''Glyptothorax'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

catfish Catfish (or catfishes; order (biology), order Siluriformes or Nematognathi) are a diverse group of ray-finned fish. Catfish are common name, named for their prominent barbel (anatomy), barbels, which resemble a cat's whiskers, though not ...

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood ...

Siluriformes Catfish (or catfishes; order Siluriformes or Nematognathi) are a diverse group of ray-finned fish. Catfish are named for their prominent barbels, which resemble a cat's whiskers, though not all catfish have prominent barbels or "whis ...

of the family

Sisoridae Sisoridae is a family of catfishes. These Asian catfishes live in fast-moving waters and often have adaptations that allow them to adhere to objects in their habitats. The family includes about 235 species. Taxonomy The family Sisoridae is recog ...

. It is the most species-rich and widely distributed genus in the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

with new species being discovered on a regular basis. These

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

are distributed in the

Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal sea, marginal Mediterranean sea (oceanography), mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bound ...

basin, northern

Turkey Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...

, south and east to the

Yangtze River The Yangtze or Yangzi ( or ) is the longest river in Eurasia and the third-longest in the world. It rises at Jari Hill in the Tanggula Mountains of the Tibetan Plateau and flows including Dam Qu River the longest source of the Yangtze, i ...

drainage in

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

and south throughout Indo-China to

Java Java is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea (a part of Pacific Ocean) to the north. With a population of 156.9 million people (including Madura) in mid 2024, proje ...

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...

. They are found in

Asia Minor Anatolia (), also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. It is the westernmost protrusion of Asia and is geographically bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean ...

(in the

Tigris The Tigris ( ; see #Etymology, below) is the eastern of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the mountains of the Armenian Highlands through the Syrian Desert, Syrian and Arabia ...

and

Euphrates River The Euphrates ( ; see below) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of West Asia. Together with the Tigris, it is one of the two defining rivers of Mesopotamia (). Originating in Turkey, the Euphrates flows through S ...

drainages) and southwards to

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Au ...

. The genus is very diverse in the

Indian subcontinent The Indian subcontinent is a physiographic region of Asia below the Himalayas which projects into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west. It is now divided between Bangladesh, India, and Pakista ...

Southeast Asian Southeast Asia is the geographical southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Australian mainland, which is part of Oceania. Southeast Asia is ...

species tend to have restricted distributions.

Description

This genus is easily distinguished from other sisorids by having an adhesive apparatus on the

thorax The thorax (: thoraces or thoraxes) or chest is a part of the anatomy of mammals and other tetrapod animals located between the neck and the abdomen. In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main di ...

with grooves parallel or oblique to the longitudinal axis of the body, as opposed to grooves transverse to the longitudinal axis of body or the thoracic adhesive apparatus entirely absent. The

dorsal fin A dorsal fin is a fin on the back of most marine and freshwater vertebrates. Dorsal fins have evolved independently several times through convergent evolution adapting to marine environments, so the fins are not all homologous. They are found ...

and

pectoral fin Fins are moving appendages protruding from the body of fish that interact with water to generate thrust and help the fish aquatic locomotion, swim. Apart from the tail or caudal fin, fish fins have no direct connection with the vertebral column ...

s have strong

spine Spine or spinal may refer to: Science Biology * Spinal column, also known as the backbone * Dendritic spine, a small membranous protrusion from a neuron's dendrite * Thorns, spines, and prickles, needle-like structures in plants * Spine (zoology), ...

s. The dorsal fin spine is smooth or

serrate Serration is a saw-like appearance or a row of sharp or tooth-like projections. A serrated cutting edge has many small points of contact with the material being cut. By having less contact area than a smooth blade or other edge, the applied pr ...

on the front edge and smooth or finely serrated on the posterior edge. The pectoral fin spine is serrated on the front edge. The head is small and depressed and the snout is conical. The body is elongate, from moderately to greatly depressed. The

skin Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation. Other animal coverings, such as the arthropod exoskeleton, have different ...

is either smooth or tuberculate. The eyes are small and dorsally placed. The lips are thick, fleshy and often

papilla Papilla (Latin, 'nipple') or papillae may refer to: In animals * Papilla (fish anatomy), in the mouth of fish * Papilla (worms), small bumps on the surface of certain worms * Basilar papilla, a sensory organ of lizards, amphibians and fish * ...

te. The maxillary barbels have a well-developed membrane and a soft base. The

gill A gill () is a respiration organ, respiratory organ that many aquatic ecosystem, aquatic organisms use to extract dissolved oxygen from water and to excrete carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow r ...

openings are wide. The paired fins are plaited and modified to form an adhesive apparatus in some species of ''Glyptothorax''.

