HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

The ''Félibrige'' (; in classical Occitan, in Mistralian spelling, ) is a literary and cultural association founded in 1854 by
Frédéric Mistral Joseph Étienne Frédéric Mistral (; oc, Josèp Estève Frederic Mistral, 8 September 1830 – 25 March 1914) was a French writer of Occitan literature and lexicographer of the Provençal form of the language. He received the 1904 Nobel P ...
and other Provençal writers to defend and promote the
Occitan language Occitan (; oc, occitan, link=no ), also known as ''lenga d'òc'' (; french: langue d'oc) by its native speakers, and sometimes also referred to as ''Provençal'', is a Romance language spoken in Southern France, Monaco, Italy's Occitan Valle ...
(also called the ) and literature. It is presided over by a (classical norm: ).


Etymology

The word '' félibrige'' is derived from '' félibre'', a Provençal word meaning pupil or follower.


Origins

Le Félibrige was founded at the
Château de Font-Ségugne The Château de Font-Ségugne is a historic château built at Font-Ségugne in Châteauneuf-de-Gadagne, Provence, France. It is the location of a former bastide built in the 15th century for a Roman Catholic cardinal. It was the birthplace of th ...
(located in
Châteauneuf-de-Gadagne Châteauneuf-de-Gadagne (; oc, Gadanha) is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. In 2018, it had a population of 3,328. History The ''Félibrige'' was founded in Châteauneuf-de-G ...
,
Vaucluse Vaucluse (; oc, Vauclusa, label= Provençal or ) is a department in the southeastern French region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. It had a population of 561,469 as of 2019.Saint Estelle Saint Estelle was an alleged third-century martyr in Gaul, daughter of an illustrious Roman and descended from a powerful family of Druids. She was attracted to the group of Eutropius of Saintes, who was the first bishop A bishop is an o ...
's day), by seven young Provençal poets:
Théodore Aubanel Théodore Aubanel ( Occitan:''Teodòr Aubanèu''; 26 March 1829 – 2 November 1886) was a Provençal poet. He was born in Avignon in a family of printers. Aubanel started writing poetry in French but quickly switched to Provençal, due to the ...
,
Jean Brunet Jean Brunet (27 December 1822 – 23 October 1894) was a French Provençal poet. Early life Brunet was born on 27 December 1822 in Avignon, in Provence, France.Charles Pierre Julian, ''Anthologie du Félibrige provençal (1850 à nos jours) po ...
,
Paul Giéra Paul Giéra (22 January 1816 – 26 April 1861) was a French Provençal poet. Early life Paul Giéra was born on 22 January 1816 in Avignon. Death He died on 26 April 1861 in his hometown of Avignon. Legacy The Collège Paul Giéra in Avignon w ...
,
Anselme Mathieu Anselme Mathieu (21 April 1828 – 8 February 1895) was a French Provençal poet. Early life Anselme Mathieu was born 21 April 1828 in Châteauneuf-du-Pape. His parents were the fourth-generation owners of the Domaine Mathieu, a vineyard still ...
,
Frédéric Mistral Joseph Étienne Frédéric Mistral (; oc, Josèp Estève Frederic Mistral, 8 September 1830 – 25 March 1914) was a French writer of Occitan literature and lexicographer of the Provençal form of the language. He received the 1904 Nobel P ...
,
Joseph Roumanille Joseph Roumanille (; 8 August 1818 – 24 May 1891) was a Provençal poet. He was born at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence (Bouches-du-Rhône), and is commonly known in southern France as the father of the Félibrige, for he first conceived the idea of ...
and
Alphonse Tavan Alphonse Tavan (9 March 1833 – 12 May 1905) was a French Provençal poet. Early life Tavan was born in 1833 in Châteauneuf-de-Gadagne. He published a collection of romantic poems in Provençal, ''Amour e plour'', in 1876. He attended the fif ...
. Together, they aimed to restore the
Provençal language Provençal may refer to: *Of Provence, a region of France *Provençal dialect, a dialect of the Occitan language, spoken in the southeast of France *''Provençal'', meaning the whole Occitan language *Franco-Provençal language, a distinct Roman ...
