Pierre-Félix Guattari ( , ; 30 April 1930 – 29 August 1992) was a French
psychoanalyst,
political philosopher
Political philosophy or political theory is the philosophical study of government, addressing questions about the nature, scope, and legitimacy of public agents and institutions and the relationships between them. Its topics include politics ...
,
semiotician,
social activist
Activism (or Advocacy) consists of efforts to promote, impede, direct or intervene in social, political, economic or environmental reform with the desire to make changes in society toward a perceived greater good. Forms of activism range ...
, and
screenwriter. He co-founded
schizoanalysis
Schizoanalysis (''or'' ecosophy, pragmatics, micropolitics, rhizomatics, or nomadology) (french: schizoanalyse; ''schizo-'' from Greek σχίζειν ''skhizein'', meaning "to split") is a set of theories and techniques developed by philosophe ...
with
Gilles Deleuze, and
ecosophy with
Arne Næss, and is best known for his literary and philosophical collaborations with Deleuze, most notably ''
Anti-Oedipus
''Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia'' (french: Capitalisme et schizophrénie. L'anti-Œdipe) is a 1972 book by French authors Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, the former a philosopher and the latter a psychoanalyst. It is the first vol ...
'' (1972) and ''
A Thousand Plateaus
''A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia'' (french: link=no, Mille plateaux) is a 1980 book by the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze and the French psychoanalyst Félix Guattari. It is the second and final volume of their collaborativ ...
'' (1980), the two volumes of their theoretical work ''
Capitalism and Schizophrenia
''Capitalism and Schizophrenia'' (french: Capitalisme et Schizophrénie) is a two-volume theoretical work by the French authors Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, respectively a philosopher and a psychoanalyst. Its volumes are ''Anti-Oedipus'' ...
''.
Biography
Clinic of La Borde
Guattari was born in
Villeneuve-les-Sablons, a
working-class suburb of northwest
Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. Si ...
, France. His father was a factory manager and he was engaged in
Trotskyist
Trotskyism is the political ideology and branch of Marxism developed by Ukrainian-Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky and some other members of the Left Opposition and Fourth International. Trotsky self-identified as an orthodox Marxist, a ...
political activism
Activism (or Advocacy) consists of efforts to promote, impede, direct or intervene in social, political, economic or environmental reform with the desire to make changes in society toward a perceived greater good. Forms of activism range ...
as a teenager, before studying and training under (and was analyzed by) the French
psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan
Jacques Marie Émile Lacan (, , ; 13 April 1901 – 9 September 1981) was a French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist. Described as "the most controversial psycho-analyst since Freud", Lacan gave yearly seminars in Paris from 1953 to 1981, and ...
in the early
1950s. Subsequently, he worked all his life at the experimental psychiatric clinic of
La Borde under the direction of Lacan's pupil, the psychiatrist
Jean Oury. He first met Oury at a private psychiatric clinic in Saumery in the
Loire region at the suggestion of Oury's brother Fernand, who had been Guattari's high school teacher. Guattari followed Oury to La Borde in 1955, two years after it had been established. La Borde was a venue for conversation among many students of
philosophy
Philosophy (from , ) is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. ...
,
psychology
Psychology is the science, scientific study of mind and behavior. Psychology includes the study of consciousness, conscious and Unconscious mind, unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts. It is an academic discipline of immens ...
,
ethnology, and
social work
Social work is an academic discipline and practice-based profession concerned with meeting the basic needs of individuals, families, groups, communities, and society as a whole to enhance their individual and collective well-being. Social wo ...
.
One particularly novel orientation developed at La Borde consisted of the suspension of the classical analyst/analysand pair in favour of an open confrontation in
group therapy
Group psychotherapy or group therapy is a form of psychotherapy in which one or more therapists treat a small group of clients together as a group. The term can legitimately refer to any form of psychotherapy when delivered in a group format, i ...
. In contrast to the
Freudian school's individualistic style of
analysis
Analysis ( : analyses) is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts in order to gain a better understanding of it. The technique has been applied in the study of mathematics and logic since before Aristotle (3 ...
, this practice studied the dynamics of several subjects in complex interaction. It led Guattari into a broader philosophical exploration of, and political engagement with, a vast array of intellectual and cultural domains (
philosophy
Philosophy (from , ) is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. ...
