The

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

''Glycera'' is a group of

polychaetes Polychaeta () is a paraphyletic class of generally marine annelid worms, commonly called bristle worms or polychaetes (). Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions called parapodia that bear many bristles, called chaetae, which are m ...

(bristle worms) commonly known as bloodworms. They are typically found on the bottom of shallow marine waters, and some species (e.g. common bloodworms) can grow up to in length. Although both are visually-similar and commonly-used as fishing bait, bloodworms are biologically-distinct from lugworms.

Anatomy

Bloodworms have a creamy pink color, as their pale skin allows their red body fluids that contain haemoglobin to show through. This is the origin of the name "bloodworm". At the 'head', bloodworms have four small antennae and small fleshy projections called parapodium, parapodia running down their bodies. Bloodworms can grow up to in length. Bloodworms are carnivorous. They feed by extending a large proboscis that bears four hollow jaws. The jaws are connected to glands that supply venom which they use to kill their prey, and their bite is painful even to a human. They are preyed on by other worms, bottom-feeding fish, crustacea, and gulls. Reproduction occurs in midsummer, when the warmer water temperature and lunar cycle among other factors triggers sexually mature worms to transform into a non-feeding stage called the epitoke. With enlarged parapodia, they swim to the surface of the water where both sexes release gametes, and then die. The first stage in many forms of bloodworm is a zooplanktonic stage followed by the benthos, benthic instar where the familiar segmented red larvae develop protected by silk tubes made in the bottom silt. These larvae progress from tiny pale opaque worms to the larger red larvae of in length or longer over a period as short as 2–3 weeks in optimum conditions. These animals are unique in that they contain a lot of copper without being poisoned. Their jaws are unusually strong since they too contain the metal in the form of a copper-based chloride biomineral, known as atacamite, in crystalline form. It is theorized that this copper is used as a catalyst for its venomous bite. In ''Glycera dibranchiata'', the jaws are a composite of melanin and 10% copper.

Systematics

''Glycera'' is the type genus of the family Glyceridae. It contains the following species as of October 2023: *''Glycera africana'' Arwidsson, 1899 *''Glycera alba'' (O.F. Müller, 1776) *''Glycera amadaiba'' Imajima, 2003 *''Glycera amboinensis'' McIntosh, 1885 *''Glycera americana'' Leidy, 1855 *''Glycera asymmetrica'' Day, 1973 *''Glycera baltica'' (Eisenack, 1939) † *''Glycera bassensis'' Böggemann & Fiege, 2001 *''Glycera benguellana'' Augener, 1931 *''Glycera benhami'' Böggemann & Fiege, 2001 *''Glycera branchiopoda'' Moore, 1911 *''Glycera brevicirris'' Grube, 1870 *''Glycera calbucoensis'' Hartmann-Schröder, 1962 *''Glycera capitata'' Örsted, 1842 *''Glycera carnea'' Blanchard in Gay, 1849 *''Glycera celtica'' O'Connor, 1987 *''Glycera chirori'' Izuka, 1912 *''Glycera cinnamomea'' Grube, 1874 *''Glycera decipiens'' Marenzeller, 1879 *''Glycera dentribranchia'' Lee, 1985 *''Glycera derbyensis'' Hartmann-Schröder, 1979 *''Glycera dibranchiata'' Ehlers, 1868 *''Glycera diva'' Böggemann, 2009 *''Glycera dubia'' (Blainville, 1825) *''Glycera ehlersi'' Arwidsson, 1899 *''Glycera fallax'' Quatrefages, 1850 *''Glycera fundicola'' Chamberlin, 1919 *''Glycera gilbertae'' Böggemann & Fiege, 2001 *''Glycera glaucopsammensis'' Charletta & Boyer, 1974 † *''Glycera guatemalensis'' Böggemann & Fiege, 2001 *''Glycera guinensis'' Augener, 1918 *''Glycera hasidatensis'' Izuka, 1912 *''Glycera heteropoda'' Hartmann-Schröder, 1962 *''Glycera incerta'' Hansen, 1882 *''Glycera juliae'' Magalhães & Rizzo, 2012 *''Glycera kerguelensis'' McIntosh, 1885 *''Glycera knoxi'' Kirkegaard, 1995 *''Glycera lamelliformis'' McIntosh, 1885 *''Glycera lancadivae'' Schmarda, 1861 *''Glycera lapidum'' Quatrefages, 1866 *''Glycera longipinnis'' Grube, 1878 *''Glycera macintoshi'' Grube, 1877 *''Glycera macrobranchia'' Moore, 1911 *''Glycera madagascariensis'' Böggemann & Fiege, 2001 *''Glycera mauritiana'' Grube, 1870 *''Glycera mexicana'' (Chamberlin, 1919) *''Glycera micrognatha'' Schmarda, 1861 *''Glycera nana'' Johnson, 1901 *''Glycera natalensis'' Day, 1957 *''Glycera neorobusta'' Imajima, 2009 *''Glycera nicobarica'' Grube, 1866 *''Glycera noelae'' Böggemann, Bienhold & Gaudron, 2012 *''Glycera okai'' Imajima, 2009 *''Glycera onomichiensis'' Izuka, 1912 *''Glycera ovigera'' Schmarda, 1861 *''Glycera oxycephala'' Ehlers, 1887 *''Glycera pacifica'' Kinberg, 1866 *''Glycera papillosa'' Grube, 1857 *''Glycera pilicae'' Szaniawski, 1974 † *''Glycera polygona'' Risso, 1826 *''Glycera posterobranchia'' Hoagland, 1920 *''Glycera profundi'' Chamberlin, 1919 *''Glycera prosobranchia'' Böggemann & Fiege, 2001 *''Glycera pseudorobusta'' Böggemann & Fiege, 2001 *''Glycera robusta'' Ehlers, 1868 *''Glycera russa'' Grube, 1870 *''Glycera rutilans'' Grube in McIntosh, 1885 *''Glycera sagittariae'' McIntosh, 1885 *''Glycera semibranchiopoda'' Imajima, 2009 *''Glycera sheikhmujibi'' Hossain & Hutchings, 2020 *''Glycera southeastatlantica'' Böggemann, 2009 *''Glycera sphyrabrancha'' Schmarda, 1861 *''Glycera subaenea'' Grube, 1878 *''Glycera taurica'' Czerniavsky, 1881 *''Glycera tenuis'' Hartman, 1944 *''Glycera tesselata'' Grube, 1863 *''Glycera tridactyla'' Schmarda, 1861 *''Glycera unicornis'' Lamarck, 1818

Use by humans

''Glycera'' worms are sold commercially in tackle shops as bait for saltwater fishing.

References

"Fishing for Allergens: Bloodworm-Induced Asthma" study at the Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology (AACI) site {{DEFAULTSORT:Glycera (annelid) Polychaete genera Phyllodocida ru:Glycera alba