Ecology

Like other sisorids, these fish are

rheophilic A rheophile is an animal that prefers to live in fast-moving water. Examples of rheophilic animals Insects *Many aquatic insects living in riffles require current to survive. *'' Epeorus sylvicola'', a rheophilic mayfly species ( Ephemeroptera ...

, that is they inhabit fast-flowing streams, where they are adapted to live by using the adhesive apparatus on the underside to attach themselves to rocks and prevent being washed away.

Species

There are currently 121 recognized species in this genus: * '' Glyptothorax alaknandi'' Tilak, 1969 * '' Glyptothorax alidaeii'' Mousavi-Sabet, Eagderi, Vatandoust and Freyhof, 2021 * '' Glyptothorax anamalaiensis''

Silas Silas or Silvanus (; Greek: Σίλας/Σιλουανός; fl. 1st century AD) was a leading member of the Early Christian community, who according to the New Testament accompanied Paul the Apostle on his second missionary journey. Name and ...

, 1952 * '' Glyptothorax annandalei''

Hora Hora may refer to: Companies * Hora (company), a Romanian manufacturer of stringed musical instruments People, real & mythological * Hora (pl. Horae), figure from Greek mythology * Hora (surname) * Hora, a member of the Japanese duo Schwarz St ...

, 1923 * '' Glyptothorax armeniacus'' ( L. S. Berg, 1918) (Armenian mountain catfish) * '' Glyptothorax ater'' Anganthoibi & Vishwanath, 2011 * '' Glyptothorax botius'' ( F. Hamilton, 1822) * '' Glyptothorax brevipinnis'' Hora, 1923 * '' Glyptothorax buchanani'' H. M. Smith, 1945 * '' Glyptothorax burmanicus''

Prashad 200px, ''Naivedya'' offered to Sri Maya Chandrodaya Mandir in Mayapur, India">Mayapur.html" ;"title="Sri Maya Chandrodaya Mandir, Mayapur">Sri Maya Chandrodaya Mandir in Mayapur">Sri Maya Chandrodaya Mandir, Mayapur">Sri Maya Chandrodaya Mandi ...

& Mukerji, 1929 * '' Glyptothorax callopterus'' H. M. Smith, 1945 * '' Glyptothorax caudimaculatus'' Anganthoibi & Vishwanath, 2011 * '' Glyptothorax cavia'' ( F. Hamilton, 1822) * '' Glyptothorax chimtuipuiensis'' Anganthoibi & Vishwanath, 2010 * '' Glyptothorax chindwinica'' Vishwanath & Linthoingambi, 2007 * '' Glyptothorax churamanii'' Rameshori & Vishwanath, 2012 * '' Glyptothorax clavatus'' Rameshori & Vishwanath, 2014 * '' Glyptothorax conirostris'' (

Steindachner Franz Steindachner (11 November 1834 in Vienna – 10 December 1919 in Vienna) was an Austrian zoologist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist. He published over 200 papers on fishes and over 50 papers on reptiles and amphibians. Steindachner descri ...

, 1867) * '' Glyptothorax coracinus'' H. H. Ng & Rainboth, 2008 * '' Glyptothorax cous'' (

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...

, 1766) * '' Glyptothorax davissinghi'' Manimekalan & H. S. Das, 1998 * '' Glyptothorax decussatus'' H. H. Ng & Kottelat, 2016 * '' Glyptothorax deqinensis'' T. P. Mo & X. L. Chu, 1986 * '' Glyptothorax dikrongensis'' Tamang &

Chaudhry Chowdhury (also: Choudhuri, Chaudhuri, Choudhury, Chaudhri, Chaudhary) is a title of honour, usually hereditary, originating from the Indian subcontinent. It is an adaption from Sanskrit. During the Mughal rule, it was a title awarded to emine ...

, 2011 * '' Glyptothorax dorsalis'' Vinciguerra, 1890 * '' Glyptothorax elankadensis'' Plamoottil &

Abraham Abraham (originally Abram) is the common Hebrews, Hebrew Patriarchs (Bible), patriarch of the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Judaism, he is the founding father who began the Covenant (biblical), covenanta ...