,
ethnology,
linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure. Ling ...
,
architecture
Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing buildings ...
, etc.).
1960s to 1970s
From 1955 to 1965, Guattari edited and contributed to ''La Voie Communiste'' (''Communist Way''), a
Trotskyist
Trotskyism is the political ideology and branch of Marxism developed by Ukrainian-Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky and some other members of the Left Opposition and Fourth International. Trotsky self-identified as an orthodox Marxist, a ...
newspaper. He supported
anti-colonialist struggles as well as the
Italian Autonomists. Guattari also took part in the G.T.P.S.I., which gathered many psychiatrists at the beginning of the
1960s
File:1960s montage.png, Clockwise from top left: U.S. soldiers during the Vietnam War; the Beatles led the British Invasion of the U.S. music market; a half-a-million people participate in the 1969 Woodstock Festival; Neil Armstrong and Buzz ...
and created the Association of Institutional Psychotherapy in November 1965. It was at the same time that he founded, along with other militants, the F.G.E.R.I. (Federation of Groups for Institutional Study & Research) and its review ''Recherche'' (''Research''), working on philosophy, psychoanalysis, ethnology,
education
Education is a purposeful activity directed at achieving certain aims, such as transmitting knowledge or fostering skills and character traits. These aims may include the development of understanding, rationality, kindness, and honesty ...
,
mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
,
architecture
Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing buildings ...
, etc. The F.G.E.R.I. came to represent aspects of the multiple political and cultural engagements of Guattari: the Group for Young Hispanics, the Franco-Chinese Friendships (in the times of the
people's commune
The people's commune () was the highest of three administrative levels in rural areas of the People's Republic of China during the period from 1958 to 1983, until they were replaced by townships. Communes, the largest collective units, were div ...
s), the opposition activities with the wars in
Algeria
)
, image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg
, map_caption =
, image_map2 =
, capital = Algiers
, coordinates =
, largest_city = capital
, relig ...
and
Vietnam
Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making ...
, the participation in the M.N.E.F., with the U.N.E.F., the policy of the offices of psychological academic aid (B.A.P.U.), the organization of the University Working Groups (G.T.U.), but also the reorganizations of the training courses with the Centers of Training to the Methods of Education Activities (C.E.M.E.A.) for psychiatric male nurses, as well as the formation of a Fellowship of Nurses (Amicales d'infirmiers) (in 1958), the studies on architecture and the projects of construction of a day hospital for "students and young workers".
In 1967, he appeared as one of the founders of OSARLA (Organization of solidarity and Aid to the Latin-American Revolution). In 1968, Guattari met
Daniel Cohn-Bendit,
Jean-Jacques Lebel, and
Julian Beck
Julian Beck (May 31, 1925 – September 14, 1985) was an American actor, stage director, poet, and painter. He is best known for co-founding and directing The Living Theatre, as well as his role as Reverend Henry Kane, the malevolent preacher ...
. He was involved in the large-scale
French protests of May 1968, starting from the
Movement of 22 March. It was in the aftermath of 1968 that Guattari met
Gilles Deleuze at the
University of Vincennes. Then he began to lay the groundwork for ''
Anti-Oedipus
''Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia'' (french: Capitalisme et schizophrénie. L'anti-Œdipe) is a 1972 book by French authors Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, the former a philosopher and the latter a psychoanalyst. It is the first vol ...
'' (1972), which
Michel Foucault
Paul-Michel Foucault (, ; ; 15 October 192625 June 1984) was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, writer, political activist, and literary critic. Foucault's theories primarily address the relationship between power and knowledge, and ho ...
described as "an introduction to the non-fascist life" in his preface to the book. In 1970, he created ), which developed the approach explored in the ''Recherches'' journal. In 1973, Guattari was tried and fined for committing an "outrage to public decency" for publishing an issue of ''Recherches'' on
homosexuality
Homosexuality is Romance (love), romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or Human sexual activity, sexual behavior between members of the same sex or gender. As a sexual orientation, homosexuality is "an enduring pattern of emotional, romant ...