and codify its
orthography An orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation. Most transnational languages in the modern period have a writing system, and ...
. Its symbol is a seven-pointed star which, as Frederic Mistral writes in ''Lou tresor dóu Felibrige'', is "a tribute to its seven founders". The movement was launched in Provence but quickly reached the entire
Occitania Occitania ( oc, Occitània , , or ) is the historical region in Western and Southern Europe where the Occitan language was historically spoken and where it is sometimes still used as a second language. This cultural area roughly encompasse ...
. It spread among Occitanian writers such as Michel Camélat and
Simin Palay Jean-Maximin called Simin Palay, ( Occitan: ''Simin Palai''), (1874–1965) was a French writer; as a native Béarnese speaker, he wrote poetry and articles in this language. He also made numerous philology studies on Béarnese and gasco ...
(from
Gascony Gascony (; french: Gascogne ; oc, Gasconha ; eu, Gaskoinia) was a province of the southwestern Kingdom of France that succeeded the Duchy of Gascony (602–1453). From the 17th century until the French Revolution (1789–1799), it was part ...
and
Béarn The Béarn (; ; oc, Bearn or ''Biarn''; eu, Bearno or ''Biarno''; or ''Bearnia'') is one of the traditional provinces of France, located in the Pyrenees mountains and in the plain at their feet, in southwest France. Along with the three B ...
), Albert Arnavielle, Justin Bessou, Jacques and Gabriel Azaïs and Achille Mir (
Languedoc The Province of Languedoc (; , ; oc, Lengadòc ) is a former province of France. Most of its territory is now contained in the modern-day region of Occitanie in Southern France. Its capital city was Toulouse. It had an area of approximately ...
), Arsène Vermenouze (
Auvergne Auvergne (; ; oc, label= Occitan, Auvèrnhe or ) is a former administrative region in central France, comprising the four departments of Allier, Puy-de-Dôme, Cantal and Haute-Loire. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region Au ...
), Joseph Roux (
Limousin Limousin (; oc, Lemosin ) is a former administrative region of southwest-central France. On 1 January 2016, it became part of the new administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It comprised three departments: Corrèze, Creuse, and Haute-Vienn ...
),
José Mange Joseph Julien Casimir Mange, known as José Mange (10 October 1866, Toulon – 7 January 1935, Toulon) was a French Impressionism, Impressionist landscape painter and Occitan language, Occitan poet who was a member of the Félibrige. Biography ...
(Provence),
Brémonde de Tarascon Alexandrine Élisabeth Brémond (28 October 1858 – 22 June 1898), known as Brémonde de Tarascon, was a well known poet from the south of France who wrote in the Occitan language. She was a member of the Félibrige, a society that tried to pres ...
(
Bouches-du-Rhône Bouches-du-Rhône ( , , ; oc, Bocas de Ròse ; "Mouths of the Rhône") is a department in Southern France. It borders Vaucluse to the north, Gard to the west and Var to the east. The Mediterranean Sea lies to the south. Its prefecture and ...
), Batisto Bonnet (
Gard Gard () is a department in Southern France, located in the region of Occitanie. It had a population of 748,437 as of 2019;Charles Maurras Charles-Marie-Photius Maurras (; ; 20 April 1868 – 16 November 1952) was a French author, politician, poet, and critic. He was an organizer and principal philosopher of ''Action Française'', a political movement that is monarchist, anti-parl ...
. The Félibrige is an organisation focussed on protecting and promoting Occitan language and culture, fighting for recognition of cultural diversity both within France and across the wider world. It is also one of the two organisations represented across Occitania since 1945, along with the Institut d'Estudis Occitans (IEO).


