Galbuli is one of the two suborders of the order

Piciformes Nine families of largely arboreal birds make up the order Piciformes (), the best-known of them being the Picidae, which includes the woodpeckers and close relatives. The Piciformes contain about 71 living genera with a little over 450 species, ...

. It includes two families,

Bucconidae The puffbirds and their relatives in the family Bucconidae are tropical tree-dwelling insectivorous birds that are found from South America up to Mexico. Together with their closest relatives, the jacamars, they form a divergent lineage within th ...

(puffbirds) and

Galbulidae The jacamars are a family, Galbulidae, of birds from tropical South and Central America, extending up to Mexico. The family contains five genera and 18 species. The family is closely related to the puffbirds, another Neotropical The Neotro ...

(jacamars), both restricted to the

Neotropics The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. Definition In biogeog ...

(in contrast to the more widespread suborder

Pici ''Pici'' (, ) is thick, hand-rolled pasta, like fat spaghetti.''Il Devoto-Oli. Vocabolario della lingua Italiana'', edited by Luca Serianni and Maurizio Trifone, Le Monnier. It originates in the province of Siena, in Tuscany; in the Montalcino ...

Systematics

It was thought the jacamars and puffbirds were not closely related to toucans and woodpeckers, but instead related to the order

Coraciiformes The Coraciiformes are a group of usually colourful birds including the kingfishers, the bee-eaters, the rollers, the motmots, and the todies. They generally have syndactyly, with three forward-pointing toes (and toes 3 & 4 fused at their b ...

. However, analysis of

nuclear DNA Nuclear DNA (nDNA), or nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid, is the DNA contained within each cell nucleus of a eukaryotic organism. It encodes for the majority of the genome in eukaryotes, with mitochondrial DNA and plastid DNA coding for the rest. ...

in a 2003 study placed them as

sister group In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and ...

to Pici, also showing that the groups had developed zygodactyl feet (two toes facing forward and two aft) before separating. Per Ericson and colleagues, in analysing

genomic DNA Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (abbreviated as gDNA) is chromosomal DNA, in contrast to extra-chromosomal DNAs like plasmids. Most organisms have the same genomic DNA in every cell; however, only certain genes are active in each cell to allow for c ...

, confirmed that puffbirds and jacamars were sister groups and their place in Piciformes. The lineage is sometimes elevated to order level as Galbuliformes, first proposed by Sibley and Ahlquist in 1990.

Taxonomy

The following arrangement of taxa is based on Witt (2004).Witt, C.C. (2004),
Rates of Molecular Evolution and their Application to Neotropical Avian Biogeography
', Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University *Suborder Galbuli **Family

***Genus ''

Nonnula ''Nonnula'' is a genus of puffbird in the Bucconidae family. They are commonly known as nunlets. Extant Species It contains the following species: References

Nonnula, Bird genera Taxa named by Philip Sclater Taxon ...

'' ****

Rusty-breasted nunlet The rusty-breasted nunlet (''Nonnula rubecula'') is a species of near-passerine bird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuel ...

, ''Nonnula rubecula'' ****

Rufous-capped nunlet The rufous-capped nunlet (''Nonnula ruficapilla'') is a species of near-passerine bird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. Taxonomy and systematics These four subspecies of ...

, ''Nonnula ruficapilla'' **** Chestnut-headed nunlet, ''Nonnula amaurocephala'' **** Grey-cheeked nunlet, ''Nonnula frontalis'' ****

Fulvous-chinned nunlet The fulvous-chinned nunlet (''Nonnula sclateri'') is a species of near-passerine bird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru.Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Clar ...

, ''Nonnula sclateri'' **** Brown nunlet, ''Nonnula brunnea'' ***Genus ''

Malacoptila ''Malacoptila'' is a genus of puffbirds in the family Bucconidae, one of ten genera. The genus ''Malacoptila'' was introduced in 1841 by the English zoologist George Robert Gray. The name combines the Ancient Greek ''malakos'' meaning "soft" wi ...

'' **** White-chested puffbird, ''Malacoptila fusca'' ****

Semicollared puffbird The semicollared puffbird (''Malacoptila semicincta'') is a species of near-passerine bird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is one of seven species of the genus ''Malacoptila''. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, ...

, ''Malacoptila semicincta'' ****

Crescent-chested puffbird The crescent-chested puffbird (''Malacoptila striata'') is a species of near-passerine bird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is endemic to Brazil. Taxonomy and systematics The crescent-chested puffbird was fo ...