, 2013 (Travancore rock catfish) * '' Glyptothorax exodon'' H. H. Ng & Rachmatika, 2005 * '' Glyptothorax filicatus'' H. H. Ng & Freyhof, 2008 * '' Glyptothorax fokiensis'' ( Rendahl ( de), 1925) * ''

Glyptothorax forabilis ''Glyptothorax'' is a genus of catfishes order Siluriformes of the family Sisoridae. It is the most species-rich and widely distributed genus in the family with new species being discovered on a regular basis. These species are distributed in the ...

'' H. H. Ng & Kottelat, 2017 * '' Glyptothorax fucatus'' W. S. Jiang, H. H. Ng, J. X. Yang & X. Y. Chen, 2012 * '' Glyptothorax fuscus'' Fowler, 1934 * '' Glyptothorax galaxias'', Mousavi-Sabet & Eagderi & Vatandoust & Freyhof, 2021 * '' Glyptothorax garhwali'' Tilak, 1969 * ''

Glyptothorax gracilis ''Glyptothorax'' is a genus of catfishes order Siluriformes of the family Sisoridae. It is the most species-rich and widely distributed genus in the family with new species being discovered on a regular basis. These species are distributed in the ...

'' ( Günther, 1864) * '' Glyptothorax granosus'' W. S. Jiang, H. H. Ng, J. X. Yang & X. Y. Chen, 2012 * '' Glyptothorax granulus'' Vishwanath & Linthoingambi, 2007 * '' Glyptothorax hainanensis'' ( Nichols & C. H. Pope, 1927) * '' Glyptothorax honghensis'' S. S. Li, 1984 * '' Glyptothorax horai'' ( Fowler, 1934) * ''

Glyptothorax hosseinpanahii ''Glyptothorax'' is a genus of catfishes order Siluriformes of the family Sisoridae. It is the most species-rich and widely distributed genus in the family with new species being discovered on a regular basis. These species are distributed in the ...

'', Mousavi-Sabet & Eagderi & Vatandoust & Freyhof, 2021 * '' Glyptothorax housei'' Herre, 1942 * '' Glyptothorax igniculus'' H. H. Ng & S. O. Kullander, 2013 * '' Glyptothorax indicus''

Talwar The talwar (), also spelled talwaar and tulwar, is a type of curved sword or sabre from the Indian subcontinent. Etymology and classification The word ''talwar'' originated from the Sanskrit Language, Sanskrit word ''taravāri'' () which means ...

, 1991 * ''

Glyptothorax interspinalum ''Glyptothorax'' is a genus of catfishes order (biology), order Siluriformes of the family Sisoridae. It is the most species-rich and widely distributed genus in the family (biology), family with new species being discovered on a regular basis. T ...

'' ( Đ. Y. Mai, 1978) * '' Glyptothorax jalalensis'' Balon ( pl) & K. Hensel, 1970 * '' Glyptothorax jayarami'' Rameshori & Vishwanath, 2012 * '' Glyptothorax kashmirensis''

, 1923 * '' Glyptothorax keluk'' H. H. Ng & Kottelat, 2016 * '' Glyptothorax ketambe'' H. H. Ng & Hadiaty, 2009 * '' Glyptothorax kudremukhensis''

K. C. Gopi K, or k, is the eleventh letter of the English alphabet. K may also refer to: General uses * K, a normal modal logic * K (programming language), an array processing language developed by Arthur Whitney and commercialized by Kx Systems * K (ci ...

, 2007 * '' Glyptothorax kurdistanicus'' ( L. S. Berg, 1931) * '' Glyptothorax laak'' (

Popta Canna Maria Louise Popta (31 May 1860 – 13 June 1929)L.B. Holthuis, Biography i1820-1958, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie page 82 (in Dutch). was a Dutch biologist. Born in Breda, Popta was one of the first women to enrol as a student at ...

, 1904) * '' Glyptothorax lampris'' Fowler, 1934 * '' Glyptothorax lanceatus'' H. H. Ng, W. S. Jiang & X. Y. Chen, 2012 * '' Glyptothorax laosensis'' Fowler, 1934 * '' Glyptothorax lonah'' (

Sykes "Sykes" is a surname of Anglo-Saxon English origins, which generally has topographical roots as it original linguistic origin. The name derives from the Old Norse word "sík" or "síkja", meaning a small stream, marshy hollow, or gully. It eventua ...