Felebrigian festivals

There is a yearly meeting, ''Santo Estello'', held in a different town in the Pays d'Oc. The traditional banquet is ended with the ritual of the ''
Copa Santa ''La Coupo Santo'' (The Holy Cup), in full ''La Cansoun de la Coupo'' (The song of the Cup) in original modern (or Mistralian) norm Provençal (in classical norm, ''La Copa Santa'' in full ''Lo Cant de la Copa Santa'' (The song of the Holy Cup) o ...
''. There are also other ''Fêtes Félibréennes'': * Since 1323, the Jeux floraux of
Toulouse Toulouse ( , ; oc, Tolosa ) is the prefecture of the French department of Haute-Garonne and of the larger region of Occitania. The city is on the banks of the River Garonne, from the Mediterranean Sea, from the Atlantic Ocean and fr ...
, considered as the model * Jeux floraux of
Barcelona Barcelona ( , , ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within c ...
* Orange * In 1868 at
Saint-Rémy-de-Provence Saint-Rémy-de-Provence (; Provençal Occitan: ''Sant Romieg de Provença'' in classical and ''Sant Roumié de Prouvènço'' in Mistralian norms) is a commune in the Bouches-du-Rhône department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Southern France. L ...
* In 1895 at Vic-en-Carladès, with a programme of music and dance (
Cabrette The cabrette ( French: literally "little goat", alternately ''musette'') is a type of bagpipe which appeared in Auvergne, France in the 19th century, and rapidly spread to Haute-Auvergne and Aubrac. Details The cabrette comprises a chanter for ...
) * In 1900 at the Château de Ventadour, under the name ''Fête de l'églantine'' * In 1902 at
Béziers Béziers (; oc, Besièrs) is a subprefecture of the Hérault department in the Occitanie region of Southern France. Every August Béziers hosts the famous ''Feria de Béziers'', which is centred on bullfighting. A million visitors are attra ...
* In June 1903 and in 2009 at Sceaux * In 1907 at Mauvezin, in the
Hautes-Pyrénées Hautes-Pyrénées (; Gascon/ Occitan: ''Nauts Pirenèus / Hauts Pirenèus'' awts piɾeˈnɛʊs es, Altos Pirineos; ca, Alts Pirineus alts piɾiˈneʊs English: Upper Pyrenees) is a department in the region of Occitania, southwestern France. ...
* In August 1914, at
Sauveterre-de-Béarn Sauveterre-de-Béarn (, literally ''Sauveterre of Béarn''; oc, Sauvatèrra; eu, Salbaterra Bearno) is a medieval village perched above the Gave d'Oloron and facing the Pyrenees in south-western France. It is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atl ...
* At
Puy-en-Velay Le Puy-en-Velay (, literally ''Le Puy in Velay''; oc, Lo Puèi de Velai ) is the prefecture of the Haute-Loire department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-central France. Located near the river Loire, the city is famous for its cat ...
* In 1935 at
Monistrol-sur-Loire Monistrol-sur-Loire is a commune in the Haute-Loire department in south-central France.Argentat Argentat () is a former commune in the Corrèze department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of central France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Argentat-sur-Dordogne. The inhabitants of the commune are known as ''Argentacoi ...
, after 1935 with the ''Chorale des gabariers de la Dordogne''Fête son soixante-dixième anniversaire en 2005, avec la participation de L’École Ventadour de Tulle, La Bourrée Limousine de Brive, Les Vergnassous de St Germain Les Vergnes, Lou Gerbassous d’Ambazac, Les Pastourelles de Brive la Gaillarde, L’Eicola dau Barbichet de Limoges, L’Eiscola Dau Mont-Gargan de La Croisille-sur-Brillance, L’Églantino Dau Lémouzi de Limoges, Les Pastoureaux de la Valoine de Feytiat, Les Réveillés de Saintet-Fortunade, Les Amis de la Bourrée de Saint-Privat, Les Ranchos de Tulle


