publisher=The Getty Research Institute, accessdate=10 February 2017 Buildings and structures in Palmyra Colonnades Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Syria Buildings and structures completed in the 3rd century Streets in Syria Tourist attractions in Syria