, 1839) * '' Glyptothorax longicauda'' S. S. Li, 1984 * '' Glyptothorax longinema'' S. S. Li, 1984 * '' Glyptothorax longjiangensis'' T. P. Mo & X. L. Chu, 1986 * '' Glyptothorax maceriatus'' H. H. Ng & Lalramliana, 2012 * '' Glyptothorax macromaculatus'' S. S. Li, 1984 * '' Glyptothorax madraspatanus'' ( F. Day, 1873) * '' Glyptothorax major'' ( Boulenger, 1894) * '' Glyptothorax malabarensis''

, 2010 * '' Glyptothorax manipurensis''

Menon Menon may refer to: People *Menon (subcaste), an honorary title accorded to some Nairs. Surnamed *Menon (surname), a surname used historically by those with the title of Menon and now by their descendants. Given named * Menon (cookbook author), ...

, 1955 * '' Glyptothorax mibangi''

Darshan Darshan, a Sanskrit word meaning "sight" or "viewing", may refer to: Ceremony and religion * Darshan (Indian religions), the auspicious sight of a divine image or holy person; also a school of Hindu philosophy * Darshan (Judaism), a Scriptural ...

Dutta __NOTOC__ Dutta, also spelled Datta (), is an Indian surname. Its variation is Dutt. The surname is commonly found among Bengali Kayasthas, Suvarna Baniks, Gandhabaniks and some other castes in Bengal. The surname is also used by the Mohy ...

, Kachari, Gogoi & D. N. Das, 2015 * '' Glyptothorax minimaculatus'' S. S. Li, 1984 * '' Glyptothorax naziri'' Mirza & I. U. Naik, 1969 * '' Glyptothorax nelsoni'' Ganguly, N. C. Datta & S. Sen, 1972 * '' Glyptothorax ngapang'' Vishwanath & Linthoingambi, 2007 * '' Glyptothorax nieuwenhuisi'' ( Vaillant, 1902) * '' Glyptothorax obliquimaculatus'' W. S. Jiang, X. Y. Chen & J. X. Yang, 2010 * ''

Glyptothorax obscurus ''Glyptothorax'' is a genus of catfishes order Siluriformes of the family Sisoridae. It is the most species-rich and widely distributed genus in the family with new species being discovered on a regular basis. These species are distributed in the ...

'' S. S. Li, 1984) * ''

Glyptothorax pallens ''Glyptothorax'' is a genus of catfishes order Siluriformes of the family Sisoridae. It is the most species-rich and widely distributed genus in the family with new species being discovered on a regular basis. These species are distributed in the ...

'' Mousavi-Sabet, Eagderi, Vatandoust & Freyhof, 2021 * '' Glyptothorax pallozonus'' ( S. Y. Lin, 1934) * '' Glyptothorax panda''

Ferraris Ferrari S.p.A. (; ) is an Italian luxury sports car manufacturer based in Maranello. Founded in 1939 by Enzo Ferrari (1898–1988), the company built Auto Avio Costruzioni 815, its first car in 1940, adopted its current name in 1945, and be ...

Britz Britz () is a German locality (''Ortsteil'') within the Berlin borough (''Bezirk'') of Neukölln. History The village of ''Britzig'' was first mentioned in 1273. It was incorporated by the 1920 Greater Berlin Act. It is known for being the sit ...

, 2005 * '' Glyptothorax pantherinus'' Anganthoibi & Vishwanath, 2013 * '' Glyptothorax pasighatensis'' Arunkumar, 2016Arunkumar, L. (2016): ''Glyptothorax pasighatensis'', a new species of catfish (Teleostei: Sisoridae) from Arunachal Pradesh, Northeastern India. ''International Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology, 4 (2): 179-185.'' * '' Glyptothorax pectinopterus'' (

McClelland McClelland is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Alyssa McClelland, Australian actress * Anthony McClelland, biological father of Lebron James * Charles A. McClelland (1917–2006), American political systems analyst * Charles ...

, 1842) (River catfish) * '' Glyptothorax pedunculatus'' Roberts, 2021Roberts, T.R. (2021): ''Glyptothorax pedunculatus'', a New Species of Sumatran Sisorid Catfish with Slender Caudal Peduncle and Simple Thoracic Adhesive Organ. ''aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology'', 27 (1): 1-4.'' * '' Glyptothorax pictus'' H. H. Ng & Kottelat, 2016 * '' Glyptothorax platypogon''

Valenciennes Valenciennes (, also , , ; ; or ; ) is a communes of France, commune in the Nord (French department), Nord Departments of France, department, Hauts-de-France, France. It lies on the Scheldt () river. Although the city and region experienced ...