The ''Jardin des Félibres'' in Sceaux

In 1950
Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine Sceaux () is a commune in the Hauts-de-Seine department in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the centre of Paris. In 2019, Sceaux had a population of 20,004. A wealthy city Sceaux is famous for the Château de Sceaux, ...
(one of the Parisien
banlieue In France, the term banlieue (; ) refers to a suburb of a large city. Banlieues are divided into autonomous administrative entities and do not constitute part of the city proper. For instance, 80% of the inhabitants of the Paris Metropolitan A ...
) was named ''Cité Félibréenne''. A memorial garden for this event was created around the tomb of
Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian (March 6, 1755 in the château of Florian, near Sauve, Gard – September 13, 1794 in Sceaux) was a French poet, novelist and fabulist. Life Florian's mother, a Spanish lady named Gilette de Salgues, died when ...
, a French
poet A poet is a person who studies and creates poetry. Poets may describe themselves as such or be described as such by others. A poet may simply be the creator ( thinker, songwriter, writer, or author) who creates (composes) poems (oral or w ...
and romancier, well known for his fables and a noted Félibrigist (perhaps because his mother was Castilian). The garden displays eleven busts in all. The garden is located behind the church of Saint Jean-Baptiste (''Saint
John the Baptist John the Baptist or , , or , ;Wetterau, Bruce. ''World history''. New York: Henry Holt and Company. 1994. syc, ܝܘܿܚܲܢܵܢ ܡܲܥܡܕ݂ܵܢܵܐ, Yoḥanān Maʿmḏānā; he, יוחנן המטביל, Yohanān HaMatbil; la, Ioannes Bapti ...
'') in Sceaux. The entry, signed: ''Parc de Sceaux, Jardin des Félibres'' is located on Avenue du Président Franklin Roosevelt in Sceaux. File:Sceaux_Félibres_Clovis_Hugues_1.jpg,
Clovis Hugues Clovis Hugues (November 3, 1851 – June 11, 1907) was a French poet, journalist, dramatist, novelist, and socialist activist. He wrote some of his works in Provençal and un 1898 was elected a of the Félibrige, a society for the promotion of ...
File:Sceaux_Félibres_Frédéric_Mistral_1.jpg,
Frédéric Mistral Joseph Étienne Frédéric Mistral (; oc, Josèp Estève Frederic Mistral, 8 September 1830 – 25 March 1914) was a French writer of Occitan literature and lexicographer of the Provençal form of the language. He received the 1904 Nobel P ...
File:Sceaux_Félibres_Jean_Charles-Brun_1.jpg, Jean Charles-Brun File:Sceaux_Félibres_Jean-Pierre_Claris_de_Florian_1.jpg,
Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian (March 6, 1755 in the château of Florian, near Sauve, Gard – September 13, 1794 in Sceaux) was a French poet, novelist and fabulist. Life Florian's mother, a Spanish lady named Gilette de Salgues, died when ...
File:Sceaux_Félibres_Joseph_Loubet_1.jpg, Joseph Loubet File:Sceaux_Félibres_Paul_Arène_1.jpg,
Paul Arène Paul-Auguste Arène (26 June 1843 – 17 December 1896) was a Provençal poet and French writer. Biography Arène was born in Sisteron, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, the son of Adolphe, a clockmaker, and Reine, a cap presser. He studied in Marseille, ...
File:Sceaux_Félibres_Pierre_Deluns-Montaud_1.jpg,
Pierre Deluns-Montaud Pierre is a masculine given name. It is a French form of the name Peter. Pierre originally meant "rock" or "stone" in French (derived from the Greek word πέτρος (''petros'') meaning "stone, rock", via Latin "petra"). It is a translation ...
File:Sceaux_Félibres_Théodore_Aubanel_1.jpg,
Théodore Aubanel Théodore Aubanel ( Occitan:''Teodòr Aubanèu''; 26 March 1829 – 2 November 1886) was a Provençal poet. He was born in Avignon in a family of printers. Aubanel started writing poetry in French but quickly switched to Provençal, due to the ...
File:Sceaux_Félibres_stèle_commémorative.jpg, Commemorative plaque


''Capouliés'' of the Félibrige

The Félibrige is presided over by a . * 1876–1888:
Frédéric Mistral Joseph Étienne Frédéric Mistral (; oc, Josèp Estève Frederic Mistral, 8 September 1830 – 25 March 1914) was a French writer of Occitan literature and lexicographer of the Provençal form of the language. He received the 1904 Nobel P ...
* 1888–1891:
Joseph Roumanille Joseph Roumanille (; 8 August 1818 – 24 May 1891) was a Provençal poet. He was born at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence (Bouches-du-Rhône), and is commonly known in southern France as the father of the Félibrige, for he first conceived the idea of ...
* 1891–1901: Félix Gras * 1901–1909:
Pierre Devoluy Pierre is a masculine given name. It is a French form of the name Peter. Pierre originally meant "rock" or "stone" in French (derived from the Greek word πέτρος (''petros'') meaning "stone, rock", via Latin "petra"). It is a translation ...
* 1909–1919:
Valère Bernard Valère Bernard ( oc, Valèri Bernard; 10 February 1860 – 6 October 1936) was a Provençal painter, engraver, novelist and poet, writing in the Occitan language. He left an important body of graphic work, and his works continued to be publis ...
* 1919–1922: Joseph Fallen * 1922–1941:
Marius Jouveau Marius Jouveau (8 January 1878 – 14 October 1949) was a French poet. He served as the ''capoulie'' (or president) of the Félibrige from 1922 to 1941. On 11 August 1940 Jouveau wrote a letter to Marshal Philippe Pétain arguing that the Révolu ...
* 1941–1956:
Frédéric Mistral Joseph Étienne Frédéric Mistral (; oc, Josèp Estève Frederic Mistral, 8 September 1830 – 25 March 1914) was a French writer of Occitan literature and lexicographer of the Provençal form of the language. He received the 1904 Nobel P ...
* 1956–1962:
Charles Rostaing Charles Rostaing (9 October 1904 – 24 April 1999) was a French linguist who specialised in toponymy.Obituar ...
* 1962–1971:
Elie Bachas Elie and Earlsferry is a coastal town and former royal burgh in Fife, and parish, Scotland, situated within the East Neuk beside Chapel Ness on the north coast of the Firth of Forth, eight miles east of Leven. The burgh comprised the linked ...
* 1971–1982: René Jouveau * 1982–1989:
Paul Roux Paul Roux is a small town in the Free State province of South Africa that produces poplar wood for the safety match industry. It is situated on the N5 highway near Bethlehem, Free State. It was named after a well-known Dutch Reformed Church lea ...
* 1989–1992:
Paul Pons Paul Pons (June 23, 1864–April 13, 1915), stage name ''le Colosse'' ("The Colossus"), was a French wrestler. He won the first title as world champion in Greco-Roman wrestling in 1898 (as opposed to the first Olympic victory, won two years ...
* 1992–2006: Pierre Fabre * 2006–2022: Jacques Mouttet * 2022–: Paulin Reynard