. In 1977, he created the CINEL for "new spaces of freedom" before joining the
environmental movement
The environmental movement (sometimes referred to as the ecology movement), also including conservation and green politics, is a diverse philosophical, social, and political movement for addressing environmental issues. Environmentalists a ...
with his "
ecosophy" in the
1980s.
1980s to 1990s
In his last book, ''Chaosmosis'' (1992), Guattari returned to the question of subjectivity: "How to produce it, collect it, enrich it, reinvent it permanently in order to make it compatible with mutant Universes of value?" This concern runs through all of his works, from ''Psychoanalysis and Transversality'' (a collection of articles from 1957 to 1972), through ''Years of Winter'' (1980–1986) and ''Schizoanalytic Cartographies'' (1989), to his collaboration with Deleuze, ''
What is Philosophy?'' (1991). In ''Chaosmosis'', Guattari proposes an analysis of subjectivity in terms of four functors: (1) material, energetic, and semiotic fluxes; (2) concrete and abstract machinic
phyla Phyla, the plural of ''phylum'', may refer to:
* Phylum, a biological taxon between Kingdom and Class
* by analogy, in linguistics, a large division of possibly related languages, or a major language family which is not subordinate to another
Phy ...
; (3)
virtual universes of value; and (4) finite existential territories. This scheme attempts to grasp the heterogeneity of components involved in the production of subjectivity, as Guattari understands it, which include both signifying
semiotic
Semiotics (also called semiotic studies) is the systematic study of sign processes ( semiosis) and meaning making. Semiosis is any activity, conduct, or process that involves signs, where a sign is defined as anything that communicates something ...
components as well as "a-signifying
semiological dimensions" (which work "in parallel or independently of" any signifying function that they may have).
Later years
On 29 August 1992, two weeks after an interview for the
Greek television curated by
Yiorgos Veltsos, Guattari died in
La Borde from a
heart attack
A myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to the coronary artery of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which ma ...
.
[Obituary: Felix Guattari]
by James Kirkup, ''The Independent
''The Independent'' is a British online newspaper. It was established in 1986 as a national morning printed paper. Nicknamed the ''Indy'', it began as a broadsheet and changed to tabloid format in 2003. The last printed edition was publish ...
'', 31 August 1992[Felix Guattari, a Psychoanalyst And Is Dead at 62]
by Alan Riding
Alan Riding (born 8 December 1943, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is a British author and journalist. He was a long-time foreign correspondent for ''The New York Times'', most recently as the paper's European Cultural Correspondent based in Paris. His ...
, ''The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...
'', 3 September 1992
In 1995, the posthumous release of Guattari's ''Chaosophy'' published essays and interviews concerning Guattari's work as director of the experimental
La Borde clinic La Borde is a psychiatric clinic that opened in 1953, near the town of Cour-Cheverny in the Loire Valley of France. Still in operation today, La Borde has been a model in the field of institutional psychotherapy where citizens actively participate ...
and his collaborations with Deleuze. The collection includes essays such as "Balance-Sheet Program for Desiring Machines," cosigned by Deleuze (with whom he coauthored ''Anti-Oedipus'' and ''A Thousand Plateaus''), and "Everybody Wants To Be a Fascist." It provides an introduction to Guattari's theories on "
schizoanalysis
Schizoanalysis (''or'' ecosophy, pragmatics, micropolitics, rhizomatics, or nomadology) (french: schizoanalyse; ''schizo-'' from Greek σχίζειν ''skhizein'', meaning "to split") is a set of theories and techniques developed by philosophe ...
", a process that develops
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud ( , ; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating pathologies explained as originating in conflicts i ...
's
psychoanalysis
PsychoanalysisFrom Greek: + . is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques"What is psychoanalysis? Of course, one is supposed to answer that it is many things — a theory, a research method, a therapy, a body of knowledge. In what might ...
but which pursues a more experimental and collective approach towards analysis.