, 1840 * '' Glyptothorax platypogonides'' ( Bleeker, 1855) * '' Glyptothorax plectilis'' H. H. Ng & Hadiaty, 2008 * ''

Glyptothorax pongoensis ''Glyptothorax'' is a genus of catfishes order Siluriformes of the family Sisoridae. It is the most species-rich and widely distributed genus in the family with new species being discovered on a regular basis. These species are distributed in the ...

'' Tenali, Singh, Pratap, Phom, Ratnaraju & Kosygin, 2024 * '' Glyptothorax poonaensis''

, 1938 * '' Glyptothorax porrectus'' H. H. Ng & Kottelat, 2017 * '' Glyptothorax prashadi'' Mukerji, 1932 * '' Glyptothorax punjabensis'' Mirza &

Kashmiri Kashmiri may refer to: * People or things related to the Kashmir Valley or the broader region of Kashmir * Kashmiris, an ethnic group native to the Kashmir Valley * Kashmiri language, the language of the Kashmiris ethnic group People with the nam ...

, 1971 * '' Glyptothorax quadriocellatus'' ( Đ. Y. Mai, 1978) * '' Glyptothorax radiolus'' H. H. Ng & Lalramliana, 2013Ng, H.H. & Lalramliana (2013): ''Glyptothorax radiolus'', a new species of sisorid catfish (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes) from northeastern India, with a redescription of ''G. striatus'' McClelland 1842. ''Zootaxa, 3682 (4): 501–512.'' * ''

Glyptothorax robustus ''Glyptothorax'' is a genus of catfishes order Siluriformes of the family Sisoridae. It is the most species-rich and widely distributed genus in the family with new species being discovered on a regular basis. These species are distributed in the ...

'' (Boeseman, 1966) * '' Glyptothorax rugimentum'' H. H. Ng & Kottelat, 2008 * '' Glyptothorax rupiri'' (L. Kosygin, P. Singh & S. Rath, 2021) * '' Glyptothorax saisii'' ( J. T. Jenkins, 1910) * '' Glyptothorax sardashtensis'' Jokar, Kamangar, Ghaderi & Freyhof 2023 * '' Glyptothorax schmidti'' ( Volz, 1904) * '' Glyptothorax scrobiculus'' H. H. Ng & Lalramliana, 2012 * '' Glyptothorax senapatiensis'' Premananda, Kosygin & Saidullah, 2015 * ''

Glyptothorax shapuri ''Glyptothorax'' is a genus of catfishes order Siluriformes of the family Sisoridae. It is the most species-rich and widely distributed genus in the family with new species being discovered on a regular basis. These species are distributed in the ...

'' Mousavi-Sabet, Eagderi, Vatandoust, & Freyhof 2021 * '' Glyptothorax siamensis''

, 1923 * '' Glyptothorax silviae'' Coad, 1981 * '' Glyptothorax sinensis'' ( Regan, 1908) * '' Glyptothorax steindachneri'' ( Pietschmann, 1913) (Steindachner’s catfish) * '' Glyptothorax stibaros'' H. H. Ng & Kottelat, 2016 * '' Glyptothorax stocki'' Mirza & Nijssen, 1978 * '' Glyptothorax stolickae'' (

, 1867) * '' Glyptothorax strabonis'' H. H. Ng & Freyhof, 2008 * '' Glyptothorax striatus'' (

, 1842) * '' Glyptothorax sufii'' K. Asghar Bashir & Mirza, 1975 * '' Glyptothorax sykesi'' ( F. Day, 1873) * '' Glyptothorax telchitta'' (Hamilton, 1822) * '' Glyptothorax trewavasae''

, 1938 * '' Glyptothorax trilineatus'' Blyth, 1860 (Three-lined catfish) * '' Glyptothorax vatandousti'' Jouladeh-Roudbar, Ghanavi & Freyhof 2023 * '' Glyptothorax ventrolineatus'' Vishwanath & Linthoingambi, 2006 * '' Glyptothorax verrucosus'' Rameshori & Vishwanath, 2012 * '' Glyptothorax zanaensis'' X. W. Wu, M. J. He & X. L. Chu, 1981 * '' Glyptothorax zhujiangensis'' Y. H. Lin, 2003 * ''

'' Tenali, Singh, Pratap, Phom, Ratnaraju & Kosygin, 2024

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2154962 Fauna of Turkey Fish of Asia Fish of China Fish of Indonesia Fish of Southeast Asia Freshwater fish genera Catfish genera Taxa named by Edward Blyth