, ''Malacoptila striata'' ****

Black-streaked puffbird The black-streaked puffbird (''Malacoptila fulvogularis'') is a species of near-passerine bird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Taxonomy and systematics The I ...

, ''Malacoptila fulvogularis'' ****

Rufous-necked puffbird The rufous-necked puffbird (''Malacoptila rufa'') is a species of near-passerine bird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. Taxonomy and systematics The rufous-necked puffbir ...

, ''Malacoptila rufa'' ****

White-whiskered puffbird The white-whiskered puffbird (''Malacoptila panamensis''), also called the white-whiskered soft-wing or brown puffbird, is a near-passerine bird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is found from southeastern Mexic ...

, ''Malacoptila panamensis'' **** Moustached puffbird, ''Malacoptila mystacalis'' ***Genus ''

Bucco ''Bucco'' is a genus of birds in the puffbird family Bucconidae. Birds in the genus are native to the Americas. The genus ''Bucco'' was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the collared puffbird as the type sp ...

'' ****

Collared puffbird The collared puffbird (''Bucco capensis'') is a species of bird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.Remsen, J. V. ...

, ''Bucco capensis'' ***Genus ''

Nystalus ''Nystalus'' is a genus of puffbirds in the family Bucconidae. The genus ''Nystalus'' was introduced in 1863 by the German ornithologists Jean Cabanis and Ferdinand Heine. The genus name is from Ancient Greek ''nustalos'' meaning "drowsy". The t ...

'' **** Spot-backed puffbird, ''Nystalus maculatus'' **** Barred puffbird, ''Nystalus radiatus'' **** Western striolated puffbird, ''Nystalus obamai'' ****

Eastern striolated puffbird The eastern striolated puffbird (''Nystalus striolatus'') is a species of bird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is found in Bolivia and Brazil.Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Ja ...

, ''Nystalus striolatus'' ****

White-eared puffbird The white-eared puffbird (''Nystalus chacuru'') is a species of bird in the Bucconidae family, the puffbirds. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Peru, where it inhabits tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, tropical ...

, ''Nystalus chacuru'' ***Genus ''Chelidoptera'' **** Swallow-winged puffbird, ''Chelidoptera tenebrosa'' ***Genus ''

Monasa ''Monasa'' is a genus of puffbirds in the Bucconidae family. The genus was described by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot in 1816 with the black nunbird (''Monasa atra'') as the type species. The generic name is from the Ancient Gr ...

'' **** White-fronted nunbird, ''Monasa morphoeus'' **** Yellow-billed nunbird, ''Monasa flavirostris'' **** Black-fronted nunbird, ''Monasa nigrifrons'' **** Black nunbird, ''Monasa atra'' ***Genus ''Hapaloptila'' **** White-faced nunbird, ''Hapaloptila castanea'' ***Genus ''Micromonacha'' **** Lanceolated monklet, ''Micromonacha lanceolata'' ***Genus '' Cyphos'' ****

Chestnut-capped puffbird The chestnut-capped puffbird (''Bucco macrodactylus'') is a species of bird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E ...

, ''Cyphos macrodactylus'' ***Genus ''Hypnelus'' **** Russet-throated puffbird, ''Hypnelus ruficollis'' ***Genus ' ****

Spotted puffbird The spotted puffbird (''Bucco tamatia'') is a species of puffbird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.Remsen, J. ...

, ''Nystactes tamatia'' ****

Sooty-capped puffbird The sooty-capped puffbird (''Bucco noanamae'') is a species of bird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is endemic to Colombia. Taxonomy and systematics Some authors placed the sooty-capped puffbird in genus ''Ny ...

, ''Nystactes noanamae'' ***Genus ''

Notharchus ''Notharchus'' is a genus of puffbird in the Bucconidae family. The genus was introduced by the German ornithologists Jean Cabanis and Ferdinand Heine in 1863. The type species was subsequently designated as the white-necked puffbird (''Notharc ...

'' **** Brown-banded puffbird, ''Notharchus ordii'' **** Pied puffbird, ''Notharchus tectus'' ****

Black-breasted puffbird The black-breasted puffbird (''Notharchus pectoralis'') is a species of bird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama. Taxonomy and systematics The black-breasted puffbird is ...

, ''Notharchus pectoralis'' ****

White-necked puffbird The white-necked puffbird (''Notharchus hyperrhynchus'') is a species of bird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is found in Mexico, Central America, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.Remse ...