In 1996, another collection of Guattari's essays, lectures, and interviews, ''Soft Subversions'', was published, which traces the development of his thought and activity throughout the 1980s ("the winter years"). His analyses of art, cinema, youth culture, economics, and power formations, develop concepts such as "micropolitics," "schizoanalysis," and "becoming-woman," which aim to liberate subjectivity and open up new horizons for political and creative resistance to the standardizing and homogenizing processes of global capitalism (which he calls "Integrated World Capitalism") in the "post-media era." For example, he used the term "micropolitics" to delimit a certain level of observation of social practices (the
unconscious economy, where there is a certain flexibility in the expression of desire and institution) and, practically, to define, in a
segregated world, the field of intervention of "people who work to interest themselves in the
discourse
Discourse is a generalization of the notion of a conversation to any form of communication. Discourse is a major topic in social theory, with work spanning fields such as sociology, anthropology, continental philosophy, and discourse analysis. ...
of
the other
In Phenomenology (philosophy), phenomenology, the terms the Other and the Constitutive Other identify the other human being, in their differences from the Self, as being a cumulative, constituting factor in the self-image of a person; as acknow ...
."
Works
Works translated into English
*
Deleuze, Gilles and Félix Guattari. 1972. ''
Anti-Oedipus
''Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia'' (french: Capitalisme et schizophrénie. L'anti-Œdipe) is a 1972 book by French authors Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, the former a philosopher and the latter a psychoanalyst. It is the first vol ...
''. Trans. Robert Hurley, Mark Seem and Helen R. Lane. London and New York: Continuum, 2004. Vol. 1 of ''
Capitalism and Schizophrenia
''Capitalism and Schizophrenia'' (french: Capitalisme et Schizophrénie) is a two-volume theoretical work by the French authors Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, respectively a philosopher and a psychoanalyst. Its volumes are ''Anti-Oedipus'' ...
''. 2 vols. 1972–1980. Trans. of ''L'Anti-Oedipe''. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit. .
* 1975. ''
Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature''. Trans. Dana Polan. Theory and History of Literature 30. Minneapolis and London: U of Minnesota P, 1986. Trans. of ''Kafka: pour une littérature mineure''. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit. .
* 1980. ''
A Thousand Plateaus
''A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia'' (french: link=no, Mille plateaux) is a 1980 book by the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze and the French psychoanalyst Félix Guattari. It is the second and final volume of their collaborativ ...
''. Trans.
Brian Massumi
Brian Massumi (; born 1956) is a Canadian philosopher and social theorist. Massumi's research spans the fields of art, architecture, cultural studies, political theory and philosophy. His work explores the intersection between power, perception, a ...
. London and New York: Continuum, 2004. Vol. 2 of ''
Capitalism and Schizophrenia
''Capitalism and Schizophrenia'' (french: Capitalisme et Schizophrénie) is a two-volume theoretical work by the French authors Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, respectively a philosopher and a psychoanalyst. Its volumes are ''Anti-Oedipus'' ...
''. 2 vols. 1972–1980. Trans. of ''Mille plateaux''. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit. .
* 1991. ''
What Is Philosophy?''. Trans. Graham Burchell and Hugh Tomlinson. London and New York: Verso, 1994. Trans. of ''Qu'est-ce que la philosophie?''. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit. .
* 1979. ''The Machinic Unconscious: Essays in Schizoanalysis''. Trans. Taylor Adkins. Los Angeles, CA:
Semiotext(e), 2011. Trans. of ''L'inconscient machinique: Essais de schizo-analyse''. Paris: Recherches.
* 1977. ''Molecular Revolution: Psychiatry and Politics''. Trans. Rosemary Sheed. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984. .
* 1989a. ''Schizoanalytic Cartographies''. Trans Andrew Goffey. London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2013. Trans. of ''Cartographies schizoanalytiques''. Paris: Editions Galilée .
* 1989b. ''The Three Ecologies''. Trans. Ian Pindar and Paul Sutton. London and New York: Continuum, 2000. Trans. of ''Les trois écologies''. Paris: Editions Galilée. .
* 1992. ''Chaosmosis: An Ethico-Aesthetic Paradigm''. Trans. Paul Bains and Julian Pefanis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 1995. Trans. of ''Chaosmose''. Paris: Editions Galilee. .
* 1995. ''Chaosophy (Texts and Interviews 1972 to 1977 )''. Ed. Sylvère Lotringer. Semiotext(e) Foreign Agents Ser. New York: Semiotext(e). .