See also

* François-Juste-Marie Raynouard * Occitan *
Provençal dialect Provençal (, , ; french: provençal , ; oc, provençau or ) is a Romance language, either considered as a variety of Occitan or a separate language, spoken by people in Provence and parts of Drôme. Historically, the term Provençal has be ...
* Niçois *
Troubadour A troubadour (, ; oc, trobador ) was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100–1350). Since the word ''troubadour'' is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is usually called a '' trobair ...
* La Coupo Santo * Le Jardin des Félibres in Sceaux


References


Sources

* Eugène Lintilhac, ''Les Félibres'', 1895, édition Alphonse Lemerre, in-12°, 136 p. Première partie - Félibres et Félibrige : L'énigme du Félibrige : les félibres de Paris, Cigaliers et félibres de Paris, le royaume poètique de Sainte-Estelle le capoulié Félix Gras, Un jour de printemps chez Mistral. Deuxième partie - Théodore Aubanel, La genése du Félibrige et Aubanel, le mouvement de Mistral, Jasmin, l'oeuvre d'Aubanel. * ''
La Plume ''La Plume'' was a French bi-monthly literary and artistic review. The magazine was set up in 1889 by Léon Deschamps, who edited it for ten years and was succeeded as editor by Karl Boès from 1899 to 1914. Its offices were at number 31 rue ...
, revue littéraire artistique et sociale'', Paris, dir. Léon Deschamps, n° 53 du 1 juillet 1891, p. 213–237 du recueil annuel. (Numéro consacré au Félibrige à l’occasion de la mort de
Joseph Roumanille Joseph Roumanille (; 8 August 1818 – 24 May 1891) was a Provençal poet. He was born at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence (Bouches-du-Rhône), and is commonly known in southern France as the father of the Félibrige, for he first conceived the idea of ...
) * Émile Ripert, ''La Renaissance Provençale'', Paris, Librairie Champion, 1918 * Émile Ripert, ''Le Félibrige'', Armand Colin, 1924 ; réédition Éditions Jeanne Laffitte, 2001 * René Jouveau, ''Histoire du Félibrige'' (4 volumes), Imprimerie Bené,
Nîmes Nîmes ( , ; oc, Nimes ; Latin: ''Nemausus'') is the prefecture of the Gard department in the Occitanie region of Southern France. Located between the Mediterranean Sea and Cévennes, the commune of Nîmes has an estimated population of ...
, 1970–1979 ; réédition 1984-1987 * Valère Bernard, ''Bagatouni'', rééd. Alandis Editions, 2000. * Philippe Martel, ''Les Félibres et leur temps : Renaissance d'oc et opinion (1850-1914)'', Bordeaux, PUB, 2010


External links


FélibrigeHistory of Félibrige on NotreProvence.fr''La Plume'', n° 53 du 1 juillet 1891 (pdf)
(cité ''supra'' dans la bibliographie)


Lou Tresor dóu Felibrige
online {{DEFAULTSORT:Felibrige French literature Literary movements Occitan literature Frédéric Mistral