, ''Notharchus hyperrynchus'' **** Guianan puffbird, ''Notharchus macrorhynchos'' **** Buff-bellied puffbird, ''Notharchus swainsoni'' **Family

***Genus: ''Jacamaralcyon'' ****

Three-toed jacamar The three-toed jacamar (''Jacamaralcyon tridactyla'') is a species of bird in the family Galbulidae. It is monotypic within the genus ''Jacamaralcyon''. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtro ...

, ''Jacamaralcyon tridactyla'' ***Genus ''

Brachygalba ''Brachygalba'' is a genus of bird in the family Galbulidae The jacamars are a family, Galbulidae, of birds from tropical South and Central America, extending up to Mexico. The family contains five genera and 18 species. The family is closely ...

'' ****

Dusky-backed jacamar The dusky-backed jacamar (''Brachygalba salmoni'') is a species of bird in the family Galbulidae. It is found in Colombia and Panama. Taxonomy and systematics The dusky-backed jacamar is monotypic. It and the pale-headed (''B. goeringi''), b ...

, ''Brachygalba salmoni'' ****

Pale-headed jacamar The pale-headed jacamar (''Brachygalba goeringi'') is a species of bird in the family Galbulidae. It is found in Colombia and Venezuela. Taxonomy and systematics The pale-headed jacamar is monotypic. It and the dusky-backed (''B. salmoni''), ...

, ''Brachygalba goeringi'' ****

Brown jacamar The brown jacamar (''Brachygalba lugubris'') is a species of bird in the family Galbulidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.Tobias, J., T. Züchner, T.A. de Melo Júnior, a ...

, ''Brachygalba lugubris'' ****

White-throated jacamar The white-throated jacamar (''Brachygalba albogularis'') is a species of bird in the family Galbulidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil and Peru.Tobias, J., T. Züchner, T.A. de Melo Júnior, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). White-throated Jacamar (''Br ...

, ''Brachygalba albogularis'' ***Genus ''Jacamerops'' **** Great jacamar, ''Jacamerops aureus'' ***Genus ''

Galbalcyrhynchus ''Galbalcyrhynchus'' is a genus of birds in the Galbulidae family. Established by Marc Athanese Parfait Oeillet Des Murs in 1845, it contains the following species: Species The name ''Galbalcyrhynchus'' is a combination of the genus na ...

'' ****

White-eared jacamar The white-eared jacamar (''Galbalcyrhynchus leucotis'') is a species of bird in the family Galbulidae. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.Tobias, J., T. Züchner, T.A. de Melo Júnior, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). White-eared Jacamar ...

, ''Galbalcyrhynchus leucotis'' ****

Purus jacamar The Purus jacamar (''Galbalcyrhynchus purusianus'') is a species of bird in the family Galbulidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru.Tobias, J., T. Züchner, T.A. de Melo Júnior, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Purus Jacamar (''Galbalcyrhynch ...

, ''Galbalcyrhynchus purusianus'' ***Genus ''

Galbula ''Galbula'' is the type genus, type and largest genus of the jacamar family (biology), family (Galbulidae) of piciformes, piciform birds, and its suborder Galbulae. Sometimes, the Piciformes are split in two, with the Galbulae upranked to full or ...

'' **** Yellow-billed jacamar, ''Galbula albirostris'' **** Blue-necked jacamar, ''Galbula cyanicollis'' ****

Rufous-tailed jacamar The rufous-tailed jacamar (''Galbula ruficauda'') is a near passerine bird which breeds in the tropical New World in southern Mexico, Central America and South America as far south as southern Brazil and Ecuador. Description Like other jacamar ...

, ''Galbula ruficauda'' **** Coppery-chested jacamar, ''Galbula pastazae'' ****

Green-tailed jacamar The green-tailed jacamar (''Galbula galbula'') is a species of bird in the family Galbulidae. It is native to Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela.Tobias, J., T. Züchner, and T.A. de Melo Júnior (2020). Green-taile ...

, ''Galbula galbula'' **** White-chinned jacamar, ''Galbula tombacea'' **** Bluish-fronted jacamar, ''Galbula cyanescens'' **** Purplish jacamar, ''Galbula chalcothorax'' **** Bronzy jacamar, ''Galbula leucogastra'' **** Paradise jacamar, ''Galbula dea''

References

External links

Tree of Life Piciformes
{{Taxonbar, from=Q18808652