* 1996. ''Soft Subversions (Texts and Interviews 1977 to 1985)''. Ed. Sylvère Lotringer. Trans. David L. Sweet and Chet Wiener. Semiotext(e) Foreign Agents Ser. New York: Semiotext(e). .
* 1996. ''The Guattari Reader''. Ed. Gary Genosko. Blackwell Readers ser. Oxford and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. .
* 2006. ''
The Anti-Oedipus Papers''. Ed. Stéphane Nadaud. Trans. Kélina Gotman. New York: Semiotext(e). .
* 2015. ''Lines of Flight: For Another World of Possibilities''. Bloomsbury Academic. .
* 2015. ''Machinic Eros: Writings on Japan''. Eds. Gary Genosko and Jay Hetrick. Univocal Publishing. .
* 2015. ''Psychoanalysis and Transversality: Texts and Interviews 1955–1971''. MIT Press.
* Guattari, Félix, and
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. 2003. ''The Party Without Bosses: Lessons on Anti-Capitalism From Guattari and Lula''. Ed. Gary Genosko.
Arbeiter Ring Publishing. .
* Guattari, Félix and
Toni Negri
Antonio "Toni" Negri (born 1 August 1933) is an Italian Spinozistic- Marxist sociologist and political philosopher, best known for his co-authorship of ''Empire'' and secondarily for his work on Spinoza.
Born in Padua, he became a political ...
. 1985. ''Communists Like Us: New Spaces of Liberty, New Lines of Alliance''. Trans. Michael Ryan. Semiotext(e) Foreign Agents Ser. New York: Semiotext(e), 1990. Trans. of ''Nouvelles espaces de liberté''. Paris: Bedon. .
* Guattari, Félix, and Suely Rolnik. 1986. ''Molecular Revolution in Brazil''. New York: Semiotext(e), 2008. Trans. of ''Micropolitica: Cartografias do Desejo''. .
Untranslated works
Note: Many of the essays found in these works have been individually translated and can be found in the English collections.
* ''La révolution moléculaire'' (1977, 1980). The 1980 version (éditions 10/18) contains substantially different essays from the 1977 version.
* ''Les années d'hiver, 1980-1985'' (1986).
* ''Un Amour d'UIQ. Scénario pour un film qui manque'', edited and with a visual essay by Graeme Thomson & Silvia Maglioni (Paris, Editions Amsterdam, 2012. The edition contains various screenplays and a selection of unpublished archives)
Other collaborations:
* ''L’intervention institutionnelle'' (Paris: Petite Bibliothèque Payot, n. 382 - 1980). On
institutional pedagogy Institutional pedagogy is a practice of education that is centered on two factors: 1. the complexity of the learner, and the "unconscious" that the educator brings to the classroom. This unconscious is another name for the diversity of social, econ ...
. With Jacques Ardoino, G. Lapassade, Gerard Mendel, Rene Lourau.
* ''Pratique de l'institutionnel et politique'' (1985). With
Jean Oury and Francois Tosquelles.
* ''Desiderio e rivoluzione. Intervista a cura di Paolo Bertetto'' (Milan: Squilibri, 1977). Conversation with Franco Berardi (Bifo) and Paolo Bertetto.
See also
*
Anti-psychiatry
*
Critical perspectives on psychoanalysis
*
Criticism of capitalism
Criticism of capitalism ranges from expressing disagreement with the principles of capitalism in its entirety to expressing disagreement with particular outcomes of capitalism.
Criticism of capitalism comes from various political and philoso ...
*
Deinstitutionalisation
*
Deleuze and Guattari
Gilles Deleuze, a French philosopher, and Félix Guattari, a French psychoanalyst and political activist, wrote a number of works together (besides both having distinguished independent careers).
Their conjoint works were '' Capitalism and Schizo ...
*
History of capitalism
References
External links
Fractal Ontology(with unpublished, English translations of Guattari and others)
"Desire Was Everywhere"by Adam Shatz, ''
London Review of Books
The ''London Review of Books'' (''LRB'') is a British literary magazine published twice monthly that features articles and essays on fiction and non-fiction subjects, which are usually structured as book reviews.
History
The ''London Review o ...
'', Vol. 32 No. 24 · 16 December 2010
{{DEFAULTSORT:Guattari, Felix
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